數(shù)控技術-外文翻譯-外文文獻-英文文獻-數(shù)控技術的發(fā)展與維修(常用版)

數(shù)控技術外文翻譯外文文獻英文文獻數(shù)控技術的發(fā)展與維修（常用版）(可以直接使用，可編輯完整版資料，歡迎下載）

DevelopmentandmaintenanceofCNCtechnology數(shù)控技術外文翻譯外文文獻英文文獻數(shù)控技術的發(fā)展與維修（常用版）(可以直接使用，可編輯完整版資料，歡迎下載）Numericalcontroltechnologyandequipmentisthedevelopmentofnewhigh-techindustryandcutting-edgeenablingtechnology,industryandthemostbasicequipment.Theworldinformationindustry,biologicalindustry,aviation,aerospaceandotherdefenseindustrywidelyusednumericaltechniquestoimprovemanufacturingcapacityandlevel,toimprovetheadaptabilityofthemarketandcompetitiveness.IndustrialcountriesandCNCnumericalcontroltechnologyandequipmentwillalsobelistedascountriesofstrategicmaterials,notonlytodeveloptheirownnumericalcontroltechnologyandindustry,andin"sophisticated"technologyandequipment,numericalcontrolkeyaspectsofthepolicyofclosuresandrestrictions.Therefore,effortstodevelopadvancednumericalcontroltechnologyasthecoremanufacturingtechnologyhasbecometheworld'sdevelopedcountriestoaccelerateeconomicdevelopment,enhancethecomprehensivenationalstrengthandanimportantwaytostatehood.

PartI:thedevelopmentofCNCmachinetoolstrendsinindividual

1.Highspeed,highaccuracy,highreliability

Highspeed:Toimprovethespeedandincreasefeedspindlespeed.

Highprecision:theprecisionfrommicrontosub-micronlevel,andeventhenano-level(highreliability:thereliabilityofnumericalcontrolsystemgenerallyhigherthanthereliabilityofnumericalcontrolequipmentmorethananorderofmagnitude,butnotthehigherthebetterreliabilitybecausethegoodsbythecostperformanceconstraints.

2.Composite

CompositefunctionCNCmachinetooldevelopment,itscoreisinasinglemachinetocompletetheturning,milling,drilling,tapping,reamingandreamingandotheroperatingprocedures,therebyincreasingtheefficiencyandprecisionmachinetoolstoimproveproductionflexibility.

3.Intelligent

Intelligentcontentincludedinallaspectsofthenumericalcontrolsystem:thepursuitofprocessingefficiencyandprocessingqualityofintelligence;toimprovetheperformanceandtheuseofconvenientconnectionsandotheraspectsofintelligence;simplifyprogramming,simplifyingoperationalintelligence;alsoliketheintelligentautomaticprogramming,intelligentman-machineinterface,aswellasintelligentdiagnostics,intelligentmonitoringandotheraspects,tofacilitatesystemdiagnosticsandmaintenance.

4.Flexible,integrated

TheworldofCNCmachinetoolstothedevelopmenttrendofflexibleautomationsystemsare:fromthepoint(CNCsingle,compositemachiningcentersandCNCmachinetools),line(FMC,FMS,FTL,FML)tothesurface(SectionworkshopindependentmanufacturingislandFA),body(CIMS,distributednetworkintegratedmanufacturingsystem)direction,theothertofocusonappliedandeconomicdirection.Flexibleautomationtechnologyistheindustrytoadapttodynamicmarketdemandsandquicklyupdatetheprimarymeansofproductisthemaintrendofnationalmanufacturingindustryisthebasisforthefieldofadvancedmanufacturingtechnology.

Second,personalizationistheadaptabilityofthemarkettrends

Today'smarket,graduallyformedthepatternofinternationalcooperation,theproductsbecomingmorecompetitive,efficientandaccurateprocessingoftheescalatingdemandmeans,theuser'sindividualrequirementsbecomeincreasinglystrong,professional,specialization,moreandmorehigh-techmachinetoolsbytheusersofallages.

Third,theopenarchitecturetrendis

ThecoreofanewgenerationofCNCsystemdevelopmentisopen.Opensoftwareplatformandhardwareplatformsareopensystems,modular,hierarchicalstructure,andthroughouttheformtoprovideaunifiedapplicationinterface.

