軟件質(zhì)量保證模型英文版

SQA–Model

Authors:HoangANa

Version:1.0

LastUpdate:22-Oct-2005Instructor:HienLuongTranHyOct-2009IntroductionPurpose:ClarifySQAModelandactivitiesAttendees:StudentsTest:N/ADuration:1hr2FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsObjectivesAfterthecourse,studentswillachieve:Objective1:SQAModelObjective2:SQAactivitiestocontrolqualityofprojects3FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsTableofcontentsA.SQAModelB.SQAQCRoleC.QCactivitiesofSQAD.UsingchecklistsE.SQAResponsibilitiestoprojectsF.Q&A4FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsA.SQAModelSQADept.DPCQualityControlReviewCouncilLeaderMembersTestCouncilDB/TrainingLeaderMembersLeaderMembersLeaderMembersLeaderMembersSQAManager5FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsProject1B.SQAQCRolesSQA:tocontrolthequalityofprojects

ToassurancethequalityofproductsreleasedtocustomersSQATestTeamDPTeamProjectNTestTeamDPTeam6FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsReviewworkproductsoftheprojects:coordinatereviewactivitiesFinalinspection:CheckqualityofproductsbeforesendingtocustomersBaselineaudit:checkintegrityofallbaselinedConfigurationitems(CI)Customersurvey:ContactwithcustomertogettheirevaluationDefectPrevention:CoordinateactionstopreventandreducedefectsC.QCactivities7FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterials1.WorkproductReviewProjectdocuments:Proposal,PP,SRS,ADD,DDD,TP,TCSQAdiscusseswithPLtofindthesuitablereviewersforWP.Basedonexitcriteria,SQAdecideswhetherWPispassedornot.AllWPsprovidedbycustomermustbereviewedbySQAandprojectteam.8FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsWorkproductReview(cont.)Issues:

ProjectteamreviewsProposal,SRS,ADD,DDDbutnotinformsGLandSQA.TechnicalknowledgeandunderstandingofSQAispoor,cannotreviewEstimationandDDDSQAhasdifficultybytrackingandreviewrequirementsofmaintenanceprojectsPLnotinformsSQAtoreviewsomeproductsprovidedbycustomer9FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterials2.FinalinspectionPurpose:

Toguaranteetheintegrityandqualityofthecomponentstobereleased.Steps:VerifyTestreportandSuccessfulTestcoveragebasedonTCCheckdefectsinDMS:arealldefectsclosed?VerifyReleaseNotewithproductstobedelivered,makesurethatallreleaseddocumentsarereviewedandcheckreviewrecords,defects.SQAdecideswhetherthedeliveredproductsneedtobeinstalledonafreshenvironmentornot

ReportproblemstoGL,SQAHeadandVPOPSfordecision10FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsFinalinspection(cont.)Issues:SQAhasdifficultywithunplannedreleases(e.g.maintenanceprojects:fixbugsandreleaseimmediately).Undertimepressure,TCisnotupdated,soTestresultandSuccessfulTestCoveragearenotavailablebeforerelease.Projectteamcompletescodingjustbeforerelease,andeffortislimited,sothatSQAcouldnottestthepackageagainbeforesendingasexpected.TeamnotperformsInstallationtest,SQAhasnotenoughefforttoverifyInstallationguide.11FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterials

3.BaselineauditPurpose:

ToassessthecompliancyofCMactivitiesinprojectandverifytheintegrityofallCIs.

Steps:CheckBaselinereportcreatedbyCCVerifytheintegrityofallbaselinedCIs.ChecktheversionofCIsinCIRegister(FsoftInsight)CheckCIsinFinalandArchivefolder:lastversionofallCIsarestoredinFinalfolder.VerifyworkareasanddirectorieswithCMplanCheckreviewrecords:allCImustbereviewedandReviewchecklistsareavailable12FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsBaselineaudit(cont.)Projectbaselinefolder:ArchivesCSCIs:-ProjectManagement

