直接與間接引語(yǔ)

直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)一、陳述句1、直接引語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)不變。Hesays,IliveinShanghai.---HesaysthathelivesinShanghai.2、如果謂語(yǔ)是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)改變。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)was/were過(guò)去完成時(shí)haddone現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/aredoing過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/weredoing一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/were現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has/havedone過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/weredoing一般將來(lái)時(shí)will過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would+V原過(guò)去完成時(shí)haddone根據(jù)主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)，間接引語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)作相應(yīng)變化。第一、二人稱(chēng)變成第三人稱(chēng)I'llbehavemyself,hepromised.Hepromisedthathewouldbehavehimself.第二人稱(chēng)變成第一人稱(chēng)Youshouldbeashamedofyourself,shetoldme.ShetoldmethatIshouldbeashamedofmyself.指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)也要作相應(yīng)變化指示代詞ThisThatTheseThose表示時(shí)間的詞NowThenTodayThatdayTonightThatnightThisweekThatweekYesterdayThedaybeforeYesterdaymorningThemorningbeforeLastweekTheweekbeforeThreedaysagoThreedaysbeforeTomorrowThenext(fellowing)dayNextmonththenextmonth地點(diǎn)HereThere趨向Come二、疑問(wèn)句一般疑問(wèn)句變化間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，引語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用ask,wonder,wanttoknow或enquire等+whether或if+SVOThepolicemansaidtohim,Isthisyourbike?-Thepolicemanaskedhimwhether/ifthatwashisbike.特殊疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，疑問(wèn)詞+SVO。Hesaid,Whenisthenexttrain,Mary?--HeaskedMarywhenthenexttrainwas.三、祈使句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變成祈使含義的動(dòng)詞：ask,tell,order等。將祈使句中的動(dòng)詞改為不定式。Shesaidtome,Pleaseturnofftheradio.---Sheaskedmetoturnofftheradio.倒裝一、部分倒裝：V助/系+S+V謂+。Couldyoushowmethatbook?1、 句首有否定詞或否定短語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子要部分倒裝。Never,scarcely,rarely,seldom,little,not,nowhere+V助/系+S+V謂+OEg:NeverbeforehaveIheardsuchastory.Nowhereintheworldcanyoufindamanwholovesyousomuch!NowherebutinEuropehaveweseentheresultssoclearly,which…Notaworddidhesayatthemeeting.Notonlydidweloseallourmoney,butwealso...notuntil,nosooner.than,從句SVO,主句V+S+O。NotuntilhecamebackdidIleave.NosoonerhadItakenabaththanthebellrang.Innoway,innocase,atnotime,innosense,bynomeans,onnoaccount,undernocircumstances絕不。。?！盓g:InnowaydoIblameyouforwhathappened.Onnoaccountwillthemanagertoleraterudenessfromhisemployees.注：如果否定詞不是修飾整個(gè)句子，只是限定句子主語(yǔ)，不用倒裝。NotonlyIbutalsohehasbeenthere.HardlyadaygoesbythatIdon'tthinkofhimorspeakofhim.Scarcelyasoundcamefromamongthecrowd.人群里沒(méi)有發(fā)出一點(diǎn)兒聲音。2、 So+adj/adv.或totheextent/tothedegree表示程度，要部分倒裝。Eg:Tosuchanextentdidhishealthdeterioratethathewasforcedtoretire.Sodiligentlydoesheworkthatheoftenforgetstoeatandsleep.3、 在were,had,should的虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，省略if，須倒裝。4、 As引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句須倒裝。5、 Only+狀語(yǔ)置于句首須倒裝