CNCsystemtoaddresstheclosureofthetraditionalCNCapplicationsandindustrialproductionproblems.Atpresent,manycountriesofopenCNCsystem,CNCsystemhasbecomeanopennumericalcontrolsystemofthefutureoftheroad.Theopennumericalcontrolsystemarchitecturespecification,communicationspecifications,configurationspecifications,operatingplatform,functionlibrariesandCNCnumericalcontrolsystemsoftwaredevelopmenttools,systemfunctionisthecoreofthecurrentstudy.Networknumericalcontrolequipmentisnearlytwoyearsofanewfocus.NCnetworkequipmentwillgreatlysatisfytheproductionlines,manufacturingsystems,manufacturinginformationintegrationneedsofenterprises,butalsoachievenewmanufacturingmodel,suchasagilemanufacturing,virtualenterprises,globalmanufacturingthebaseunit.Somewell-knownathomeandabroad,andCNCCNCmachinetoolsmanufacturingcompanyin

PartII:MachineMaintenance

CNCmachinetoolsiselectronictechnology,measurementtechnology,automationtechnology,semiconductortechnology,computertechnologyandelectricaltechnology,andintegratedsetofautomationequipment,highprecision,highefficiencyandhighflexibility.CNCmachinetoolsisaprocesscontrolequipmentandaskedhiminreal-timecontroloftheaccuracyofeverymomentofwork,anypartofthefaultandfailure,sothatthemachinewillshutdown,resultinginproductionstoppages,whichseriouslyaffectedandrestrictedtheproductionefficiency.CNCmachinetoolsinmanyindustriestoworkthedeviceiscritical,ifnotafterafailureinitsmaintenanceandtroubleshootingtime,itwillcausegreatereconomiclosses.Therefore,theprinciplethatcomplexnumericalcontrolsystem,structure,maintenanceofsophisticatedequipmentisnecessary.CNCmachinetoolstoenhancefaultdiagnosisandmaintenanceofpower,canimprovethereliabilityofCNCmachinetools,CNCmachinetoolsisconducivetothepromotionanduse.

CNCmachinetoolsisamechanical,electrical,hydraulic,gascombinationofcomplexequipment,thoughthereasonsforfailurevary,butthefailureoccurred,thegeneralideaofthestepsarethesame.Fails,SpindlestartbelowtostopimmediatelyafterthefaultdiagnosisofCNCmachinetoolsasanexamplethegeneralprocess.

First,thefault-siteinvestigation.Thesurveycontentincludes1,2typesoffailure,thefailurefrequencyof3,4,externalconditions,theoperatingconditions5,6,machineconditions,thefunctioningof7,wiringbetweenmachinetoolsandsystems8,CNCequipmentvisualinspection.Afteraninvestigation,suchfailureisspindleclassfailure,onlyonce,outsideofallnormal,theoperatorofaboottoreflectthissituation.

Second,thefaultinformationcollation,analysis.Forsomesimplefault,becausenotalotoftime,themethodcanbeusedformoflogicalreasoning,analysis,identificationandtroubleshooting.Afterafailedon-siteinvestigationforseveralreasonswesuspectthatthesystemoutputpulse①②driveisnotenoughtimetomovethestatelinetocontrolthespindlecomponents③④damagetothespindlemotorshort-circuit,causingthespindlethermalrelayprotection⑤notwithself-controllooplockcircuits,andtheparameterissettopulsesignaloutput,sothatthespindlecannotoperatenormally.Identifypossiblereasonstoruleoutonebyone.

Third,conductfaultdiagnosisandtroubleshooting.

Diagnosisusuallyfollowsthefollowingprinciples:1,afterthefirstoutsideinside.ReliablelineofmodernCNCsystemincreasinglyhighfailurerateofCNCsystemitselflessandless,andmostarenon-occurrenceoffailurecausesthesystemitself.TheCNCmachineisamechanical,hydraulic,electricalasoneofthetools,theoccurrenceofthefaultwillbereflectedbythesethreecomprehensive,maintenancepersonnelshouldbefromoutsidetoinsideonebyoneinvestigationtoavoidarbitraryunsealed,demolition,otherwiseexpandthemalfunction,sothatthelossofprecisionmachinetools,slowperformance,outsidethesystemdetectedthefaultisduetoopenonebyone,hydrauliccomponents,pneumaticcomponents,electricalactuators,mechanicaldevicescausedproblems.2,thefirstaftertheelectricalmachinery.Ingeneral,themechanicalfailureeasiertofind,andnumericalcontrolsystemandelectricalfaultdiagnosismoredifficult,beforethetroubleshootingtoruleoutmechanicalfailureofthefirst3,afterthefirststaticdynamic.Poweroffthemachinefirst,quiescentstate,throughunderstanding,observation,testing,analysis,confirmthepowerfailurewillnotresultinexpansionoftheincidentonlyafterthepowertothemachine,runthestate,thedynamicofobservation,inspectionandtesting,tofindfault.Whileafterthedevastatingpowerfailure,youmustfirstruleoutthedanger,beforeelectricity.4,afterthefirstsimpleandcomplex.Whenmultiplefailuresareintertwined,andsometimesimpossibletostartwith,weshouldfirstsolvetheproblemeasily,thensolvethedifficultproblem,oftenasimpleproblemtosolve,thedifficultyoftheproblemmayalsobecomeeasier.