-Requirement&Design -BuildIssues:PLsalwaysnotfollowCMguideline(e.g.baselinedCIsoflatestversionshouldbelocatedinFinalfolder)CRsareloggedinFsoftInsight,butrelateddocuments(e.g.SRS,ADD,DDD,TC)areusuallynotupdated.13FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterials4.SurveyCustomerSatisfactionSteps:Attheendoftheproject,whentheacceptancetestiscompletedorcustomeracceptstheproducts,SQA

fillstheCSSformandsendsittocustomer.Afterreceivingcustomer’sfeedback,SQAfollowstheruleforsurveycalculationandinformedsurveypointtoresponsiblepeoplewithin3days(followRADIO).14FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsSurveyCustomerSatisfaction(cont.)Exceptioncases:CustomersendssurveyfeedbackongrouplevelperiodicallyCustomercommunicateswithassignedpersonsinFsoft,GLshouldauthorizeoneofthispersonstotakecarethisresponsibilityofcollectingcustomersatisfaction.ThentheresultshouldbehandedtoSQAtoinformresponsiblepeopleIfthecustomersurveyfeedbackhasnopointforanyquestion,SQAshouldstudiesthecommentsandgivepointsasappropriated,ifnocommentgeneralrating.

15FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterials5.DefectPreventionSteps:Atthebeginoftheproject:SQAsupportsPLbySettingtargetforDP:Defectrate,therateofotherdefecttypesIdentifyingDPactionssuitableforDPtargetPlanningthedateforCausalanalysismeetingCreatingDPlogControltheimplementationofplannedDPactionstokeepTimeliness.Attheendeverymonth,reviewDPlogandcollecttoreporttoDPC16FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsDefectPrevention(cont.)StepsAtMilestone:reportresultsofDPcomparing

withDPtargetIssues:

ProjectteamsarenotactiveforDPactions,notachieveplannedtimeliness(80%)TechnicalmembersofDPCarealwaysbusywiththeirprojects,cannotsupportSQAandDPteamsmuchforDP.17FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsChecklistshelpreviewersbyorientationhowtoreviewtheWPs.SQAshouldusecheckliststoreviewWPs.ChecklistsareevidencesofreviewsforallWPs:Proposal,SRS,Design,TP,TC,SourcecodeWPsprovidedbycustomerBaselineauditFinalinspectionSQAworkswithPMtofillchecklistofSRS,DesignreviewUseFinalinspectionchecklistforeveryrelease:documentandsourcecodeChecklistscanbeusedflexible:ReviewrequirementsofmaintenanceprojectsisperformedatmilestonebyusingSRSreviewchecklistReviewWO,CMplan,PDB:useProjectPlanreviewchecklistPrototype:GUIchecklistD.UsingChecklists18FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsE.SQAResponsibilitiestoprojectsProjectSQA1.Planning

1.1OverallSendprojectrequirementstoSQAassoonasprojectstartsForwardproposal,requirementissuelistandcustomerclarificationtoSQA-Studyprojectrequirementsandmasterschedulebeforekick-offmeeting-CoordinatewithSQA,PQAtodefineworkproductanddeliverablelist,releasescheduleandacceptancecriteriaforeachrelease-CoordinatewithPLandPQAtodefineWPsanddeliverablelist,releasescheduleandacceptancecriteriaforeachrelease.-CoordinatewithSQA,PQAtosetprojectqualityobjectivesandcreateDPplan-CoordinatewithPLandPQAtosetprojectqualityobjectivesandDPplan-DefineworkingschedulewithSQAReviewtheworkingschedulewithproject19FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsProjectSQA

1.2ConfigurationManagement

CoordinatewithSQAtoworkouttheCMframeworkfortheprojectbasedonFSoftstandardCMprocess.ReviewtheprojectCMprocess.RaiseissueifitcannotbemappedtoFSoftCMprocessCreateCMplanbeforekick-offmeetingReviewCMplan,CMenvironmentsCloseSQAcommentswithin1weekafterbaselineauditRe-check

1.3Reviewplan

CompleteReviewandTestschedule(inFsoftInsight)inInitiationstageReviewtheplanPlanreviewdateforproductsoftheproject(includingproductsprovidedbycustomer)RequestexternalreviewersifneededInviteexternalreviewers20FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsProjectSQA2.Reviewactivities