1）、Only+時(shí)間/方式短語(yǔ)＋部分倒裝。Eg:Onlythendidsherealizeshewaswrong.Onlybyworkinghardcanyouachieveyourgoal.Onlyunderspecialcircumstancesarefreshmenpermitedtotakemake-uptests.2）、Only+狀語(yǔ)從句，主語(yǔ)從句部分倒裝。（同notuntil用法相似）Eg:Onlywhenhehadfailedthreetimesdidheturntomeforadvice.Onlywhenaman'slifecomestoitsendinprosperitydarewepronouncehimhappy.只有當(dāng)一個(gè)人的生命在輝煌中結(jié)束時(shí)，我們才能斷言他是幸福的。3）、Only修飾句子主語(yǔ)，不用倒裝。Eg:Onlysheknewhowtodealwiththisproblem.6、 代詞so,neither,nor,nomore置于句首。Eg:Ican'tspeakFrench,norcanhe.Sheneverlaughed,nordidsheeverlosehertemper.7、 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的倒裝：Be+主語(yǔ)Eg:Beheeversotired,hecontinuedtogofarther.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.二、全部倒裝：V＋S＋O Nowcomesyourturn.1、 以介詞開(kāi)頭的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句Eg:Fromthewindowcamesoundofmusic.Onthegroundliesamanwhoselegisbroken.Byhissidesathisfaithfuldog.2、 副詞out,in,along,then,now,up,down,away,here,there位于句首。Eg:Incametheteacher,booksunderarm.時(shí)態(tài)（一）完成時(shí)態(tài)形式：havedone（某一特寫(xiě)時(shí)刻（現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)）之前開(kāi)始發(fā)生和并持續(xù)到這一時(shí)刻；或?qū)@一時(shí)刻有影響的一個(gè)活動(dòng)?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)在過(guò)去發(fā)生并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)在過(guò)去發(fā)生并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在有影響的動(dòng)作。 Learne rIhavelearned2000wordssofar.過(guò)去完成時(shí)在過(guò)去的過(guò)去發(fā)生并持續(xù)到過(guò)去或?qū)^(guò)去有影響的動(dòng)作。 Ihadlearned1000wordsbytheendoflastyear.Learned A將來(lái)完成時(shí)在（過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)）發(fā)生并持續(xù)到將來(lái)或?qū)?lái)有影響的動(dòng)作。 Iwillhavelearned3000wordsbytheendofnextyear.Learned一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)1、（用法一、延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)）特點(diǎn)：A、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞；B、 動(dòng)詞發(fā)生在過(guò)去，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去;C、 與表示“一段時(shí)間”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。*since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)“自從”Eg:I'veworkdedinthiscompanysince1980.*for+時(shí)間段Eg:I'veworkdedinthiscompanyforthreeyears.untilnow,upuntill/tillnow,uptonow,sofar"到目前為止"Eg:Wehaveupuntilnowfailedtotakeanyactiontodecideonacommonlanguagethatwouldfuturecommunicationbetweennations.in/for/over/during+thepast/last+數(shù)詞+復(fù)n.inthepastfewyears,overthepastfewyears,duringthelastthreemonths,forthelastfewcenturies,throughcenturies（幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)）,throughouthistory（自古以來(lái)）.Eg:Throughcenturiesthebizarreanticsforsleepwalkershavepuzzledpolice,perplexedscientistsandfascinatedwriters.2、（用法二、過(guò)去發(fā)生但與現(xiàn)在仍有聯(lián)系的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)）特點(diǎn)：A、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為短暫性動(dòng)詞。Come/go/leave/kill/die/lose/buy/start/give/marry/join/bring該種動(dòng)詞的否定形式表示尚未發(fā)生的事情，可作為一種狀態(tài)，從而可以表示延續(xù)。Eg:Ihave'tseenafilmforweeks.Ihave'tboughtapairofshoesforayear.B、 不與“一段時(shí)間”時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。C、 與不確定時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。Already（已經(jīng)）,yet（已經(jīng)一疑問(wèn)/否定）,lately（最近）,often,just（剛剛）neverEg:Hasitstoppedrainingyet?雨停了嗎？Hehasn'tarrivedyet.他還沒(méi)到。Hasthebosscomeyet?3、（用法三、到目前的一個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作）Eg:Formorethaneightyyears,scientistshavearguedoverwhetherlifeexistsontheplanetMars.4、其他使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)A、 This/That/Itis+序數(shù)詞+名詞+that+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)Eg:It'sthefirsttimethatI'vecometoBeijing.B、 This/That/Itis+最高級(jí)或only修飾名詞+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)Eg:ThisisthebestwineIhaveeverdrunk.Thisistheonlybookhehaswritten.C、 如果V動(dòng)詞是was,that從句使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。Eg:Itwasthefifthtimethatsomeonehadknockedatmydoorthatnight.