語言學(xué)胡壯麟第三版第三章筆記

語言學(xué)胡壯麟第三版第三章筆記（完整版）資料(可以直接使用，可編輯優(yōu)秀版資料，歡迎下載）

語言學(xué)胡壯麟第三版第三章筆記（完整版）資料(可以直接使用，可編輯優(yōu)秀版資料，歡迎下載）Chapter3LexiconⅠWhatisword?3sensesofwordaphysicallydefinableunitWordmaybeseenasasetofsoundsegmentsorwritinglettersbetweentwopausesorblanks.wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecifictermWordmaybeusedbothasageneralterm(thenboyandboysarejustoneword)andasaspecificitems(boyandboysaretwowords).agrammaticalunitTheworkrankislocatedbetweenmorphemeandwordgroup.IdentificationofwordsStabilityWordsarethemoststableofalllinguisticunits,inrespectoftheirinternalstructure.relativeuninterruptibilityNewelementsshouldnotbeinsertedintoaword,evenwhenthereareseveralpartsinaword.aminimumfreeformWordisthesmallestunitthatcanbeusedbyitself.ClassificationofwodsVariableandinvariablewordsVariablewordsmayhaveinflectivechanges.Thesamewordmayhavedifferentgrammaticalformsbutpartofthewordremainsrelativelyconstant.Invariablewordsrefertothosewordsthatdonothaveinflectiveendings.grammaticalwordsandlexicalwordsThosewhichmainlyworkforconstructinggrouparegrammaticalwords,suchas,conj.,prep.,art.,andpron.,aregrammaticalwordsalsoknownasfunctionwords.Thosewhichmainlyworkforreferringtosubstance,actionandquality,suchasn.,v.,adj.andadv.,arelexicalwords,alsoknownascontentwords.closed-classwordsandopen-classwordsTheclosed-classisonewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited,suchaspron.,prep.,conj.,art.,andothers.Theopen-classisonewhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasn.,v.,adj.,andmanyadv..wordclass:particle,auxiliaries,pro-form,determinersⅡTheformationofwordMorpheme:Amorphemeisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaningwhetheritislexicalorgrammatical.classificationofmorphemefreemorpheme:Thosethatmayoccuralone,thatis,thosewhichmaymakeupwordsbythemselves,arefreemorpheme.boundmorpheme:Thosethatcannotoccuralone,mustappearwithatlastanothermorpheme,andarecalledboundmorphemes,root:Rootisthebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithoutdestroyingitsmeaning.Thatistosay,itisthatpartofthewordthatisleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.affix:Affixisacollectivetermforthetypeofmorphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem),soaffixisnaturallybound.stem:Stemisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.3)inflectionalaffixn.----sn.----`sv.----edv.----ingw.----ed/enadj./adv.----eradj./adv.----estderivationalaffixDifferences:1^Inflectionalaffixesaregenerallylessproductivethanderivationalaffixes.Therefore,theyservetoproducedifferentformsofasinglelexeme.However,derivationalaffixesareveyproductiveinmakingnewwords.2^Inflectionalaffixesdonotchangethewordclassofthewordtheyattachto,whereasderivationalaffixesmightormightnot.3^Whetheroneshouldaddinflectionalaffixesornotdependsveryoftenontheotherfactorswithinthephraseorsentence.4^Inflectionalaffixesaremostlysuffixes,whicharealwayswordfinal.Butderivationalaffixescanbothbeprefixesandsuffixes.wordformationinflection:Itindicatesgrammaticalrelationsbyaddinginflectionalaffixes;andwheninflectionalaffixesareadded,thegrammaticalclassoftheterms(towhichtheyareattached)willnotpound:Itreferstothosewordsthatconsistofmorethanonelexicalmorpheme,orthewaytojointwoseparatewordstoproduceasingleform.Itcanbefurtherdividedintotwokinds,theendocentriccompoundandtheexocentriccompound.SememeVs.MorphemeandPhonemeVs.MorphemesememeVs.morpheme1^onemorphemeVs.onesememe2^onemorphemeVs.morethanonesememe3^onesememeVs.morethanonemorpheme4^morphemesthathavenospecificsememe5^functionchangesinbothsememeandmorphemewithoutmorphemechangemorphemeVs.phoneme1^asinglephonemeVs.asinglemorpheme2^asinglemorphemeVs.multiplephoneme3^allomorph4^morphemicconditionsⅢLexicalchangelexicalchangeproperinventionblendingBlendingisarelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtogethertheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyonlyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.abbreviationacronymAcronymismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.back-formationBack-formationreferstoanusuallyabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.analogicalcreationborrowing1^loanwords2^loanblend3^loanshift4^loantranslationmorpho-syntacticalchangemorphologicalchangeThepresentsectionisontheinflectionalside,i.e.theformofinflectionalaffixes.syntacticalchangeEnglishspeakertodaynolongerusesthefifteenthcentury’sdouble.semanticchangebroadingBroadingisaprocesstoextendorelevatethemeaningfromitsoriginallyspecificsensetoarelativelygeneralone.narrowingNarrowingiscontrarytobroading:theoriginalmeaningofawordcanbenarrowedorrestrictedtoaspecificsense.meaningshiftWhatmakesthemeaningofaworddifferentisitsdeparturefromitsoriginaldomainasaresultofitsmetaphoricalusage.classshiftfolketymologyItreferstothechangeoftheformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnotionoftheoriginormeaningoftheterm,orfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous.phonologicalchangelossadditionmetathesisassimilation5.orthographiechange第三章平面與平面系統(tǒng)1.人照鏡子時(shí)，要想看到自己的全身，問鏡子要多長？人離鏡子的距離有沒有關(guān)系？