-Sendtechnicaldocuments(URD,SRS,ADD,DDD,TP,TC,other)toSQAandotherreviewers(RADIO)forreviewasplanned(beforetherelease)-Contactwithprojectteamaboutproductsonreviewdate.ReviewtechnicaldocumentsWorkwithPL/ReviewerstofillReviewchecklistsProvideSQAallcommentsfortrackingFeedbacktoSQA/reviewersLogallreviewcommentstoDMSFollow-upcommentsfromreviewersfortheproductsCheckdefectsinDMSInformSQAaboutallrequirementchangesandupdatedscheduleofreview/release/baselineinFsoftInsight.Studytherequirementchanges.ReviewupdatedscheduleandupdateSQAqualityscheduleinFsoftInsight.21FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsProjectSQA3.Baselineaudit

SavelastversionofdocumenttoFinalfolderafterreviewandapproval.InformtoallteammembersaboutlastversionUpdateCIRegisterweeklyCheckFinalfolderandCIRegisterweekly.CheckCMenvironmentsmonthly.ChecksynchronizeandotherCMactivitiesasplannedinCMplanFollowingbaselineplan,CChasto:CopyalllastversionstoArchivefolderCreateBaselinereportInformSQAforauditConductbaselineauditafterreceivingrequestfromCC.CreateBaselineauditchecklistTracktocloseallopenissues22FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsProjectSQA4.ReleasecontrolInformSQAaboutanychangesofreleaseschedule

WorkwithPLtoidentifythedateandtimeforFinalinspection.-Officialreleasesofdocs(URD,SRS,ADD,DDD,TC,…),interim,ATandFinalreleasesmustbeinformedtoSQAforfinalinspection:-Releasepackage,testreportandtheinstallationtestenvironmentmustbereadynotlaterthan6pmonthereleasedate.-ProjectsupportsSQAininstallationtestandSQAtestbeforerelease-Giveexplanationoftheopendefectsincludingacceptedones-Conductfinalinspectionforofficialreleasesofdocs;Interim/AT/Finalreleasesofsourcecode.-Approvethereleaseif:AcceptancecriteriaaremetNonewdefectsfoundininstallationtestandSQAsampletestForinterimreleases:SuccessfulTestcoverage=95%andnofatal/seriousdefects23FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsProjectSQABugfixingReleaseforsupportcustomertestmustbeinformedtoSQAforreviewPost-checkforBugfixingreleasesperiodically(weekly)LogalldefectsofcustomertoDMSasleakageReviewcustomer’sfeedbackandreviewleakageinDMS24FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsProjectSQA5.Defectprevention/CAR

(CausalAnalysisandResolution)DefineDPPlan:SettargetforDefectrateIdentifyDPactionssuitableforDPtargetDPTeam:PL,Technicalleader,Testleader-SupportPLtodefineDPplanbeforeKick-offmeeting.-DPCHead:ReviewandapproveDPPlan.-InviteSQAtoCausalanalysismeeting.-Completemeetingminutes,DPlog,Commondefectsontime.-AttendprojectDPmeetings.-ReviewDPmeetingminutes,DPlog,Commondefectsattheendeverymonth.-ImplementplannedDPactionsontime-AskSQAforapprovalonchangesofthescheduleforDPactions-SupportDPteaminre-planningforDPactionsandreporttoDPCHead-RemindDPteamaboutDPpendingtasksweekly.25FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsF.Questions&AnswersShouldcreatereviewchecklistsforproductsprovidedbycustomer,whataboutsourcecode?

NoWhocreatesCodereviewchecklist?PL,reviewers–ButSQAchecksWhocreatesUnitTCreviewchecklist?

PL–ButSQAchecksHowlongisdistancebetweenbaselinesenough?

