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2001年攻讀入學(xué)考試經(jīng)貿(mào)專業(yè)英語試(100分TheinformationNeverinthehistoryofthisnethashumanityseenmorechangethanwitnessedoverthelasttwentyyears.Aftercenturies-evenmillenniums-ofhumancivilization,onlyinthisperiodhasmanfoundthemeanstoconnectinstantlyandefficientlytheconsciousnessofvirtuallyeveryinhabitantontheearth.Onlyinthepastdecadehavecomethemeanstoconsolidate,organize,andaccessalloftheavailableknowledgethatmanhasgainedovertheentirehistoryofhumanity.Andasifthismind-numbingpaceofchangehasnotbeenfastenough,thesthatdriveitpromise eevenstrongerandfasterinthecominentyyears.Ourraceisinthemidstoftheinformationrevolution-arevolutionthatcouldchangevirtuallyeveryfacetofhumanlife.Fromourvantagepoint,itisstillnotpossibletofullygrasptheextentandsignificanceoftheinformationrevolution.Thingsaremovingtoofast-propelledbyadvancesinscienceandthesofmarketeconomics-topredictexactlyhowevolvingwillaltercivilizationonearth.Theonlythingthatcanbesaidrtainisthatmajorchangeisinevitableforallbutthemostremotefringesofhumansociety.Weareheadingatblindingspeedintoacompletenewworldbuiltonafoundationoftheinformationandcommunicationtechnology.1.邁入信息的漩渦——那將是一場改變?nèi)祟惿罘椒矫婷娴?。以進步的觀點來看,仍然不可能完全理解信息的范圍和意義。由于科學(xué)的發(fā)展唯一可以肯定的是重大將必然發(fā)生,它將對人類社會產(chǎn)生深遠影響。正以未知的速度步入一個建立在信息通訊技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上的全。RecentTrendsininternationalOverthelastfewdecades,theforeigntradesectorhasgrowndramaticallyinimportanceworldwide.In1960,asapercentageofnominalGDP,goodportsandimportswere3.9percentand2.9percent,respectively.By1997,goodportsandimportsshareshadrisento8.5percentand11.0percent,respectively.Domesticdemandhasreasinglybeenmetbyimports,whileexportshave eamoresignificantfactorunderlyinggrowthinmanufacturingoutput.WhatdoestheUnitedStatesexportandimport?In1997,bypripleend-usecategories,exportareledbycapitalgoodcludingautos,withsecondceheldbyindustrialsandmaterials.Mostimportsforindustrialsandmaterials,followedbyautomotivevehicles,parts,andengines.ExportsandimportsflowsbetweenvarioustradingpartnershavechangessignificantlysetheendofWorldWarII.Thoughstillimportant,WesternEuropenolongerdominatesastheUnitedStates'primarytradingregion.Forexports,CanadaisbyfarthemostimportantbuyerofUSgoods.In1996,CanadaalsowasthenumberonerofgoodstotheUnitedStates.Inrecentyears,however,Japan,,andMexicohave ereasinglyimportant.WhiletheUnitedStates'largestunila ltradedeficitforgoodsiswithJapan, ’sgoodstradesurpluswithUnitedStateshasgrownrapidlyinrecentyears.2.在過去幾十,對外貿(mào)易在所有國家國民經(jīng)濟中的重要性有顯著提高。在1960年,年,貨品在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值中的份額就分別上升到8.5%和11.0%。進口滿足了不斷增那么,的貨物都是什么呢?從幾種主要的最終消費品來看,1997年出1996年,也是的第一出口大國。不過近幾年來,、和墨西哥在外貿(mào)中的重要性漸長。對日貿(mào)易逆差最大,對華貿(mào)易逆差近年來也迅速增長。ContractThelawofcontracts,fashionedovercenturiestofittheneedsofpartieswhotransact,isrichinhumanexperience.Itwouldbepresumptuoustoassumethattechnologicalchangewillfundamentallyalterthewaywecontract.Itwillnot.Rather,contractlawwilladapt,asitalwayshas,to modatecyberspace.Although,contractlawmustchangesothatitprovidescertaintyandenabilityovercyberspacetransactions,technologymustprogressbeforethiscanhappen.Cyberspacesecurityproblemsmustberesolved,foruntiltransactionscanbesecurelyeffectedsimplyandwithwideaccessibility,businesswilllackthenecessarycomfortlevel.Thismayrequirepatience.It'simportantthatthemarketresolvethetechnologicalissuesfirst,orweruntheriskoflawdictatingtechnology--asub-optimalsolution.Thecontactlawthatwillemergewon'tbea"new"orrevolutionarycontractlawperse.Ratheritwillapplyoldpriplestothenewenvironment,andovertimewillevolvetofurtherreflectcyberspace'sidiosyncrasies.Contractlawissuesthatrequireimmediatelegislativeattentionare:thestatusofdigitalsignatureandtheiracceptabilityinContracts,amendmentstotheStatueofs'writingandsigningrequirements,legalsupportofencryptionuse,andcriminalizationofcrypto-attacks,ernmentshouldalsogivepriorityattentiontopublickeyinfrastructure(PKI)issues,suchastheliabilityofcertification.Otherthan ingamodeluser,itshouldn'tmandateuseofaparticularPKIsystematt3.