國際貿(mào)易實務(wù)英文版參考答案

Chapter

1I

.YES，Please

refer

to

the

1st

paragraph

of

the

text.II.

流動性過剩

自給自足

經(jīng)濟(jì)資源

直接投資

國際收支

易貨交易

出口退稅

傾銷

出口型經(jīng)濟(jì)增長

東道國

貿(mào)易差額

貿(mào)易順差／貿(mào)易逆差

歐盟

國際收支順差／國際收支逆差

有形貿(mào)易

無形貿(mào)易

貨品貿(mào)易

服務(wù)貿(mào)易

excess

liquidity

self-sufficient

economic

resources

direct

investment

balance

of

payments

barter

export

tax

rebate

dumping

export-driven

economic

growth

host

country

balance

of

trade

favorable/unfavorable

balance

of

trade

European

Union

favorable/unfavorable

balance

of

payments

visible

trade

invisible

trade

trade

in

goods

trade

in

services

III

The

chart

above

shows

the

U.S.

imports

from

China,

U.S.

exports

to

China

and

the

trade

balance.

The

U.S.

has

a

negative

trade

balance

with

China,

and

it

has

been

growing.

During

the

period

from

1997

to

,

imports

from

China

have

grown

244%

while

exports

to

China

have

grown

221%,

indicating

that

the

trade

deficit

is

increasing.

There

had

already

been

a

sizeable

trade

balance

deficit

with

China

in

1996,

totaling

$

39.5

billion

at

the

end

of

the

year.

IV

1.

Export

goods

are

tangible

goods

sent

out

of

countries.

2.

Trade

in

services

are

international

earnings

other

than

those

derived

from

the

exporting

and

importing

of

tangible

goods.

3.

Import

goods

are

tangible

goods

brought

in.

4.

International

trade

is

all

business

transactions

that

involve

two

or

more

countries.

5.

FDI

is

one

that

gives

the

investor

a

controlling

interest

in

a

foreign

company.

6.

Investment

is

used

primarily

as

financial

means

for

a

company

to

earn

more

money

on

its

money

with

relative

safety.

V

1.

International

trade

is

the

fair

and

deliberate

exchange

of

goods

and/or

services

across

national

boundaries.

It

concerns

trade

operations

of

both

import

and

export

and

includes

the

purchase

and

sale

of

both

visible

and

invisible

goods.

2.

In

today's

complex

economic

world,

neither

individuals

nor

nations

are

self-sufficient.

Nations

participate

in

the

international

trade

for

many

reasons.

As

to

the

economic

reasons,

no

nation

has

all

of

the

economic

resources

(land,

labor

and

capital)

that

it

needs

to

develop

its

economy

and

culture,

and

no

country

enjoys

a

particular

item

sufficient

enough

to

meet

its

needs.

As

for

the

preference

reasons,

international

trade

takes

place

because

of

innovation

of

style.

Besides,

every

nation

can

specialize

in

a

certain

field

and

enjoy

a

comparative

advantage

in

some

particular

area

in

terms

of

trade

so

that

they

need

to

do

business

with

each

other

to

make

use

of

resources

more

efficiently

and

effectively.

3.

In

measuring

the

effectiveness

of

global

trade,

nations

carefully

follow

two

key

indicators,

namely,

balance

of

trade

and

balance

of

payments.

4.

FDI,

the

abbreviation

form

Foreign

Direct

Investment,

means

buying

of

permanent

property

and

business

in

foreign

nations.

It

occurs

when

acquisition

of

equity

interest

in

a

foreign

company

is

trade.

The

great

significance

of

FDI

for

China

might

be

that:

FDI

solve

the

problem

of

capital

shortage

for

China

so

that

China

may

spend

the

money

on

importing

advanced

equipment

and

technologies

for

its

infrastructure,

national

supporting

industry,

key

projects,

etc.Chapter

2

I

關(guān)稅壁壘

非關(guān)稅壁壘

從量稅

配額

保護(hù)性關(guān)稅

市場失靈

幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)

許可證制度

財政關(guān)稅

政府采購

貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義

從價稅

最低限價

當(dāng)?shù)夭少徱?guī)則

增長內(nèi)需

Domestic

content

Red-tape

barriers

Export

subsidies

Binding

quota

Absolute

quotas

VER

Tariff-rate

quotas

Zero

quota

"Buy

local"

rules

Tariff

barriers

non-tariff

barriers

specific

duties

quota

protective

tariff

market

failure

infant

industry

licensing

system

Revenue

tariff

government

procurement

trade

protectionism

Ad

Valorem

Duties

floor

price

"buy

local"

rules

raise

domestic

demand

國內(nèi)含量

進(jìn)口環(huán)節(jié)壁壘

出口補(bǔ)助

綁定配額

絕對配額

自愿出口限制

關(guān)稅配額

零配額

當(dāng)?shù)夭少徳瓌t

II

1.