1–1.5monthsWhenPLhastoinformSQAtodoFinalinspectionforemergencyreleases

Atleast4hoursbeforethereleaseResources&referencesResourcesSoftwareQualityManagementguidelineRecommendedreadingsProjectManagementguidelineConfigurationManagementguideline27FPT-SoftwareTrainingMaterialsQuestionsandAnswers第一節(jié)活塞式空壓機(jī)的工作原理第二節(jié)活塞式空壓機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)和自動(dòng)控制第三節(jié)活塞式空壓機(jī)的管理復(fù)習(xí)思考題單擊此處輸入你的副標(biāo)題，文字是您思想的提煉，為了最終演示發(fā)布的良好效果，請(qǐng)盡量言簡(jiǎn)意賅的闡述觀點(diǎn)。第六章活塞式空氣壓縮機(jī)

piston-aircompressor壓縮空氣在船舶上的應(yīng)用：

1.主機(jī)的啟動(dòng)、換向；

2.輔機(jī)的啟動(dòng)；

3.為氣動(dòng)裝置提供氣源；

4.為氣動(dòng)工具提供氣源；

5.吹洗零部件和濾器。

排氣量:單位時(shí)間內(nèi)所排送的相當(dāng)?shù)谝患?jí)吸氣狀態(tài)的空氣體積。單位：m3/s、m3/min、m3/h第六章活塞式空氣壓縮機(jī)

piston-aircompressor空壓機(jī)分類：按排氣壓力分：低壓0.2～1.0MPa；中壓1～10MPa；高壓10～100MPa。按排氣量分：微型<1m3/min；小型1～10m3/min；中型10～100m3/min；大型>100m3/min。第六章活塞式空氣壓縮機(jī)

piston-aircompressor第一節(jié)活塞式空壓機(jī)的工作原理容積式壓縮機(jī)按結(jié)構(gòu)分為兩大類：往復(fù)式與旋轉(zhuǎn)式兩級(jí)活塞式壓縮機(jī)單級(jí)活塞壓縮機(jī)活塞式壓縮機(jī)膜片式壓縮機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)葉片式壓縮機(jī)最長(zhǎng)的使用壽命-

----低轉(zhuǎn)速（1460RPM），動(dòng)件少（軸承與滑片），潤滑油在機(jī)件間形成保護(hù)膜，防止磨損及泄漏，使空壓機(jī)能夠安靜有效運(yùn)作；平時(shí)有按規(guī)定做例行保養(yǎng)的JAGUAR滑片式空壓機(jī)，至今使用十萬小時(shí)以上，依然完好如初，按十萬小時(shí)相當(dāng)于每日以十小時(shí)運(yùn)作計(jì)算，可長(zhǎng)達(dá)33年之久。因此，將滑片式空壓機(jī)比喻為一部終身機(jī)器實(shí)不為過。滑(葉)片式空壓機(jī)可以365天連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)并保證60000小時(shí)以上安全運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的空氣壓縮機(jī)1.進(jìn)氣2.開始?jí)嚎s3.壓縮中4.排氣1.轉(zhuǎn)子及機(jī)殼間成為壓縮空間，當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)子開始轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，空氣由機(jī)體進(jìn)氣端進(jìn)入。2.轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)使被吸入的空氣轉(zhuǎn)至機(jī)殼與轉(zhuǎn)子間氣密范圍，同時(shí)停止進(jìn)氣。3.轉(zhuǎn)子不斷轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，氣密范圍變小，空氣被壓縮。4.被壓縮的空氣壓力升高達(dá)到額定的壓力后由排氣端排出進(jìn)入油氣分離器內(nèi)。4.被壓縮的空氣壓力升高達(dá)到額定的壓力后由排氣端排出進(jìn)入油氣分離器內(nèi)。1.進(jìn)氣2.開始?jí)嚎s3.壓縮中4.排氣1.凸凹轉(zhuǎn)子及機(jī)殼間成為壓縮空間，當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)子開始轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，空氣由機(jī)體進(jìn)氣端進(jìn)入。2.轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)使被吸入的空氣轉(zhuǎn)至機(jī)殼與轉(zhuǎn)子間氣密范圍，同時(shí)停止進(jìn)氣。3.轉(zhuǎn)子不斷轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，氣密范圍變小，空氣被壓縮。螺桿式氣體壓縮機(jī)是世界上最先進(jìn)、緊湊型、堅(jiān)實(shí)、運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)，噪音低，是值得信賴的氣體壓縮機(jī)。螺桿式壓縮機(jī)氣路系統(tǒng)：

A

進(jìn)氣過濾器

B

空氣進(jìn)氣閥

C

壓縮機(jī)主機(jī)

