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TropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityTwoTypesofCoffee

About90CoffeasppinAfricaArabica,C.arabicaTetraploid,selffertileEthiopiahighlands>1600m15-24°C1300mmBestqualitySusceptibletorustRobusta,C.canephoraDiploid,selfincompatibleRainforestofCongobasin<750m24-30°C1550mmLessflavor,acidityResistanttorustTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityTwoTypesofCoffee

About90CoffeasppinAfricaArabica,C.arabicaMediumsizetree14-20’tallMediumvigorLeavesSmallerThinnerSeedlingsuniformRobusta,C.canephoraMediumtolargetreeUpto32’tallVigorousLeavesLargerThickerSeedlingsvariableTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityDistributionofCultivatedCoffeeAmsterdamPariscanephoraarabicaYemen1710172516901700JavaMartinique1900TropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityCoffeeProductionandYieldAfricaAfricaC.AmerC.AmerS.AmericaS.AmericaAsiaAsiaTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityWorldCoffeeProductionBrazil21.1%,arabicaOnlycountrywithfrostpossibilityincoffeezoneColombia13.9%,arabicaIndonesia7.3%,robustaOtherimportantproducingcountriesVietnam,Mexico,Ethiopia,India,Guatemala,IvoryCoast,Uganda1996datafromWilson,1999.Coffee,Cocoa,andTea.CABIPublishing.TropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityMajorConsumersHighproportionimportedbydevelopedcountriesUSA 23%EEC 39%TropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityTheSeedoftheFruitistheEconomicPart

ADrupelikeaPeachBothbeginbearingin3-4yearsTimetomaturefruitArabica,7-8monthsRobusta,11-12monthsProductivefor20-30yearsBothneedpruningforbestproductionTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityTheCoffeeFruitiscalledaCherryExocarpRedskinMesocarpSweetpulpEndocarp,hullTesta(silvery)Bean(embryoandcotyledons)TropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityTheCoffeeFruitiscalledaCherryExocarpRedskinMesocarpSweetpulpEndocarp,hullTesta(silvery)Bean(embryoandcotyledons)Parchmentcoffeeisthebean,testa,endocarpFromWilson,1999.Coffee,Cocoa,andTea,CABIPublishing.TropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityCoffeeTreeGrowthCycleDryand/orcoolseasonFloralinitiationReducedvegetativegrowthWetseasonFlowersopen,fruitsetandbegindevelopmentActivevegetativegrowthDryand/orcoolseasonFruitripenFlowerbudsinitiateReducedvegetativegrowthTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityCoffeeTreeGrowthHabitOrthotropicstemErectgrowthPlagiotropicstemsHorizontalsecondarystemsgrowingoffoforthotropicstemsThesearethefruitingwoodTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityCoffeeFarmersGrownundermanyconditionsPlantationsandsmallerfarmersUndershadeandinfullsunMonocultureandmixedfarmingsystemsTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityCoffeeProductionPropagationForarabicaMostisdonebyseedClonalpropagationHybridsRobustatypesTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityCoffeeProductionPlantingSlightlyacid(pH5.2to6.3)welldrainedsoilBeginningofwetseasonVerticalpositionor30°angleSpacing -needlightforfruitripeningArabica,1350trees/haRobusta,900-1000trees/haTimetofruitingTake3-4yearstoobtainmatureplantFruitonyearoldwoodTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityShadeandCoffeeProductionBothspeciesareunderstoreytreesWelladaptedtoshadeInitiallycoffeewasplantedundershadeSmallholdersmayusemixedfarmingLaterunshadedplantswereshowntoproducehigheryieldsTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityShadeandCoffeeProductionDatafromWilson,1999.Coffee,Cocoa,andTea,Figure6.4.Conclusion: Highinputsystem-betterwithfertilizer Lowinputsystem-notasessentialTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityCoffeeProductionTraining/PruningobjectivesMaximize#plagiotrophicstems(fruitingwood)ShapetreesMaximizeuseofspaceEaseofmanagementMaintainopentreetoallowgoodlightpenetrationMinimizebiennialbearingRemovediseasedanddeadwoodTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversitySingleStemTraining

(Centralleader)CutbackorthotropicstemEncouragesplagiotropicstemformationRepeatfor3-5yearsWitheachcyclethetreegetsbiggerLowerlimbsdieduetolackoflightRejuvenateafter3-5yearsToreducesizeoftreeCutbackto40-50cmheightTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversitySingleStemTraining

(Centralleader)CutbackorthotropicstemEncouragesplagiotropicstemformationSelectoneorthotropicasnewleaderRepeatfor3-5yearsWitheachcyclethetreegetsbiggerLowerlimbsdieduetolackoflightRejuvenateafter3-5yearsToreducesizeoftreeCutbackto40-50cmheightTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversitySingleStemTraining

(Centralleader)CutbackorthotropicstemEncouragesplagiotropicstemformationSelectoneorthotropicasnewleaderRepeatfor3-5yearsWitheachcyclethetreegetsbiggerLowerlimbsdieduetolackoflightRejuvenateafter3-5yearsToreducesizeoftreeCutbackto40-50cmheightTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityMultipleStemTraining

(ModifiedCentralLeader)Leave2-8orthotropicstemsPruningCutback(orbend)orthotropicstemEncouragesorthotropicstemformationSelectseveralorthotropicstemstobenewleadersEliminategrowthincenteroftreeTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityMultipleStemTraining

(ModifiedCentralLeader)Leave2-8orthotropicstemsPruningEliminategrowthincenteroftreeContinuesgrowingtallerCroppingareamoveshigherTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityMultipleStemTraining

(ModifiedCentralLeader)Leave2-8orthotropicstemsPruningCutoutwoodincenterContinuesgrowingtallerCroppingareamoveshigherRejuvenationevery4-6yearsNeedtolowerfruitingsurfaceAllowbasalsuckerstogrowTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityMultipleStemTraining

(ModifiedCentralLeader)Rejuvenationevery4-6yearsAllowsuckerstogrowRemoveoldbranchesStumpwith“l(fā)ung”O(jiān)ncesuckersbegintogrowremove“l(fā)ung”TropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityHarvestMostdonebyhandRipeberriesonlyPickevery8-10daysInBrazil,allowcherriestodryontreeMachineharvestinBrazilOscillatingfingers7-9%immaturefruitFromWilson,1999.Coffee,Cocoa,andTea,CABIPublishing.TropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityDiseaseandPestsProblemsLossesduetodiseasesAfrica 15%Asia 10%S.Am. 12%Coffeerust(Hemeleiavastatrix)HistoryFirstinSriLankain1880NowthroughoutworldControlRobusta/hybridsresistantLessseriousabove1700mCufungicidesCoffeeBerryDisease(Colletotrichum)CauseberryrotTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityDiseaseandPestsProblemsInsertFig8.4,p87LossesduetopestsAfrica 20%Asia 15% S.Am. 15%CoffeeBerryBorerHistoryOriginateinAfricaNowthroughoutworldDamageLarvaefeedonbeanControlBerryremovalChemicalsIPMMonkeys,birdsFromWilson,1999.Coffee,Cocoa,andTea,CABIPublishing.CoffeeProcessingBeanProcessingdoneontheFarmTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityWetMethodStartonHarvestDaySeparatetrashanddefectiveberriesbyflotationGoodberriesaredepulpedsamedayFermentationOnlytoremovemucilaginouscoveringExcessiveheatdestroysflavorTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityWetMethodWashedWaterunderpressureDried-spreadouttodrySunArtificialheatBestqualityGivescoffeethatiscleaner,brighter,fruitier,betteracidityTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityDryMethod(NaturalMethod)

(Mosttraditionalandleastexpensive)Drying(Indonesia,Ethiopia,Brazil,Yemen)InitialdryingdoneontreesSpreadonconcrete,tileormattedsurface2”thickandconstantlyraked3-15daysuntilspecificmoisturePergaminoisdryandcrumblyTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityDryMethod

(Mosttraditionalandleastexpensive)RemovepericarpMortarandpestleormachine ChaffremovedviawinnowingandpickingSortedbysize,shape,densityandcolorPackedin60kgbagsforprocessingTropicalHorticulture-TexasA&MUniversityIndustrialProcessing

(Usuallybyimportingcompany)GradingprocessRedryandcleantheparchmentbeansbeforeusingRemovetesta(hullingandpolishing)SortonsizeanddensityRoasting(370°Fto540°F)RemovesmoistureLightroastlose3-5%moistureDarkroastlose8-14%moistureTime(upto30min)determinesflavorDecreasingtheamountofChlorogenicacidTrigonelline GrindingTropicalHo