變頻技術(shù)中英文翻譯資料

PAGE6PAGE5變頻技術(shù)1.1變頻技術(shù)的普及前景電機(jī)交流變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)是當(dāng)今節(jié)電、改善工藝流程以提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和改善環(huán)境、推動(dòng)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的一種主要手段。變頻調(diào)速以其優(yōu)異的調(diào)速和起制動(dòng)性能，高效率、高功率因數(shù)和節(jié)電效果，廣泛的適用范圍及其它許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)而被國(guó)內(nèi)外公認(rèn)為最有發(fā)展前途的調(diào)速方式。電氣傳動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)通常由電動(dòng)機(jī)、控制裝置和信息裝置3部分組成，電氣傳動(dòng)關(guān)系到合理地使用電動(dòng)機(jī)以節(jié)約電能和控制機(jī)械的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)狀態(tài)，實(shí)現(xiàn)電能-機(jī)械能的轉(zhuǎn)換，達(dá)到優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、低耗目的。電氣傳動(dòng)分成不調(diào)速和調(diào)速兩大類，調(diào)速又分交流調(diào)速和直流調(diào)速兩種方式。不調(diào)速電動(dòng)機(jī)直接由電網(wǎng)供電，但隨著電力電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展這類原本不調(diào)速的機(jī)械越來(lái)越多地改用調(diào)速傳動(dòng)以節(jié)約電能(節(jié)約15%~20%或更多)，改善產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，提高產(chǎn)量。在我國(guó)60%的發(fā)電量是通過(guò)電動(dòng)機(jī)消耗的，因此調(diào)速傳動(dòng)是一個(gè)重要行業(yè)，已經(jīng)得到國(guó)家重視，目前已有一定規(guī)模。近年來(lái)交流調(diào)速中最活躍、發(fā)展最快的就是變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)，變頻調(diào)速是交流調(diào)速的基礎(chǔ)和主干內(nèi)容。上個(gè)世紀(jì)變壓器的出現(xiàn)使改變電壓變得很容易，從而造就了一個(gè)龐大的電力行業(yè)。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，交流電的頻率一直是固定的，變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)使頻率變?yōu)榭梢猿浞掷玫馁Y源。這10年來(lái)，變頻技術(shù)的應(yīng)用在我國(guó)有很大的發(fā)展，并取得了良好的效果可以說(shuō)，變頻技術(shù)已為大多數(shù)用戶所接受，但是不能不指出，我國(guó)在變頻技術(shù)的應(yīng)用方面，與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的水平尚有很大差距，目前，我國(guó)在用的交流電動(dòng)機(jī)使用變頻調(diào)速運(yùn)行的僅6%左右，而下業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已達(dá)(60%~70%)，日本在風(fēng)機(jī)、水泵上變頻調(diào)速的采用率已達(dá)10%,而我國(guó)還不足0.01%.在日本，空調(diào)器的70%采用了變頻調(diào)速，而我國(guó)才剛剛起步。從這個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)出發(fā)，變頻技術(shù)尚有很大的發(fā)展空間，應(yīng)該鍥而不舍地做好推廣應(yīng)用工作。而且隨著控制技術(shù)和控制手段的不斷提高，變頻調(diào)速又由變壓變頻控制的變頻調(diào)速發(fā)展到了矢量控制變頻調(diào)速，通過(guò)控制交流電動(dòng)機(jī)里相當(dāng)于并勵(lì)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)勵(lì)磁繞組的磁通變化，提高變頻器的恒轉(zhuǎn)矩輸出范圍和動(dòng)靜態(tài)特性，使得交流電動(dòng)機(jī)變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的性能超過(guò)了直流電動(dòng)機(jī)調(diào)壓調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的性能。為了簡(jiǎn)化控制系統(tǒng)，減少設(shè)備故障率，在矢量控制變頻調(diào)速的基礎(chǔ)上又發(fā)展了無(wú)速度傳感器的矢量控制變頻調(diào)速。在一些對(duì)動(dòng)靜態(tài)特性要求不太高的應(yīng)用中，無(wú)速度傳感器的矢量控制變頻調(diào)速己完全可以和有速度傳感器的矢量控制變頻調(diào)速相媲美。矢量控制對(duì)交流電機(jī)調(diào)速具有劃時(shí)代的意義。變頻調(diào)速是電機(jī)調(diào)速的最佳方式，是企業(yè)技術(shù)改造和產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的理想設(shè)備，是工業(yè)自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)必不可少的組成部分，是實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程和管理自動(dòng)化的前提，也是信息化發(fā)展的先決條件。在我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)中，采用直流電機(jī)拖動(dòng)的調(diào)速系統(tǒng)約占調(diào)速系統(tǒng)總量的85%~90%，而交流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)僅占10%~15%。效率低、質(zhì)量差、消耗大、故障率高己成為制約企業(yè)發(fā)展的瓶頸。因此，必須積極推廣先進(jìn)的交流變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)，用先進(jìn)的設(shè)備武裝傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，促進(jìn)自動(dòng)化、工業(yè)化和信息化的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。