CNCmachinetoolsinthefaultdetectionprocess,shouldmakefulluseofnumericalcontrolsystemself-diagnosticfeaturestobejudged,butalsoflexibilityintheuseofsomecommontroubleshootingmethods.Troubleshootingcommonmethodsare:

1.Routineexaminationmethod

Routineexaminationmethodismainlyofhands,eyes,ears,noseandotherorgansofthefaultoccurrenceofvariouslight,sound,smellandabnormalobservationsandcarefullookateverysystem,followthe"firstpostoutsideof"theprincipleoffaultdiagnosisbylooking,listening,smelling,asking,moldandsoon,fromoutsidetoinsideonebyonecheck,thefaultcanoftenbenarroweddowntoamoduleoraprintedcircuitboard.Thisrequiresmaintenancepersonnelhaveawealthofpracticalexperience,tothewidermultidisciplinaryandcomprehensiveknowledgeoftheabilitytojudge.

2.Self-diagnosticfunctionmethod

ModernCNCsystemhasyettoachieveahighdegreeofintelligence.Butalreadyhasastrongself-diagnosticfunction.CNCreadytomonitorthehardwareandsoftwareisworking.Oncetheabnormal,immediatelydisplayedontheCRTalarmorfaultLEDsindicatetheapproximatecause.Usingself-diagnosisfunction,butalsoshowstheinterfacesignalsbetweenthesystemandthehoststate,inordertodeterminethefaultoccurredinthemechanicalpartorpartsofNCsystem,andindicatetheapproximatefaultlocation.Thismethodiscurrentlythemosteffectivemaintenancemethods.

3.Functionalprogramtestingmethod

So-calledfunctionalprogramtestingmethodiscommonlyusedinthenumericalcontrolsystemfunctionsandspecialfeatures,suchaslinearpositioning,circularinterpolation,helicalcut,fixedcycle,suchastheusermacroprogrammingbyhandorautomaticprogrammingmethods,thepreparationoftestproceduresintoafunctionalprogram,intothenumericalcontrolsystem,andthenstarttheCNCsystemtomakeitrun,tochecktheimtimethefirstbootofCNCwhetheraprogrammingerrororoperationalerrorormachine

4.Sparepartssubstitution

Sparepartsreplacementmethodisasimplemethodtodeterminethesceneisoneofthemostcommonlyused.Theso-calledsparesubstitutionisgenerallythecauseoffailureintheanalysisofthecase,maintenancepersonnelcanusethealternatePCB,templates,integratedcircuitchiporreplacethequestionablepartsofcomponents,whichnarrowedthefaulttoaprintedcircuitboardorchiplevel.Itisactuallyintheverificationanalysisiscorrect.However,beforeswitchingthestandbyboardshouldcarefullycheckthespareboardisintact,andshouldcheckthestatusofreserveboardshouldbefullyconsistentwiththeoriginalboardthestate.Thisincludescheckingwiththeboardselectionswitch,setthelocationandtheshortrodpotentiometerposition.Inshort,wemuststrictlyinaccordancewiththesystem'soperation,maintenancerequirementsmanualoperation.

Indeterminingthereplacementofapartto,shouldcarefullychecktherelevantconnectedtoelectricallinesandotherrelated,confirmingthatnofailureuptothenewreplacementtopreventfailurescausedbyexternaldamagetoreplacethepartsup.

5.TransferAct

Theso-calledtransfermethodistohavethesamenumericalcontrolsystemfeaturestwoprintedcircuitboards,templates,integratedcircuitchipsorcomponentstoexchange,observedfailurephenomenabetransferred.Inthisway,thesystemcanquicklydeterminethefaultposition.Thismethodisactuallyakindofsparepartssubstitution.Therefore,theconsiderationsdescribedinthesamesparepartssubstitution.

6.Parametercheckmethod

KnownparameterscandirectlyaffectthenumericalperformanceofCNCmachinetools.Parametersareusuallystoredinthemagneticbubblememory,orstoredinbatteriestobemaintainedbytheCMOSRAM,oncethebatteryisloworbecauseofoutsideinterferenceandotherfactors,someparameterswillbelostorchangeinchaos,sothatthemachinedoesnotwork.Atthispoint,throughtheproofreading,correctionparameters,willbeabletotroubleshoot.Whenthemachineidleforalongtimetoworkagainfornoreasonthatthereisnonormalorfailurewithoutwarning,itshouldbebasedonfaultcharacteristics,inspectionandproof-readingtherelevantparameters.