二、 過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)1、 發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，一直持續(xù)到過(guò)去這個(gè)時(shí)刻并仍有可能繼續(xù)下去。Eg:IhadstayedinAmericafortwoyearswhenhemovedhere.Hehadcollectedtenbooksofstampsbytheendoflastmonth.2、 發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，在過(guò)去這一時(shí)刻已經(jīng)結(jié)束，用短暫動(dòng)作。Eg:ShehadmadeeverythingreadybeforeIcame.3、 在過(guò)去之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作，在過(guò)去之前的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生。Eg:Ihadwrittenher100letterswhenshefinallypromisedtomarryme.4、 表示過(guò)去想做但未做的計(jì)劃、設(shè)想、意圖或希望。Intend,hope,want,wish,plan,think,propose,mean,suppose,expect,Eg:Ihadintendedtoseeyou,butIwasbusy.Theyhadhopedtoseeyouoffattheairport,buttheygottheretoolate.5、 Itwasthe+序數(shù)詞/最高級(jí)+that過(guò)去完成時(shí)從句Eg:ItwasthethirdtimethatIhadmethim.6、 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：A） 、兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上相繼發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，用and或but按動(dòng)作先后順序連接。Eg:Heopenedthedoorandentered,butfoundnobody.B） 、一個(gè)動(dòng)作導(dǎo)致另一個(gè)動(dòng)作的發(fā)生，有因果關(guān)系。過(guò)去完成時(shí)：A） 、過(guò)去的過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，用過(guò)完。Eg:Hehadservedintheairforcefortenyearsbeforehediedinthejet-crashincident.B） 、動(dòng)作有先后，一個(gè)完成才發(fā)生另一個(gè)。三、 將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)shall（第一人稱(chēng)）/will+havedone1、發(fā)生在將來(lái)之前（過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在、將來(lái)時(shí)間之前）的動(dòng)作，有可能繼續(xù)下去。與for+一段時(shí)間（+by+結(jié)束時(shí)間）連用。主句（將來(lái)完成時(shí)）＋從句（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）Eg:Theoldmanwillhaveworkedinthisfactoryfor50yearswhenretiresnextmonth.HewillhavetaughtEnglishinthatcollegefortenyearsbynextsummer.2、發(fā)生在將來(lái)之前，在將來(lái)這個(gè)時(shí)刻結(jié)束，但有可能影響的。Eg:Wewillfinishedourexambytheendofnextweek.3、by/before+時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)when/before+時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。Eg:WewillhavefinishedthisEnglishcoursebytheendofnextyear.Iwillhavegoteverythingreadyfortomorrow'spicnicbeforeyoucomeback.4、在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)代替將來(lái)完成時(shí)。主句（一般將來(lái)時(shí)）＋從句（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）Eg:IwilldosomeshoppingwhenIhavefinishedwritingtheletter.時(shí)態(tài)（二）完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)形式：havebeendoing表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)的某一動(dòng)作或時(shí)間之前的一段時(shí)期內(nèi)一直進(jìn)行，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性。一、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)（Have/hasdone+bedoing=have/hasbeendoing）1、與一段時(shí)間連用,表示該活動(dòng)處于持續(xù)狀態(tài)。for+時(shí)間段，since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)，allmorning/day/weekEg:Ithasbeenrainingsince8o'clock.Ithasbeenrainingallday.2、 不帶具體的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，表示最近一段時(shí)期內(nèi)的持續(xù)。如果現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不與具體的一段時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，則表示該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。Eg:I'vebeenthinkingaboutchangingmyjob.我最近一直在考慮換工作。I'veworkedinthiscompany.我曾在這家公司工作過(guò)。3、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是結(jié)果（成果），而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是過(guò)程（沒(méi)完成）Eg:I'vebeenpaintingthehouse.—sorryaboutthemess.I'vepaintedhousegreen.4、 短暫動(dòng)作＋一段時(shí)間，在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中表示重復(fù)。Eg:I'vebeengettingupearlysinceIenteredthecollege.5、 用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示動(dòng)作完成的次數(shù)或完成一次再做一次。進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)則表示持續(xù)進(jìn)行。