Protectionism

means

the

deliberate

use

or

encouragement

of

restrictions

on

imports

to

enable

relatively

inefficient

domestic

producers

to

compete

successfully

with

foreign

producers.

保護(hù)主義是指蓄意使用或鼓勵進(jìn)口限制，以此使本國相對效率低的產(chǎn)品能成功地和外國產(chǎn)品競爭。.

2.

If

the

Russians

release

their

stocks

of

fin

into

the

world

market,

the

price

of

the

metal

will

sink

through

the

floor.

一旦俄羅斯人將其持有的錫礦股票投放于國際市場之中，那么該市場中金屬的價格會跌破最低限價。

3.

Protective

tariff

means

a

duty

or

tax

imposed

on

imported

products

for

the

purpose

of

making

them

more

expensive

in

comparison

to

domestic

producers,

thereby

giving

the

domestic

products

a

price

advantage.

保護(hù)性關(guān)稅表達(dá)對進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品征收的關(guān)稅，意在讓它們相比起本國商品更貴，從向使得本國商品具有價格優(yōu)勢。

4.

Types

of

tariffs

include

ad

valorem,

specific,

variable,

or

compound.

In

the

United

States,

the

imposition

of

tariffs

is

made

on

imported

goods

only.

Tariffs

raise

the

prices

of

imported

goods,

thus

making

them

less

competitive

within

the

market

of

the

importing

country.

After

seven

"Rounds”

of

General

Agreement

on

Tariffs

and

Trade

trade

negotiations

that

focused

heavily

on

tariff

reductions,

tariffs

are

less

important

measures

of

protection

than

they

used

to

be.

關(guān)稅的種類包括從價稅，從量稅，可變稅與復(fù)合稅。在美國，只對進(jìn)口商品征稅。關(guān)稅抬高了進(jìn)口貨品的價格，從而使得它們在進(jìn)口國商品市場競爭優(yōu)勢下降。繼關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定七個回合重要有關(guān)減少稅價的貿(mào)易協(xié)定之后，稅收所起的保護(hù)作用日趨下降。

III

1.

Tariff

is

a

duty

collected

by

customs

of

a

government

on

imports

and/or

exports.

2.

A

revenue

tariff

can

be

some

of

the

incomes

of

a

government,

but

it

must

be

taken

under

control.

3.

To

export

goods

at

an

unreasonably

low

price

is

taken

as

dumping

which

might

be

fought

against

by

government

of

the

importing

country.

4.

A

tariff

may

be

assessed

on

a

per

unit

basis,

in

which

case

it

is

known

as

a

specific

duty.

It

also

may

be

assessed

as

a

percentage

of

the

value

of

the

item,

in

which

case

it

is

known

as

an

ad

valorem

duty.

5.

Import

tariffs

primarily

serve

as

a

means

of

raising

the

price

of

the

import

goods

so

that

competitively

produced

domestic

goods

will

gain

a

relative

price

advantage.Chapter

3

I

APEC

Asia-pacific

Economic

Co-operation

FTAAP

Free

Trade

Agreement

of

Asia

and

the

Pacific

EU

European

Union

NAFTA

North

American

Free

Trade

Agreement

MERCOSUR

Mercado

Comun

Del

Cono

Sur

/

Southern

Common

Market

ASEAN

Association

of

Southeast

Asian

Nations

EFTA

European

Free

Trade

Area

AFTA

ASEAN

Free

Trade

Area

PTAs

Preferential

Trade

agreementsII

Trade

bloc

貿(mào)易集團(tuán)

Trade

block

貿(mào)易禁運(yùn)/

封鎖

Open

regionalism

開放式區(qū)域主義

Free

trade

area

自由貿(mào)易區(qū)

Customs

union

關(guān)稅聯(lián)盟

Common

market

共同市場

Economic

union

經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟

Trade

embargoes

貿(mào)易禁運(yùn)

Boycotts

抵制

歧視性關(guān)稅

discriminatory

tariffs

經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁

economic

sanction

貿(mào)易彈性

trade

elasticity

雙邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定

bilateral

trade

agreement

最惠國

most

favored

nation

Chapter

4

I

.GATT

General

Agreement

on

Tariffs

and

Trade

HOD

Heads

of

Delegations

TRIPs

Trade-related

Aspects

of

Intellectual

Property

Rights

GATS

General

Agreement

on

Trade

in

Services

TRIMs

Trade

Related

Investment

Measures

MFN

Most

Favored

Nations

II.