AfteralongrunofCNCmachinetools,wearandtearduetoitsmechanicaldrivecomponents,electricalcomponentperformancechangesandotherreasons,alsoneedtoadjusttheparametersofits.Somemachinetoolfailureisoftennottimelybecausetheparameterschangeduetosomenotmeet.Ofcourse,thesefailuresarethefaultoftheareasaresoft.

7.MeasurementofComparativeLaw

CNCsysteminthedesignofprintedcircuitboardmanufacturingplant,inordertoadjust,repairfacilities,intheprintedcircuitboarddesignedanumberoftestterminals.Userscanalsousenormalprintedcircuitboardterminalscomparingthemeasuredandthedifferencebetweentheprintedcircuitboardfailure.Theseterminalscandetectthevoltageandwaveformmeasurements,analyzethecausesoffailureandfailurelocation.Evenonanormalprintedcircuitboardcansometimesartificiallycreate"fault",suchasbrokenconnectionorshortcircuit,unplugthecomponents,inordertodeterminetherealcauseoffailure.Therefore,maintenancepersonnelshouldbeintheusualaccumulationofkeypartsoftheprintedcircuitboardorfailure-pronepartsoftherightinthenormalwaveformandvoltagevalues.BecausetheCNCsystemmanufactureroftendoesnotprovidetheinformationinthisregard.

8.Percussionmethod

WhentheCNCsystemfailuresshowedRuoyouruowu,oftenusedmethodfordetectingthefaultstruckthesitelies.Thisisbecausethenumericalcontrolsystemiscomposedbythemulti-blockprintedcircuitboards,eachboardhasalotofsolderjoints,platesorbetweenmodulesandisconnectedthroughtheconnectorsandcables.Therefore,anycoldsolderjointorbad,maycauseamalfunction.WhenthetapwiththeinsulationandpoorcontactwithWelddoubtatfaultmustberepeatedreproduction.

9.Localheatingmethod

AfteralongrunningCNCsystemcomponentsaretobeaging,performancewilldeteriorate.Whentheyarenotfullydamaged,failureswillbecomefromtimetotime.Thenheatcanbeusedsuchasahairdryerorelectricironissuspectedtolocalheatingcomponents,acceleratingtheagingsothoroughlyexposedfaultcomponents.Ofcourse,usingthismethod,besuretopayattentiontocomponentsofthetemperatureparameters,donotroasttheoriginaldeviceisagoodorbad.

10.Principleofanalysis

Thecompositionaccordingtoprinciplesofnumericalcontrolsystemcanbeanalyzedfromvariouspointsoflogicallevelsandlogicalparameters(suchasvoltageorwaveform)andthenwithamultimeter,logicpen,onlytheoscilloscopeorlogicanalyzertomeasure,analyzeandcompare,andthusfailurepositioning.Usingthismethod,whichrequiresmaintenancepersonneltobeonthewholesystemortheprincipleofeachcircuithaveaclear,deepunderstanding.

Basedontheaboveprinciplesandmethods,wemaybeitemizedonthecheckitandeliminatethecauses.

Thefirstpossiblefailureforthesystemoutputpulsetimeisnotenough,weadjusttheM-codesystem,startthespindleoutputtime,foundtheproblemstillexists,andthenfindthenextpossiblecausemaybeinthedrivetomovethestate,refertothemanualdrive,setparametersstartthespindle,theproblemstillexistswesuspectedspindlemotorshort-circuit,resultinginthermalrelayprotection.Thenfindthecauseoftheshort,sothatthespindlethermalrelayresetthestartandfoundthatthenormaloperationofthespindle,theproblemsolved.

Fourth,doalessonslearnedandrecorded.Aftertroubleshooting,repairworkcannotbeconsideredcomplete,stillneedtechnicalandmanagementaspectsoftheunderlyingcausesoffailurehavetotakeappropriatemeasurestopreventfailuresfromhappeningagain.Underfieldconditionswhennecessaryuseofmaturetechnologiestotransformandimprovetheequipment.Finally,thefailureofthemaintenanceofthephenomenon,causeanalysis,resolutionprocess,thereplacementofcomponents,legacy,etc.tomakearecord.