幾個世紀形成的合同法滿足了當事人的需要,體現(xiàn)了人類的智慧。人們原認為技術(shù) 空間納入其調(diào)整范圍中來。盡管合同法必須自身做出改變,以便對在虛擬空間中達成的的是,市場必須首先解決安全問題,否則,用法律取代技術(shù)的,——這將是一種次優(yōu)方案。出現(xiàn)在虛擬空間中的合同法本身將不會是一個“新”的或具有性的合同CorporateAsthenameindicates,corporatebondsareissuedbycorporations.Corporationbondsareclassifiedbythetypeofissuer.Thefourgeneralclassificationsusedbybondinformationservicesare1)utilities,(2)transportations,(3)industrials,and(4)banksandfinancecompanies.Firstbreakdownsareoftentocreatemorehomogeneousgrous.Forexample,utilitiesaresubdividedintoelectricpowercompanies,gasdistributioncompanies,watercompanies,andcommunicationcompanies.Transportationaredividedfurtherintoairlines,railroads,andtruckingcompanies.Industrialsarethecatchallclass,andthemostheterogeneousofthegrouswithrespecttoinvestmentcharacteristics.Industrialsludeallkindsofmanufacturing,merchandising,andservicecompanies.Thepromisesofacorporatebondissuerandtherightsofinvestorsaresetforthingreatdetailinacontractcalledabondindenture.Failuretopayeitherthepripalorinterestwhendueconstituteslegaldefaultandcourtproceedingscanbeinstitutedtoenthecontract.Bondholders,ascreditors,haveapriorlegalclaimoverpreferredandcommonstockholdersasto eandassetsofthecorporationforthepripalandinterestduethem.Inatypicalcorporatebond,thereareoptionsembeddedintheissue.Anembeddedoptionispartofthestructureofabond,asopposedtoa"bareoption”,whichtradesseparayfromanyunderlyingsecurity.Mostcorporatebondsaretermbonds,thatis,theyrunforatermofyearsandthen dueandpayable.Termbondsareoftenreferredtoas"bullet--maturity"orsimply"bullet"bonds.Thetermmaybelongorshort.AswithTreasuresecurities,obligationsduelessthentenyearsfromthedateofissuearecallednotes.Termbondsmayberetiredbypaymentatfinalmaturityorretiredpriortomaturityifprovidedforintheindenture.Somecorporatebondissuesaresoarrangedthatspecifiedpripalamounts edueonspecifieddates.Suchissuesarecalledserialbonds.4.同一樣,從warrantiesontheSaleofaThesaleofabusinessisatransactionwhichinvolvesthesaleofavariedcollectionofassetshavingdifferentcharacteristics:someoftheassetswillbephysicalgoods,suchasstock,machineryandusuallytherewillbeholdofleaseholdpropertiestobeintangibleassetswillludethegoodwillofthebusiness,debtorsand,commonly,inlectualpropertyrights;rightsmaybesold,suchastothecurrentorderbook,whicharebarelyassetsinthenormalsense.Thetransactionwillnotnormallyinvolvethepurchaserintakinerliabilitiesandthesewillnotgenerallypassunlessthereisanexpressacceptancebythepurchaser.Thisbroadpripleneeds,however,tobequalifiedinanumberofrespects:Liabilitiesinrelationtopropertiesmayrunwiththelandandaccordinglyautomaticallybindthepurchaser.CertainobligationstotheemployeesofabusinesswhichissoldasagoingconcernpassundertheTransferofUndertaking(ProtectionofEmployment)Regulations1981.Partlycompletedgoods,themanufactureofwhichiscompletedbythepurchaser,willgiverisetoaliabilityonthepurchaseriftheyprovetobedefectiveeventhoughthedefectarisesfromworkdonebythevendor.Fromapracticalpointofview,itisoftennecessaryforthepurchasertoperformwarrantyobligationsofthevendorinrelationtogoodssoldslightlybeforethetransferofthebusiness.Despitetheseexceptions,thegeneralrulesisthatthepurchaserdoesnottakeoveranyliabilitiesofthebusinessforwhichitdoesnotwishtoberesponsible.Thi
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