廈門大學(xué)大學(xué)化學(xué)9納米材料-3課時

1Lecturer:GuanghuiYueEmail:yuegh@CollegeofMaterials,XiamenUniversity

IntroductiontoMaterialsChemistry2NanoscienceNanotechnologyWhatisit?3NanotechnolNanometreNano-stuffNano-ProduNanomedicineNanoscienceNanobotsAprefixthatmeansvery,very,small.

ThewordnanoisfromtheGreekword‘Nanos’meaningDwarf.Itisaprefixusedtodescribe"onebillionth"ofsomething,or0.000000001.

Nano:4Howsmallarenanostructures?SingleHairWidth=0.1mm=100micrometers=100,000nanometers!1nanometer=onebillionth(10-9)meter5WhatisNano??Nanoreferstothescaleofnanometers.Thisisthescaleofmolecules,proteins,andothernano-objectsthatarethetopicsofthiscourse.6Howbigisnano?Nanomeansonebillionth(x10-9)Writtenanotherway:x0.000000001Onenanometerequals 0.000000001meters (or 0.000000003feet)7SmallerstillHair.Redbloodcell6,000nanometersDNA3nanometers8UnderstandingSize1metre9UnderstandingSize10centimetres10UnderstandingSize1centimetre11UnderstandingSize100micrometres12UnderstandingSize10micrometres13UnderstandingSize1micrometre14UnderstandingSize100nanometres15UnderstandingSize10nanometres16UnderstandingSize1nanometre17HOneNanometerHHHOOONN18OneNanometerWater(H20)DNASmallProtein19OneNanometerWater(H20)QuantumDotCarbonNanotube20DifferentsamplesofCdSenanocrystalsintoluenesolution21Whatismattermadeof?AtomsMolecules22Whatareatoms?

Howbigarethey?

Howwellcanwe“see”them?Atomsareroughly2-52-5埃米sindimension 2-5*10-10mTakeamillimeteranddivideitinto1000parts: micron10-6mTakeonemicronanddivideitinto1000parts: nanometer10-9mTakeonenanometeranddividein10parts: angstrom10-10m~1?23Nano:TheMiddleGround“Macroscopic”ScaleGalacticScale“Microscopic”ScaleMolecular/AtomicScaleSubatomicscale:NuclearPhysicsParticalPhysicsatomsNanoscale24Nano:TheMiddleGroundGalactic“Macroscopic”“Microscopic”“Nanoscopic”Molcular/AtomicScaleSubatomic/NuclearParticle??1020m1010m101m10-6m10-9m10-15m10-10m?25NanotechnolNanometreNano-stuffNano-ProduNanoscienceNanobotsApartofsciencethatstudiessmallstuff.

It’snotbiology,physicsorchemistry.It’sallsciencesthatworkwiththeverysmall.Nanoscience

26WhatisNanoscience?Eigleretal.NATURE363,1993HowisnanosciencedifferentthanChemistryBiologyPhysics

Whatdistinguishesnanosciencefromothersciences?27Thestudyofnanometerscalethings?DNAWaterCarbonNanotubes28Isn’tthisjustBiologyandChemistry??YES…andNO.

Chemistrydoneinbeakers(manybillionsofmolecules)29NanoscienceStudyingINDIVIDUALnanometerscalethingsObservationExperiment/Manipulation30CanScientistsreallydothisnow?DonEigler,IBMIronatomsonacoppersurface31AtomicManipulationScanningProbeTipAtom32HandmakingMolecules!WilsonHoUC,Irvine.33NanotechnolNanometreNano-stuffNano-ProduNanoscienceNanobotsNanotechnology

Includesadvancesinallindustries,includingtheelectronic,chemical,andpharmaceutical.

Theartandscienceofmakingusefulstuffthatdoesstuffonthenanometrelengthscale.34TheSpaceElevator?Ultrahighstrengthmaterialsallowtowertobebuiltintospace!(?)WhatisNanotechnology?35Tinymachinesinyourbodycuringcancer?身體里的小機械可以幫助治愈癌癥WhatisNanotechnology?36DNAComputersinabeakerthatvastlyoutperformourfastestsupercomputers?WhatisNanotechnology?37Well….Sortof….NotReally….SomeoftheseamazingviewsofthefuturehaveagrainofrealityinthemWe’lltakealookatadvancesinMaterialsscienceNanobiotechMolecularcomputing38NanotechnologyTECHNOLOGIESNanomaterialsNanolithographyScanningProbeMicroscopySelf-AssemblyAPPLICATIONSSuperfast/smallcomputersSuperstrongmaterialsSuperSlipperyMaterialsTissueEngineeringDrugDeliverySensors39Nanosciencevs.NanotechnologyNanoscience:exploringandstudyingthepropertiesofthenanoscaleApplyingtheuniquepropertiesofthenanoscaletotechnology40WhathasenabledNanoscienceandNanotechnology?AdvancesinComputingPowerNewGenerationofScientificInstruments ScanningProbeMicroscopesAnincompletelist....VerySharpTipscansoversamplesurfaceScanningTunnelingMic.(STM)AtomicForceMic.(AFM)MagneticForceMic.(MFM)NearFieldScanningOpticalMic.(NSOM)ATOMICRESOLUTIONWhyNanonow?41ScanningProbeMic:SharptipScanningProbeTipSampleSampleSharptipmovesoversurfaceandmeasuressomeproperty42STM,NobelPrize1986BinnigandRohrer43STMimages,Examples/bookbind/pubbooks/hillchem3/medialib/media_portfolio/07.html44AFMimages:AdenovirusViralDNAAtsukoNegishiUNCMat.Sci.45Howdowemakenanostructures?Howdoweseenanostructures?46First,