數(shù)控技術的發(fā)展與維修數(shù)控技術及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)的使能技術和最基本的裝備。世界各國信息產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國防工業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術，以提高制造能力和水平，提高對市場的適應能力和競爭能力。工業(yè)發(fā)達國家還將數(shù)控技術及數(shù)控裝備列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物資，不僅大力發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術及其產(chǎn)業(yè)，而且在"高精尖"數(shù)控關鍵技術和裝備方面對我國實行封鎖和限制政策。因此大力發(fā)展以數(shù)控技術為核心的先進制造技術已成為世界各發(fā)達國家加速經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、提高綜合國力和國家地位的重要途徑。第一部分：數(shù)控機床個性化的發(fā)展趨勢1.高速化、高精度化、高可靠性高速化：提高進給速度與提高主軸轉速。高精度化：其精度從微米級到亞微米級，乃至納米級(高可靠性：一般數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的可靠性要高于數(shù)控設備的可靠性在一個數(shù)量級以上，但也不是可靠性越高越好，因為商品受性能價格比的約束。2.復合化數(shù)控機床的功能復合化的發(fā)展，其核心是在一臺機床上要完成車、銑、鉆、攻絲、絞孔和擴孔等多種操作工序，從而提高了機床的效率和加工精度，提高生產(chǎn)的柔性。3.智能化智能化的內容包括在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中的各個方面：為追求加工效率和加工質量方面的智能化；為提高驅動性能及使用連接方便等方面的智能化；簡化編程、簡化操作方面的智能化；還有如智能化的自動編程、智能化的人機界面等，以及智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控等方面的內容，方便系統(tǒng)的診斷及維修。4.柔性化、集成化當今世界上的數(shù)控機床向柔性自動化系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的趨勢是：從點(數(shù)控單機、加工中心和數(shù)控復合加工機床)、線（FMC、FMS、FTL、FML）向面(工段車間獨立制造島FA)、體（CIMS、分布式網(wǎng)絡集成制造系統(tǒng)）的方向發(fā)展，另一方面向注重應用性和經(jīng)濟性方向發(fā)展。柔性自動化技術是制造業(yè)適應動態(tài)市場需求及產(chǎn)品迅速更新的主要手段，是各國制造業(yè)發(fā)展的主流趨勢，是先進制造領域的基礎技術。二、個性化是市場適應性發(fā)展趨勢當今的市場，國際合作的格局逐漸形成，產(chǎn)品競爭日趨激烈，高效率、高精度加工手段的需求在不斷升級，用戶的個性化要求日趨強烈，專業(yè)化、專用化、高科技的機床越來越得到用戶的青睞。三、開放性是體系結構的發(fā)展趨勢新一代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)核心是開放性。開放性有軟件平臺和硬件平臺的開放式系統(tǒng)，采用模塊化，層次化的結構，并通過形式向外提供統(tǒng)一的應用程序接口。為解決傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)封閉性和數(shù)控應用軟件的產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)存在的問題。目前許多國家對開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)進行研究，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開放化已經(jīng)成為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的未來之路。目前開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結構規(guī)范、通信規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運行平臺、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫以及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開發(fā)工具等是當前研究的核心。網(wǎng)絡化數(shù)控裝備是近兩年的一個新的焦點。數(shù)控裝備的網(wǎng)絡化將極大地滿足生產(chǎn)線、制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對信息集成的需求，也是實現(xiàn)新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虛擬企業(yè)、全球制造的基礎單元。國內外一些著名數(shù)控機床和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)制造公司都在