解：

鏡子的高度為1/2人身高，和前后距離無關(guān)。2有一雙面鏡系統(tǒng)，光線平行于其中一個(gè)平面鏡入射，經(jīng)兩次反射后，出射光線與另一平面鏡平行，問兩平面鏡的夾角為多少？解：N-IIMαIααα-INMMBOAN-IIMαIααα-INMMBOA同理：中

答：α角等于60。3.如圖3-4所示，設(shè)平行光管物鏡L的焦距=1000mm，頂桿離光軸的距離a=10mm。如果推動(dòng)頂桿使平面鏡傾斜，物鏡焦點(diǎn)F的自準(zhǔn)直象相對(duì)于F產(chǎn)生了y=2解： axθ2θFYfaxθ2θFYf圖3-44.一光學(xué)系統(tǒng)由一透鏡和平面鏡組成，如圖3-29所示。平面鏡MM與透鏡光軸垂直交于D點(diǎn)，透鏡前方離平面鏡600mm有一物體AB，經(jīng)透鏡和平面鏡后，所成虛像至平面鏡的距離為150mm,且像高為物高的一半，試分析透鏡焦距的正負(fù)，確定透鏡的位置和焦距，并畫出光路圖。BABM150600L-LAADBMBABM150600L-LAADBM圖3-29習(xí)題4圖解：由于平面鏡性質(zhì)可得及其位置在平面鏡前150mm處為虛像,為實(shí)像則解得又-=答：透鏡焦距為100mm5．如圖3-30所示，焦距為=120mm的透鏡后有一厚度為d=60mm的平行平板，其折射率n=1.5。當(dāng)平行平板繞O點(diǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，像點(diǎn)在像平面內(nèi)上下移動(dòng)，試求移動(dòng)量△與旋轉(zhuǎn)角φ的關(guān)系，并畫出關(guān)系曲線。如果像點(diǎn)移動(dòng)允許有0.02mm的非線形度，試求φ△AO6030120△AO6030120圖3-30習(xí)題5圖解：（1）DEIIDEIIIId由圖可知=====(2) 考慮斜平行光入射情況不發(fā)生旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)dDDDBBOAωφφφdDDDBBOAωφφφ當(dāng)平行板轉(zhuǎn)過φ角時(shí)===]6.用焦距=450mm的翻拍物鏡拍攝文件,文件上壓一塊折射率n=1.5,厚度d=15mm的玻璃平板,若拍攝倍率β=-1試求物鏡主面到平板玻璃第一面的距離。解：LO-LAAOOLO-LAAOO又A和A是一對(duì)共軛點(diǎn)（關(guān)于O）答：物鏡主面到平板玻璃第一面的距離為890mm。 7.試判斷如圖3-31所示各棱鏡或棱鏡系統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)像情況，設(shè)輸入為右手系，畫出相應(yīng)輸出坐標(biāo)系。xx..yzyz yzxb)yzxb) ..xzyc) ..d)x yz 8.試畫出圖3-12所示直角棱鏡和圖所示斜方棱鏡的展開圖。設(shè)30直交棱鏡的口徑等于斜邊棱鏡的一半，斜方棱鏡的口徑等于直角邊，分別求出這兩種棱鏡的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)。9.試畫出圖3-31所示列曼棱鏡、圖中阿貝棱鏡P和圖3-18所示別漢棱鏡的展開圖。10.棱鏡折射角α=,c光的最小偏向角,試求棱鏡光學(xué)材料的折射率。解：答：光學(xué)材料的折射率為1.58998。11.白光經(jīng)過頂角α=的色散棱鏡,n=1.51的色光處于最小偏向角。試求其最小偏向角及n=1.52的色光相對(duì)于n=1.51的色光間的夾角。解：6060sin答：所求夾角為。12.如圖3-32所示，圖a表示一個(gè)單光楔在物鏡前移動(dòng);圖b表示一個(gè)雙光楔在物鏡前相對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)；圖c表示一塊平行平板在物鏡前轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。問無限遠(yuǎn)物點(diǎn)通過物鏡后所成像點(diǎn)在位置上有什么變化？c)b)a)c)b)a)圖3-32習(xí)題12圖13.如圖3-33所示，光線以45角入射到平面鏡上反射后通過折射率n=1.5163,頂角為的光楔。若使入射光線與最后的出射光線成，試確定平面鏡所應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的方向和角度值。圖3-33習(xí)題13圖αθOOδαNαθOOδαN解：=2在答：平面鏡順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)1.0336即可使入射光線與出射光線成90。第三章拔模斜度基本設(shè)計(jì)守則塑膠產(chǎn)品在設(shè)計(jì)上通常會(huì)為了能夠輕易的使產(chǎn)品由模具脫離出來而需要在邊緣的內(nèi)側(cè)和外側(cè)各設(shè)有一個(gè)傾斜角為出模角。若然產(chǎn)品附有垂直外壁并且與開模方向相同的話，則模具在塑料成型後需要很大的開模力才能打開，而且，在模具開啟後，產(chǎn)品脫離模具的過程亦相信十分困難。要是該產(chǎn)品在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的過程上已預(yù)留出模角及所有接觸產(chǎn)品的模具零件在加工過程當(dāng)中經(jīng)過高度拋光的話，脫模就變成輕而易舉的事情。因此，出模角的考慮在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的過程是不可或缺的，因注塑件冷卻收縮後多附在凸模上，為了使產(chǎn)品壁厚平均及防止產(chǎn)品在開模後附在較熱的凹模上，出模角對(duì)應(yīng)於凹模及凸模是應(yīng)該相等的。不過，在特殊情況下若然要求產(chǎn)品於開模後附在凹模的話，可將相接凹模部份的出模角盡量減少，或刻意在凹模加上適量的倒扣位。