1.2變頻調(diào)速發(fā)展趨勢(shì)如果說(shuō)以第一個(gè)晶閘管的出現(xiàn)作為交流電動(dòng)機(jī)變頻調(diào)速的起點(diǎn)，可以認(rèn)為它的發(fā)展歷史己40多年了。而變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)真正高速發(fā)展時(shí)期，應(yīng)該是在PWM調(diào)制技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)和微機(jī)控制技術(shù)發(fā)展之后。特別是最近20年來(lái)，隨著交流調(diào)速技術(shù)的應(yīng)用普及，交流變頻調(diào)速在化工、火電廠、礦山、油田、機(jī)械制造、城市建設(shè)、水處理、甚至家電等行業(yè)己經(jīng)全面推廣使用，一般主要用于節(jié)能及控制。隨著變頻技術(shù)的普及和深入，以及國(guó)際、國(guó)內(nèi)電器設(shè)備使用的有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)意識(shí)的強(qiáng)化，電力系統(tǒng)行業(yè)和用戶對(duì)變頻技術(shù)的質(zhì)量要求也越來(lái)越高。變頻調(diào)速的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)主要圍繞下面幾個(gè)方而展開(kāi)。1)高性能的智能控制變頻器380V系統(tǒng)的低壓變頻器是國(guó)內(nèi)的主要研究對(duì)象，應(yīng)用交流調(diào)速的基本理論，結(jié)合神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制、魯棒控制、模糊控制，或其他智能控制等手段，實(shí)現(xiàn)電機(jī)運(yùn)行參數(shù)的自動(dòng)辨識(shí)，以期達(dá)到自適應(yīng)、自調(diào)整的最優(yōu)控制。這方面己有一定的研究成果。2)速度傳感器研究從前面所述的各種變頻調(diào)速的理論可知，一般系統(tǒng)都要用到轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器。在實(shí)際使用中，由于變頻設(shè)備和被控電動(dòng)機(jī)有一定的距離，而高精度的轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器都要使用專門的電源，被控電動(dòng)機(jī)有的是在戶外，運(yùn)行工況非常惡劣，要保證速度反饋的準(zhǔn)確性，有時(shí)不得不采取特別措施，因此也會(huì)增加額外費(fèi)用，運(yùn)行的可靠性和控制精度也會(huì)因此受到影響。無(wú)速度傳感器的變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)，是通過(guò)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)采集的電流電壓量，以及控制的實(shí)施策略，綜合出被控電機(jī)的實(shí)際轉(zhuǎn)速。這種控制方案要求計(jì)算機(jī)的控制速度較高，并有足夠的精度。3)針對(duì)功率因數(shù)提高和諧波污染的研究低壓變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的控制雖然己經(jīng)是非常成熟了，但目前國(guó)際、國(guó)內(nèi)的產(chǎn)品，一般都是矢量控制和直接轉(zhuǎn)矩控制，重點(diǎn)放在電機(jī)變頻控制理論的實(shí)現(xiàn)和完善上，而對(duì)變頻器的輸出波形、功率因數(shù)，以及諧波污染等問(wèn)題還沒(méi)有引起足夠的重視。最近10多年來(lái)，國(guó)外在這一領(lǐng)域己有較深入的研究。有的針對(duì)功率因數(shù)，有的強(qiáng)調(diào)輸出波形。多重化技術(shù)就是為了解決輸出波形問(wèn)題。最近幾年的研究表明，利用PWM輸出控制解決諧波輸出問(wèn)題，是比較理想的方法，它可以省去多重化中的變壓器，或過(guò)多的開(kāi)關(guān)元器件，使變頻器的體積和重量減少，但這種方法不能解決所有諧波的消除問(wèn)題，只能部分消除特定諧波。這方面的研究論文還不多，也還沒(méi)有成熟的類似低壓變頻器的產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)。4)高壓變頻器的研究變頻器的主要作用之一是節(jié)能。而高壓電動(dòng)機(jī)的節(jié)能效果是比較明顯的，大功率的風(fēng)機(jī)和水泵用電動(dòng)機(jī)一般都是高壓電動(dòng)機(jī)。國(guó)內(nèi)，高壓變頻調(diào)速和它的節(jié)能控制還是一個(gè)比較薄弱的環(huán)節(jié).它主要是針對(duì)6~10kV的交流電動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行變頻調(diào)速控制。這種高壓電動(dòng)機(jī)廣泛應(yīng)用于火力發(fā)電廠的送風(fēng)機(jī)和引風(fēng)機(jī)上。同樣也可用于其他如石油化工、礦山、冶煉、ShangYouverybigdisparity.Atpresent,theACmotorsweareusingnowusefrequencyvariationspeedcontrolonlyabout6%,butthedevelopedcountryis60%~70%,Japanonairblower,waterpumpfrequencyconversionvelocitymodulationuserateis10%,butourcountryislessthan0.01%,InJapanair-conditionerusingfrequencyvariationtechniquerateis70%,butourcountry'sonlythenjuststartedEmbarksfromthisreality,frequencyconversiontechnologyremainhavetheverybigdevelopmentspace,weshouldcompletethepromotedapplicationworkdoggedly.Andwiththeconstantdevelopmentofcontroltechniqueandcontrolavenue,frequencyvariationspeedcontrolledhasdevelopedthevectorcontrolledfrequencyvariationvelocitymodulation,bycontrollingtheACmotorinsideactforshuntDCmotorfieldcoper’sflux,toenhancethepermanenttorqueoutputscopeandstaticanddynamiccharacter,maketheACmotorfrequencyvariationspeedcontrolledsystemsuperiortoDCmotorvoltagevariationspeedcontrolledsystem.Forsimplifyingthecontrolsystem,reducingthefaultrate,therehasdevelopedavectorcontrolledfrequencyvariationspeedcontrolwithoutspeedsensorwhichbasedonthevectorcontrolledfrequencyvariationspeedcontrol.Insomeapplicationwhichhavelowrequire,vectorcontrolledfrequencyvariationspeedcontrolwithoutspeedsensorcouldcompletelycomparewiththevectorcontrolledfrequencyvariationspeedcontrolthathavespeedsensor.Thevectorcontrolhastheepoch-makingsignificancetotheACcurrentmotorvelocitymodulation.Frequencyvariationspeedcontrolisthebestwayinthemotorspeedmodulation,itistheperfectgearinthecompany’stechnicalreformandproductrenewal,itistheessentialcompositionintheindustrialautomaticsystem,itistheassumptionofrealizingtheautomaticofproductproceedandmanagement,itisalsothepreconditioninthedevelopmentofinformationization.Inourcountry’straditionalestate,usingtheDCmotorspeedcontrolactuationaccountabout85%~90%inthespeedcontrolledsystem,buttheACspeedcontrolledsystemaccountabout10%~15%.Lowefficiency,badquality,largecost,highfaultratehavealreadybeenthebottleneckthatrestrainthedevelopmentofthecompany.So,wemustpromotetheadvancedACfrequencyvariationspeedcontroltechniquepositively,armsthetraditionalindustrywiththeadvancedequipment,promoteafurtherdevelopmentintheautomation,theindustrializationandtheinformationization.1.2OurCountry’sDevelopmentConditioninSpeedControlledTechniqueOurcountryisadevelopingcountry,somanyproduct’sresearchabilityhasbehindthedevelopedcountries.Fromnowon,theproductoffrequencyvariationspeedcontrolledthatourselvesmadeonlyactforlastcentury90sintheinternational.Withthereformandopening,rapiddevelopmentofeconomic,formsalargemarket,itopenstothecountrycompanies,alsotheforeigncompanies.Manyproductsareexportedfromthedevelopedcountries,andrunswellinourcountry,satisfiedourneedinfabricationandliving.Manyco-partershipcompaniesinourcountrymaketheinternationaladvancedproducts.Thedomesticcompletedepartmentindependentlyisdesigningthemanufactureinthecompletesetinstallmenttousetheforeignimportcompanyandthejointventuresupposesadvancedeach,owndeveloptheapplicationsoftware,canprovidethefirst-classelectricaltransmissioncontrolsystemforthedomesticandforeignimportantengineeringproject.Althoughobtainsverymanyresult,butshouldseebecausedomesticdevelops,theproductionproductabilityvoluntarilyisweak,isserioustotheoverseascompany'sdependence.Asearlyasinthecountry"85"technicalattackplan,thealternatingvelocitymodulationtechniquewaslistedasthekeytechnicalattackproject,butbecauseourcountry’selectricpowerandelectronicdeviceaggregatelevelisverylow,althoughtheproductionofIGBT、GTOcomponenthasintroducedtheoverseastechnique,ithasnotformedtheeconomiesofscalebenefit,almostdoesnothavetheindependentdevelopmentabilityofnewfrequencyconverterproduction,thishasaffectedthedomesticfrequencyconversionvelocitymodulationtechniquedevelopmentinthecertaindegree.InthehighefficiencyAC-ACfrequencyconverttechnique、themotorswithoutcommutatortechniqueandsoon,thedomesticproductalsohasthesuitabledisparityinthedigitizationandthesystemreliableaspectcompareswiththeoverseaslevel,inthemediumefficiencyfrequencyconverttechnique,nearlyallproductionsuseordinaryV/Fcontrolinland,fewadoptthevectorcontroltechnique,andcannotsatisfiedthemarketrequirementinthevarietyandquality.Butinoverseas,thefrequencyconversiontechniqueobtainsthefulldevelopment,andhasobtainedtheremarkableachievementineachaspect.Inpowercomponentaspect,highvoltage、theappearanceofSCR、GTO、IGBT、IGCTwithhighcurrentcapacityandtheusinginseriesandparallel,thehigh-pressuredandhighefficiencyfrequencyconverterproductionobtainstheproductionandthepromotedapplication.Inmicroelectronictechniqueaspect,16bitand32bithighspeedmicroprocessorsaswellasthefastdevelopmentofDSPandASICtechnique,providedthehardwaremethodinrealizingthefrequencyconverterwhichwithhighaccuracymulti-purpose.Intheoryaspect,thevectorcontrol,themagneticfluxcontrol,thetorquecontrol,theintelligentcontrol,thenewcontroltheoryandsoonhaveprovidedtherelatedrationaleforthehighperformancefrequencyconverterdevelopment,wemayseethat,intheoverall,thealternatingfrequencyconversionvelocitymodulationtechniqueinourcountryhasbigdisparitycompareswithinternationallevel.Therefore,theACfrequencyvariationspeedcontroltechniquehasthefollowingsides:1)Thebasicresearchofcontrolstrategyinfrequencyconverterhasalargegapcompareswiththeforeignlevel.2)Thetechnicallevelofthewholemachineislowinthefrequencyconverter,althoughwehadinputcertainlypeople,materialresources,butbecauseofthedispersepower,didnotformacertainlytechniqueandproductionscale.3)Allthesemiconductorpowerdeviceproductinthefrequencyconverterisblank.4)CorrelativeIndustriesandrelativeIndustriesdropbehind.5)Fewproductionandsale,lowreliableandtechnologicalstandards.Withthedevelopmentandimprovementinthepowerelectronictechnique,powerdivertbasedonpowerelectroniccircuittechniqueandvariouscontroltechnique,theACfrequencyvariationspeedcontrolledtechniqueismaturedaybyday,andsuretobethemainwayinthefuture.Withtheconstantdevelopmentofpowerelectronictechnique,reliablecharacter,welladoption,cheappricethatthefrequencyconverterhavewillbecometrue.Thistechniquewillgainwidely,popularityapplication.Atpresent,foreigndevelopedcountries’frequencyconverttechniquetowardstotheminiaturization,highreliability,defendwithharm,morefunction,highcharacter,andourcountryiscomingonnow.1.3FrequencyVariationSpeedControlledModeThealternatingfrequencyconversionvelocitymodulationtechniqueobtainedtherapiddevelopmentin20thcentury.Thisisrelatedwithsomecrucialtechnicalwhichgainunprecedentedprogress,theyareMotorvectorcontroltechnique,Directtorquecontroltechnique,PWMtechnique,Entirenumericalcontroltechniqueandself-settingtechniquewhichbasedonmicrocomputerandlargescaleintegratedcircuit,andsoon.1)VectorControlTechniqueVectortransformationcontroltechniqueisaonekindofnewcontrolthoughtandcontroltheorywhichposedbySIEMENSCO.in1971.Itisrealizingthestatorcurrentexcitationcomponentandthetorquecomponentsolutionlotusrootbyrotormagneticfielddirectiondetection,andvectortransformation,achievedthegoalthatseparatelycontrolthemotorfluxlinkageandtheelectriccurrent,asaresult,obtainfinelystatic,dynamicperformance.Untilnow,thevectorcontroltechniquehasobtainedtheconsiderabledevelopment,andalsoobtainedthewidespreadapplication.2)VectorControlWithoutVelocityGeneratorTechniqueVectorcontrolwithoutvelocitygeneratortechniqueabolishtheproblemsthattheenvironmentcompatibility、installandmaintenancebringon,reducethecost,enhancethesystemreliability,atthesametime,unionvectorcontrol,hasthefineperformanceofvectorcontrol.Thespeedestimatemethodinvectorcontroltechniquewithoutvelocitygenerator,besidesbasismathematicalmodelcomputationelectricmotorrotationalspeed,atpresentthemoreappliedarethemodeltoreferauto-adaptedmethodandexpandstheKalmanfilteringlaw.Inaddition,entireUygurrotormagneticfluxsight,toothovertoneelectricpotential,suchasthistheoryandsoon,alsoappearanceinthevectorcontrolwithoutvelocitygeneratortechnique.Since1983proposedthevectorcontrolwithoutvelocitygeneratortechniquecontrolstrategy,receivestheacademiccirclesandtheindustrialfieldcontinuouslyhighlyfocusedallthetime.HitachicompanyandSichuanelectricalmachineryandsoonhadpublishedtheresearchresultsseparatelyin1987,andhadpromotedtheproductoneafteranother.Atpresent,vectorcontrolwithoutvelocitygeneratortechniqueinfrequencyconvertercontrollinginthevelocitymodulationscopeisabout1:50,someindividualmerchanthas1:75orevenhigherproduct.3)DirectTorqueControlTechniqueIn1985,Germany'sM.Depen-blockproposesthedirecttorquecontroltechnique（DTC）forthefirsttime，Thedirecttorquecontroltechniqueanalyzesthemotormathematicalmodeldirectlyunderthestatorcoordinatesystem.Usesthestatormagneticfielddirectiondetectionbutnottoneedthesolutionlotusrootelectriccurrent，directlycontroltheelectricmotorfluxlinkageandtorque,enablethetorquetoobtainthefastresponse,inordertoobtainthehighlyeffectivecontrolperformance.Directtorquecontroltechniqueisanotherkindofnew、highperformancealternatingfrequencyconversionvelocitymodulationtechniqueaftervectorcontroltechniqueinthenearly10years,thiskindofcontroltechniqueisinsensitivetotheelectricalmachineryparameter,notinfluencebytherotorparameter,easyandfeasible,ithasthebroaddevelopmentandtheapplicationprospect.4)PWM(pulsewidthmodulation)ControlTechniqueIn1964,Germany'sA.Schonungandsomepeopletooktheleadtoproposethepulse-durationmodulation(PWM-pulsewidthmodulation)frequencyconversionthought,openedtherecentdevelopmentdomainforthemodernalternatingvelocitymodulationsystem.ThePWMcontroltechniquecontrolstheinversionoutputalternatingfundamentalwavevoltagepeak-to-peakvaluebychangingtherectanglepulsewidth,controlsitsoutputfrequencythroughchangingthemodulationcycle,inordertocarryontheoutputvoltagepeak-to-peakvalueandthefrequencycontrolontheinversionatthesametime.ThePWMtechniquesimplifiedtheinversionstructure,candistinctlychangetheoutputwaveshapeofthefrequencyconverter,reducestheovertonelossofelectricmotor,andreducesthetorquepulsation,atthesametimeenhancestheperformanceofdynamicresponsesystem.ThePWMtechniquealsomayuseintherectifiercontrolling,canrealizetheinputcurrentwhichapproachesthesineextremely.Andmaycausetheelectricalnetworkpowerfactoris1.ThePWMrectifierthusiscalled“thegreenconverter”.Atpresent,PWMtechniquehasbecomethemostwidespreadcontroltechniqueappliedinthefrequencyconverter.TheunceasinglyvelocitymodulationperformanceofalternatingcurrentmotorisasaresultofthePWMtechniqueunceasingprogressenhancementintheverygreatdegree.AtpresentthewidelyappliesistheoptimizesPWMlawwhichdevelopingbasedontheregularsamplingPWMfoundation,thatisThriceHarmonicSuperposetheoryandvoltagespacevectorPWMtheory.5)NumericalControlTechniqueThedigitalizeincontroltechniqueisthekeytechniqueofstaticfrequencyconversioninstallment,alsowillbethenextdevelopmenttendency,atpresentinthemarketfrequencyconversioninstallmentnearlycomprehensivelyhasrealizedthenumericalcontrol.HasrealizedthefastoperationandthehighaccuracycontrolbyusingtheDSPandtheASICtechnique,andcouldgainafinecurrentwave,