第二部分：機床的維修數(shù)控機床是將電子技術、測量技術、自動化技術、電子半導體技術、計算機技術及電機技術等集與一體的自動化設備，具有高精度、高效率和高柔性的特點。數(shù)控機床是一種過程控制設備，要求他在實時控制的每一時刻都準確無誤地工作，任何部分的故障與失效，都會使機床停機，從而造成生產(chǎn)停頓，嚴重地影響和制約生產(chǎn)效率的提高。在很多行業(yè)中數(shù)控機床設備處于關鍵的工作崗位，若在其出現(xiàn)故障后不及時維修及排除故障，就會造成較大的經(jīng)濟損失。因此，對于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)這樣原理復雜、結構精密的裝置進行維修很有必要。加強數(shù)控機床的故障診斷與維修的力量，可以提高數(shù)控機床的可靠性，有利于數(shù)控機床的推廣和使用。數(shù)控機床是機、電、液、氣相結合的復雜設備，盡管故障原因各不相同，但在故障發(fā)生后，大體的思路步驟是相同的。發(fā)生故障后，下面以數(shù)控車床主軸啟動后立即停止為例說明數(shù)控機床故障診斷的一般過程。一、進行故障現(xiàn)場調查。調查的內容包括1、故障的種類2、故障的頻繁程度3、外界狀況4、有關操作情況5、機床情況6、運轉情況7、機床和系統(tǒng)之間接線情況8、CNC裝置的外觀檢查。經(jīng)過調查，該類故障屬于主軸類故障，只出現(xiàn)過一次，外界一切正常，操作人員反映一開機就出現(xiàn)這種情況。二、進行故障信息整理、分析。對于一些簡單的故障，原因不是很多時，可采用形式邏輯推理的方法，分析、確定和排除故障。經(jīng)過故障現(xiàn)場調查我們懷疑有以下幾種原因①系統(tǒng)輸出的脈沖時間不夠②變頻器處于點動狀態(tài)③主軸線路的控制元器件損壞④主軸電機短路，造成熱繼電器保護⑤主軸控制回路沒有帶自鎖電路，而把參數(shù)設置為脈沖信號輸出，使主軸不能正常運轉。找出可能出現(xiàn)的原因，就逐項排除。三、進行故障診斷與排除。故障診斷一般遵循以下幾個原則：1、先外部后內部?，F(xiàn)代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的可靠行越來越高，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)本身的故障率越來越低，而大部分故障的發(fā)生都是非系統(tǒng)本身原因引起的。由于數(shù)控機床是集機械、液壓、電氣為一體的機床，其故障的發(fā)生也會由這三種綜合反映出來，維修人員應該先由外向內逐一進行排查，盡量避免隨意的啟封、拆卸，否則會擴大故障，使機床喪失精度、降低性能，系統(tǒng)外部的故障逐一是由于檢測開個、液壓元件、氣動元件、電氣執(zhí)行元件、機械裝置等出現(xiàn)問題而引起的。2、先機械后電氣。一般來說，機械故障較易發(fā)覺，而數(shù)控系統(tǒng)及電氣故障的診斷難度較大，在故障檢修之前首先注意排除機械的故障3、先靜態(tài)后動態(tài)。先在機床斷電斷電靜止狀態(tài)，通過了解、觀察、測試、分析，確認通電后不會造成故障擴大，發(fā)生事故后，方可給機床通電，在運行狀態(tài)下，進行動態(tài)的觀察、檢驗和測試，查找故障。而對通電后發(fā)生破壞性故障的，必須先排除危險后，方可通電。4、先簡單后復雜。當出現(xiàn)多種故障互相交織，一時無從下手時，應先解決容易的問題，后解決難度較大的問題，往往簡單問題解決后，難度大的問題也可能變的容易。 數(shù)控機床在故障檢測過程中，應充分利用數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的自診斷功能來進行判斷，同時還要靈活運用故障檢查的一些常用方法。常見的故障檢查方法有：1.常規(guī)檢查法常規(guī)檢查法主要是利用人的手、眼、耳、鼻等器官對故障發(fā)生時的各種光、聲、味等異?，F(xiàn)象的觀察以及認真察看系統(tǒng)的每一處，遵循“先外后內”的原則，診斷故障采用望、聽、嗅、問、模等方法，由外向內逐一檢查，往往可將故障范圍縮小到一個模塊或一塊印刷線路板。這要求維修人員具有豐富的實際經(jīng)驗，要有多學科的較寬的知識和綜合判斷的能力。2.自診斷功能法現(xiàn)代的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)雖然尚未達到智能化很高的程度.但已經(jīng)具備了較強的自診斷功能。能隨時監(jiān)視數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的硬件和軟件的工作狀況。一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)異常，立即在CRT上顯示報警信息或用發(fā)光二極管指示出故障的大致起因。利用自診斷功能，也能顯示出系統(tǒng)與主機之間接口信號的狀態(tài)，從而判斷出故障發(fā)生在機械部分還是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)部分，并指示出故障的大致部位。這個方法是當前維修工作最有效的一種方法。3.功能程序測試法所謂功能程序測試法就是將數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的常用功能和特殊功能，如直線定位、圓弧插補、螺旋切削、固定循環(huán)、用戶宏程序等用手工編程或自動編程方法，編制成一個功能程序測試程序，送入數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中，然后啟動數(shù)控系統(tǒng)使之運行，借以檢查機床執(zhí)行這些功能的淮確性和可靠性，進而判斷出故障發(fā)生的可能起因。本方法對于長期閑置的數(shù)控機床第一次開機時的檢查以及機床加工造成廢品但又無報警的情況下，一時難以確定是編程錯誤或是操作錯誤，還是機床故障的原因是一個較好的判斷方法。4.備件替換法備件替換法是一種簡單易行的方法，也是現(xiàn)場判斷時最常用的方法之一。所謂備件替換法就是在分析故障大致起因的情況下，維修人員可以利用備用的印刷線路板、模板，集成電路芯片或元器件替換有疑點的部分，從而把故障范圍縮小到印刷線路板或芯片一級。它實際上也是在驗證分析的正確性。但在備用板交換之前，應仔細檢查備用板是否完好，并應檢查備用板的狀態(tài)應與原板狀態(tài)完全一致。這包括檢查用板上的選擇開關，短路棒的設定位置以及電位器的位置?？傊?，一定要嚴格地按照有關系統(tǒng)的操作、維修說明書的要求進行操作。