howdowemakenanostructures??Lithography?

Self-assembly -physicalorchemical47MakingamicroscopicmaskSiliconcrystalPolymerfilmElectronBeamNanoscopicMask!Lithography48LithographyIBMCopperWiringOnaComputerChipPatternedSeveralTimes49SELFASSEMBLYBlock“A”Block“B”10%A30%A50%A70%A90%A~10nmOrderedPhasesPMMAPSScalesetbymolecularsizeDiblockCopolymer50BASICNANOPOROUSTEMPLATEPROCESSAPPLICATIONSDepositionTemplateEtchingMaskNanoporousMembraneRemovepolymerblockwithincylinders(UVorebeamexposure;Aceticacidrinse)“Aversatile,self-assembling,nanoscalelithographicsystem”51SEMIMAGEOFNANOPOROUSPOLYMERTEMPLATEArrayPeriod=24nmPoreDiameter=14nmMW=42,000PS/PMMA52FUNCTIONALNANOARRAYSGlassPillarsPatternedMediaCopolymerTemplateSeparations&SensorsTemplateTransferNanowiresDevices53NANOWIREARRAYSusingELECTRODEPOSITION1.2trillionwires/in2

200nm20nm100nmsilicongoldelectrodepositedcobaltnanowiresunfilledpolymertemplatecobaltnanowires?ULTRA-HIGHDENSITYMAGNETICDATASTORAGE1011054unexposedregionofcopolymerfilm“patterned”nanowirearrayvertically-orienteddiblockcopolymerfilm“patterned”nanoporouspolymertemplateLATERALLY-PATTERNEDMEDIAHOLESNOHOLES55Howdoweseenanostructures??Alightmicroscope??Anelectronmicroscope!?Ascanningprobemicroscope!56TelevisionSeteyeelectronbeamTVscreenLight!electronsource57ElectronMicroscopeSAMPLEElectronBeamDETECTOR58ScanningprobemicroscopeSurfaceVibratingCantilever59ImageofNickelAtoms60PushingAtomsAround61ExamplesinNano:BiologicalCellandComputerChipHierarchicalStructuresInnanomanufacturingweareintegrating"bottomup"self-assemblywith"topdown"lithography—HierarchicalManufacturing!62Top-downNanotechnologyisthenextstepafterminiaturisation.

microelectronicsnanoelectronics63UltimateNanotechnologywouldbetobuildatthelevelofoneatomatatimeandtobeabletodosowithperfection.Arrangedoneway,atomsmakeupsoil,airandwater.Arrangedanotherwaytheymakeupstrawberriesorsmoke.Bottom-up64Theuseofbottom-upandtop-downtechniquesinmanufacturing6566CharacterizationofNanomaterialsmorphology(themicrostructuralornanostructuralarchitecture);TEM,SEM,STM,AFMcrystalstructure(thedetailedatomicarrangementinthechemicalphasescontainedwithinthemicrostructure);XRD,ED,LEEDchemistry(theelementsandpossiblymoleculargroupingspresent);EDS,AESelectronicstructure(thenatureofthebondingbetweenatoms).IR,UV6768MaterialsScience:NanomaterialsHumanMadeMaterialsBiologicallymadematerials69CarbonNanotubesBuckminsterFullereneC60Smalley,Curl,Kroto.NobelPrize70Graphein:(Greek)towriteGraphiteDiamondNanotubeBuckyballTheFormsofCarbon71CarbonNanotubes:

CylindersofSheetLatticesMultiwallCNT=Nestedtubes72WhatisaCarbonNanotube?CNTisatubularformofcarbonwithdiameterassmallas1nm.Length:fewnmtomicrons.CNTisconfigurationallyequivalenttoatwodimensionalgraphenesheetrolledintoatube.ACNTischaracterizedbyitsChiralVector:Ch=na1+ma2,ChiralAnglewithrespecttothezigzagaxis.

73NanotubeshavechiralityArmchair(n,m)=(5,5)=30ZigZag(n,m)=(9,0)=0Chiral(n,m)=(10,5)0<<30(納米管具有手性)7475TypesofCNTsSingleWallCNT(SWCNT)MultipleWallCNT(MWCNT)Canbemetallicorsemiconductingdependingontheir