D

單向閥

E

空氣/油分離器

F

最小壓力閥

G

后冷卻器

H

帶自動(dòng)疏水器的水分離器油路系統(tǒng)：

J

油箱

K

恒溫旁通閥

L

油冷卻器

M

油過濾器

N

回油閥

O

斷油閥冷凍系統(tǒng)：

P

冷凍壓縮機(jī)

Q

冷凝器

R

熱交換器

S

旁通系統(tǒng)

T

空氣出口過濾器螺桿式壓縮機(jī)渦旋式壓縮機(jī)

渦旋式壓縮機(jī)是20世紀(jì)90年代末期開發(fā)并問世的高科技?jí)嚎s機(jī)，由于結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、零件少、效率高、可靠性好，尤其是其低噪聲、長(zhǎng)壽命等諸方面大大優(yōu)于其它型式的壓縮機(jī)，已經(jīng)得到壓縮機(jī)行業(yè)的關(guān)注和公認(rèn)。被譽(yù)為“環(huán)保型壓縮機(jī)”。由于渦旋式壓縮機(jī)的獨(dú)特設(shè)計(jì)，使其成為當(dāng)今世界最節(jié)能壓縮機(jī)。渦旋式壓縮機(jī)主要運(yùn)動(dòng)件渦卷付，只有磨合沒有磨損，因而壽命更長(zhǎng)，被譽(yù)為免維修壓縮機(jī)。

由于渦旋式壓縮機(jī)運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)、振動(dòng)小、工作環(huán)境安靜，又被譽(yù)為“超靜壓縮機(jī)”。

渦旋式壓縮機(jī)零部件少，只有四個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件,壓縮機(jī)工作腔由相運(yùn)動(dòng)渦卷付形成多個(gè)相互封閉的鐮形工作腔，當(dāng)動(dòng)渦卷作平動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，使鐮形工作腔由大變小而達(dá)到壓縮和排出壓縮空氣的目的?；钊娇諝鈮嚎s機(jī)的外形第一節(jié)活塞式空壓機(jī)的工作原理一、理論工作循環(huán)（單級(jí)壓縮）工作循環(huán)：4—1—2—34—1吸氣過程

1—2壓縮過程

2—3排氣過程第一節(jié)活塞式空壓機(jī)的工作原理一、理論工作循環(huán)（單級(jí)壓縮）

壓縮分類：絕熱壓縮：1—2耗功最大等溫壓縮：1—2''耗功最小多變壓縮：1—2'耗功居中功＝P×V（PV圖上的面積）加強(qiáng)對(duì)氣缸的冷卻，省功、對(duì)氣缸潤滑有益。二、實(shí)際工作循環(huán)（單級(jí)壓縮）1.不存在假設(shè)條件2.與理論循環(huán)不同的原因：1）余隙容積Vc的影響Vc不利的影響—?dú)埓娴臍怏w在活塞回行時(shí)，發(fā)生膨脹，使實(shí)際吸氣行程（容積）減小。Vc有利的好處—

（1）形成氣墊，利于活塞回行；（2）避免“液擊”（空氣結(jié)露）；（3）避免活塞、連桿熱膨脹，松動(dòng)發(fā)生相撞。第一節(jié)活塞式空壓機(jī)的工作原理表征Vc的參數(shù)—相對(duì)容積C、容積系數(shù)λv合適的C：低壓0.07-0.12

中壓0.09-0.14

高壓0.11-0.16

λv＝0.65—0.901）余隙容積Vc的影響C越大或壓力比越高，則λv越小。保證Vc正常的措施：余隙高度見表6-1壓鉛法—保證要求的氣缸墊厚度2.與理論循環(huán)不同的原因：二、實(shí)際工作循環(huán)（單級(jí)壓縮）第一節(jié)活塞式空壓機(jī)的工作原理2）進(jìn)排氣閥及流道阻力的影響吸氣過程壓力損失使排氣量減少程度，用壓力系數(shù)λp表示：保證措施：合適的氣閥升程及彈簧彈力、管路圓滑暢通、濾器干凈。λp

（0.90-0.98）2.與理論循環(huán)不同的原因：二、實(shí)際工作循環(huán)（單級(jí)壓縮）第一節(jié)活塞式