在確定對某部分要進行替換前，應認真檢查與其連接的有關線路和其他相關的電器，確認無故障后才能將新的替換上去，防止外部故障引起替換上去的部件損壞。5.轉移法所謂轉移法就是將數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中具有相同功能的兩塊印刷線路板、模板、集成電路芯片或元器件互相交換，觀察故障現(xiàn)象是否隨之轉移。借此，可迅速確定系統(tǒng)的故障部位。這個方法實際上就是備件替換法的一種。因此，有關注意事項同備件替換法所述。6.參數(shù)檢查法眾所周知，數(shù)控參數(shù)能直接影響數(shù)控機床的性能。參數(shù)通常是存放在磁泡存儲器或存放在需由電池保持的CMOSRAM中，一旦電池不足或由于外界的干擾等因素，會使個別參數(shù)丟失或變化，發(fā)生混亂，使機床無法正常工作。此時，通過校對、修正參數(shù)，就能將故障排除。當機床長期閑置重新工作時無緣無故地出現(xiàn)不正?，F(xiàn)象或有故障而無報警時，就應根據(jù)故障特征，檢查和校對有關參數(shù)。經(jīng)過長期運行的數(shù)控機床，由于其機械傳動部件磨損，電氣元件性能變化等原因，也需對其有關參數(shù)進行調整。有些機床的故障往往就是由于未及時修改某些不適應的參數(shù)所致。當然這些故障都是屬于軟故障的范疇。7.測量比較法數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠在設計印刷線路板時，為了調整、維修的便利，在印刷線路板上設計了多個檢測端子。用戶也可利用這些端子比較測量正常的印刷線路板和有故障的印刷線路板之間的差異?？梢詸z測這些測量端子的電壓和波形，分析故障的起因和故障的所在位置。甚至，有時還可對正常的印刷線路板人為地制造“故障”，如斷開連線或短路、拔去組件等，以判斷真實故障的起因。為此，維修人員應在平時積累印刷線路板上關鍵部位或易出故障部位在正常時的正確波形和電壓值。因為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)廠往往不提供有關這方面的資料。8.敲擊法當數(shù)控系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)的故障表現(xiàn)為若有若無時，往往可用敲擊法檢查出故障的部位所在。這是由于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)是由多塊印刷線路板組成，每塊板上有許多焊點，板間或模塊間又通過插接件及電線相連。因此，任何虛焊或接觸不良，都可能引起故障。當用絕緣物輕輕敲打有虛焊及接觸不良的疑點處，故障肯定會重復再現(xiàn)。9.局部升溫法數(shù)控系統(tǒng)經(jīng)過長期運行后元器件均要老化，性能會變壞。當它們尚未完全損壞時，出現(xiàn)的故障會變得時有時無。這時可用熱吹風機或電烙鐵等來局部升溫被懷疑的元器件，加速其老化，以便徹底暴露故障部件。當然，采用此法時，一定要注意元器件的溫度參數(shù)，不要將原來是好的器件烤壞。10.原理分析法根據(jù)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的組成原理，可從邏輯上分析各點的邏輯電平和特征參數(shù)（如電壓值或波形），然后用萬用表、邏輯筆、示波器或邏輯分析僅進行測量、分析和比較，從而對故障定位。運用這種方法，要求維修人員必須對整個系統(tǒng)或每個電路的原理有清楚的、較深的了解。根據(jù)上面的原則和方法，我們逐項對可能出現(xiàn)的原因進行查探并排除。第一個可能故障為系統(tǒng)輸出的脈沖時間不夠，我們調整系統(tǒng)的M代碼輸出時間后啟動主軸，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題仍然存在，接著查找下一可能原因，變頻器可能處于點動狀態(tài)，參閱變頻器的使用說明書，設置好參數(shù)后啟動主軸，問題仍然存在我們懷疑是主軸電機短路，造成熱繼電器保護。于是查找短路原因，使熱繼電器復位后啟動主軸，發(fā)現(xiàn)主軸正常運轉，問題解決。要做一個經(jīng)驗總結和記錄。故障排除以后，維修工作還不能算完成，尚需從技術與管理兩方面分析故障產(chǎn)生的深層原因，采取適當措施避免故障再次發(fā)生。必要時可根據(jù)現(xiàn)場條件使用成熟技術對設備進行改造與改進。最后，對此次維修的故障現(xiàn)象、原因分析、解決過程、更換元件、遺留問題等要做好記錄。TheDIL/NetPCsDNP/1110–UsingtheEmbeddedLinuxWebServerforEmbeddedSystemsAfterthe“everybody-in-the-Internet-wave”nowobviouslyfollowsthe“everything-in-the-Internet-wave”.Theostcoffee,vendingandwashingachinesarestillnotavailableabouttheworldwidenet.HowevertheebeddedInternetintegrationforreteaintenanceanddiagnosticaswellastheso-calledM2Mcounicationisgrowingwithaconsiderablespeedrate.JustthereoteaintenanceanddiagnosticofcoponentsandsystesbyebbrowsersviatheInternet,oralocalItranethasaveryhighweightforanydevelopentprojects.Innuerousdevelopentdepartentspeopleworkoncoletelyebbasedconfigurationsndservicesforebeddedsystes.ThereainingdaysoftheclassicuserinteraceadebyasallLC-displaywithfrontpanelandafewfunctionkeysareover.ThroughfutureevolutionsinthefieldoftheobileInternet,Bluetooth-baseds(PersonalAreaNetworks)andtherapidlygrowingM2Mcounication(M2M=Machine-to-Machine)afurtherinnovatingadvanceistobeexpected