Eg:Wehavehadthreesnowstormssofarthiswinter.二、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)hadbeendoing三、將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)willhavebeendoing三、將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)willhavebeendoing虛擬語(yǔ)氣、基本形式If條件從句主 句Were/didWould(could/should/might)+V原與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反Haddone/hadbeenWould(could/should/might)+過(guò)分與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反1、 were2、 wereto+V原3、 should+V原Would(could/should/might)+V原將來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小Example:與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：1、IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldrunacompanyofmyown.2、IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldrunacompanyofmyown.與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反：1、Iftheflowershadbeenplantedearlier,theywouldhavebeeninbloomforthegardenpartylastwee.2、Ifthewholeoperationhadnotbeenplanedbeforehand,agreatdealoftimeandmoneywouldhavebeenlost.將來(lái)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)：1、IfIshouldwinthelottery,Iwouldbuyacar.2、Ifheweretocomehere,howwouldyoutellhimaboutthis?二、其它形式1、 混合時(shí)間虛擬句從句表過(guò)去，主句表示現(xiàn)在IfIhadstudiedEnglishatschool,IcouldreadtheEnglishnoveltoday.過(guò)去虛擬2、 當(dāng)If虛擬句中有助動(dòng)詞were,had,should時(shí)，則可省去if,將should,were,had置于句首。Ifheweretoleavetoday,hewouldgettherebyMonday.=werehetoleavetoday,hewould..Ifsuchadisasterhadoccurred,thedamagewouldhavebeenincalculable.=Hadsuchadisasteroccurred,thedamage.3、 含蓄虛擬句Butfor+名詞短語(yǔ)/butthat+從句＋陳述語(yǔ)氣，不用虛擬，可表示對(duì)過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的虛擬。Butfor=Ifitwerenotfor...（對(duì)現(xiàn)在、將來(lái)的虛擬）Butfor=Ifithadnotbeenfor. （對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬）Eg:Butforthesun,therecouldbenolifeonearth=Ifitwerenotforthesun,there.Butforthedoctorarrivedontimethatday,theywouldhavebeendead.=Ifthedoctorhadnotarrivedontimethatday,theywouldhavebeendead.4、跳層虛擬句一部分虛擬，另一部分不虛擬，之間用but,or,orelse,otherwise來(lái)聯(lián)接A、 虛擬句+but+陳述句“但是…”S＋woulddo,but+S+一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬Eg:Hewouldputonweight,buthedoesn'teatmuch.S+wouldhavedone,but+S+一般過(guò)去時(shí)，表示對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的虛擬Eg:Somewomencouldhavemadeagoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.B、 陳述句+orelse+虛擬句“否則…”S+—般現(xiàn)在時(shí)， or/orelse/otherwise+woulddo表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的虛擬Eg:IforgetwhereIreadthearticle,orIwouldshowittoyounow.S+—般過(guò)去時(shí)， or/orelse/otherwise+wouldhavedone表示對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的虛擬Eg:Wedidn'tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwisewewouldhavephonedhim.三、名詞從句虛擬句1、帶下列動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句用虛擬句式。請(qǐng)求：ask,beg,desire,prefer,request,建議：advise,deserve,move（提議），propose,suggest,recommend,+（should）+do命令：command,decide,demand,determine,insist,order,require,urge,Eg:Theinstructionsaskthatwenottakemorethanthreetabletsonce.3、Itis+adj./過(guò)分/特定名詞+that.（主語(yǔ)從句）形容詞有：Astonishing,amazing,advisable,appropriate,crucial,desirable,essential,important,imperative,keen,necessary,natural,normal,odd,proper,preferable,strange,sorry,shocked,surprising,urgent,unusual,vital過(guò)去分詞有：decided,desired,demanded,ordered,requested,required,recommended,suggested.Eg:It'srequestedthatallmembersbepresentatthemeeting.名詞有：advice,decision,desire,demand,suggestion,m