出模角的大小是沒有一定的準(zhǔn)則，多數(shù)是憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)和依照產(chǎn)品的深度來決定。此外，成型的方式，壁厚和塑料的選擇也在考慮之列。一般來說，高度拋光的外壁可使用1/8度或1/4度的出模角。深入或附有織紋的產(chǎn)品要求出模角作相應(yīng)的增加，習(xí)慣上每0.025mm深的織紋，便需要額外1度的出模角。出模角度與單邊間隙和邊位深度之關(guān)系表，列出出模角度與單邊間隙的關(guān)系，可作為叁考之用。此外，當(dāng)產(chǎn)品需要長而深的筋及較小的出模角時(shí)，頂針的設(shè)計(jì)須有特別的處理，見對(duì)深而長加強(qiáng)筋的頂針設(shè)計(jì)圖。出模角度與單邊間隙和邊位深度之關(guān)系表拔模斜度：為便于拔模，塑件壁在出模方向上應(yīng)具有傾斜角度α，其值以度數(shù)表示（參見表2-4）。3.1拔模斜度確定要點(diǎn)(1)制品精度要求越高，拔模斜度應(yīng)越小。(2)尺寸大的制品，應(yīng)采用較小的拔模斜度。(3)制品形狀復(fù)雜不易拔模的，應(yīng)選用較大的斜度。(4)制品收縮率大，斜度也應(yīng)加大。(5)增強(qiáng)塑料宜選大斜度，含有自潤滑劑的塑料可用小斜度。(6)制品壁厚大，斜度也應(yīng)大。(7)斜度的方向。內(nèi)孔以小端為準(zhǔn)，滿足圖樣尺寸要求，斜度向擴(kuò)大方向取得；外形則以大端為準(zhǔn)，滿足圖樣要求，斜度向偏小方向取得。一般情況下拔模斜度?？刹皇苤破饭顜У南拗?/p>