.Thecentralfunctionunittogetaccessonanebeddedsysteviaebbrowseristheebserver.SuchebserversbringthedesiredHTMLpages(HTML=HyperTextMarkupLanguage)andpicturesovertheworldwideInternetoralocalnetworktotheebbrowser.Thishappens-based(HyperTextTransferProtocol).ATCP/IPprotocolstack–thateansitisbasedonsophisticatedandestablishedstandards–anagestheentirecounication.ebserver(server)andbrowser(client)builTCP/IP-applications.achievedaphenoenaldistributioninthelastyeas.Meanwhileillionsofuseraroundtheworldsurf-basedintheWorldWideWeb.Todayalosteverypersonalcoputeroffersthenecessaryassistanceforthisprotocol.Thisstatusisvalidreandreforebeddedsystesalso.Thespreadsupwithafastratetoo.TheDIL/NetPCsDNP/1110–UsingtheEmbeddedLinux1.TCP/IP-basedasCommunicationPlatformisasileprotocolthatisbasedonaTCP/IPprotocolstack(picture1.A).usesTCP(TransissionControlProtocol).TCPisarelativecoplexandhigh-qualityprotocoltotransferdatabythesubordinateIPprotocol.TCPitselfalwaysguaranteesasafeguardedconnetionbetweentwocounicationpartnersbasedonanextensivethree-way-handshakeprocedure.Asaresultthedatatransferviaisalwaysprotectd.DuetotheextensiveTCPprotocolechanissoffersonlyalow-gradeperforance.Figure1:TCP/IPstackandprograingodelisbasedonasipleclient/server-concept.serverandclientcounicateviaaTCPconnection.AsdfaultTCPportvaluetheportnuber80willbeused.Theserverworkscopletelypassive.Hewaitsorarequest(order)oaclient.ThisrequestnorallyreerstothetransitionospeciicHTMLdocuents.ThisHTMLdocuentpossiblyhavetobegenerateddynaicallybyCGI.Asresultoftherequsts,theserverwillanswerwitharesponsethatusuallycontainsthedesiredHTMLdocuentsaongothers(picture1.B).Listing1.A:GET-requestTheDIL/NetPCsDNP/1110–UsingtheEmbeddedLinuxListing1.B:responseasresultoftheGET-requestfrolisting1.Arequestsnorallyconsistoseveraltextlines,whicharetransittedtotheserverbyTCP.Thelisting1.Ashowsaneaple.Thefirstlinecharacterizestherequesttype(GET),therequestedobject(/test1.ht)andtheusedversion(/1.1).Inthesecondrequestlinetheclienttellstheserver,whichkindoffilesitisabletoevaluate.Thethirdlineincludesinforationabouttheclient-software.Thefourthandlastlineoftherquestfrolisting1.AisusedtoinformtheserverabouttheIPaddressofthelient.Inaccordingtothetypeofrequestandtheusedclientsoftwaretherecouldfollowsoefurtherlines.Asanendoftherequestablanklineisexpected.Theresponsesasrequestanswerotlyconsistoftwoparts.Atfirstthereisaheaderofindividuallinesoftext.Thenfollowsacontentobject(optional).Thiscontentobjectaybeconsistsofsotextlines–incaseofaHTMLfile–orabinaryfilewhenaGIFoJPEGiageshouldbetransferred.Thefirstlineoftheheaderisespeciallyiportant.Itworksasstatusorerroressage.Ifanerroroccurs,onlytheheaderorapartoitwillbetransittedasanswer.2.FunctionalprincipleofaWebServerSiplifiedaebservercanbeiaginelikeaspecialkindofafileserver.Picture2.Ashowsanoverview.ThebserverreceivesaGET-requestfrotheebbrowser.Bythisrequest,aspecificfileisrequiredasanswer(seestep1intopicture2.A).Afterthat,the