施惠國

Patronage

nations

受惠國

Favored

nations

締約國

Contracting

Parties

市場準(zhǔn)入

market

access

透明度

transparency

緊急進(jìn)口措施

Urgent

Importing

Measures

爭端處理機(jī)制

dispute

settlement

mechanism

可持續(xù)發(fā)展

sustainable

development

特許經(jīng)營

franchise

III.1.

Until

now

WTO

has

already

had

150

members

and

its

trade

volume

covers

90%

of

the

total

trade

volume

in

the

whole

world.

2.

Topmost

of

WTO

is

the

Ministerial

Conference

which

has

to

meet

at

least

once

every

two

years.

Under

the

Ministerial

Conference

is

the

General

Council

that

has

to

meet

at

Geneva

regularly.

3.

The

WTO

Secretariat,

which

offices

only

in

Geneva,

Swizerland,

has

around

550

regular

stuff

and

is

headed

by

a

Director-General.

Since

decisions

are

made

by

Members

only,

the

Secretariat

has

no

decision-making

powers

as

the

other

international

institutions.

4.

The

Secretariat

provides

some

form

of

legal

assistance

in

the

dispute

settlement

process

and

advises

governments

wishing

to

become

Members

of

the

WTO.

Chapter

5

I

FOB班輪條件

清關(guān)

FOB吊鉤下交貨

平艙

多式聯(lián)運(yùn)

船舷

內(nèi)陸水運(yùn)

理艙

卸貨費(fèi)

投保

CFR卸至岸上(含著陸費(fèi))

班輪

單據(jù)買賣

CFR艙底交貨

CFR班輪條件

象征性交貨

FOB

liner

term

customs

clearance

FOB

Under

Tackle

trim

multimodal

transport

shipboard

marine

navigation

on

inland

waterway

stow

discharge

expense

cover

insurance

CFR

Landed

liner

documentary

sales

CFR

Ex-ship's

Hold

CFR

liner

terms

symbolic

delivery

II

1.

Under

CFR,

buyers

should

effect

insurance.

2.

Under

CIF

Ex-Ship's

Hold,

seller

should

pay

the

discharge

charges.

3.

Under

CIF,

the

insured

amount

should

be

US

$

22

000

if

the

contracted

price

is

US

$0.

4.

Under

CIP,

seller

has

to

procure

insurance

against

the

buyer's

risk

of

loss

of

or

damage

to

the

goods

during

the

carriage.

5.

The

FAS

term

requires

the

seller

to

clear

the

goods

for

export

6.

The

DEQ

term

requires

the

buyer

to

proceed

with

the

customs

clearance

for

imports

and

payment

of

all

customs

duty.

7.

Under

DDP,

the

seller

must

pay

the

costs

of

customs

duties

as

well

as

all

duties,

taxes

and

other

official

charges

payable

upon

exportation

and

importation

of

the

goods.

8.

Under

DDU

the

seller

must

give

the

buyer

instant

notice

of

the

shipping

of

the

goods

as

well

as

any

other

notice

required

in

order

to

allow

she

buyer

to

take

measure.

III

1.

該報價為FOB的價格并含5％的傭金。

2.

在CPT、CIP項下，“承運(yùn)人”指在貨品運(yùn)送協(xié)議中承諾通過鐵路、公路、航空、海運(yùn)、內(nèi)河水運(yùn)或多式運(yùn)送等方式完畢貨品運(yùn)送的人。

3.

在FCA項下，交貨地的選擇對貨品的裝船與卸載責(zé)任有影響。假如交貨地基于賣方，賣方有裝載責(zé)任。假如交貨地在其他地方，賣方對卸載沒有責(zé)任。

4.

在FOB項下，賣方必須在約定的日期或期限內(nèi)，在指定的裝運(yùn)港，按照該港習(xí)慣方式，將貨品交至買方指定的船只上。買方必須自貨品在指定的裝運(yùn)港越過船舷之刻起承擔(dān)貨品滅失或損壞的一切風(fēng)險。

Questions

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│

│N

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│

│N

│N

│N

│N

│N

│Y

│N

│Y

│N

│N

│N

│

│N

│N

│N

│N

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│

│N

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│

│N

│N

│N

│N

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│Y

│

V

A.1.

c;

2.

d;

3.

a;

4.

c;

5.

c;

6.

c;

7.

d;

8.

b;

9.

d;

l0.c

B.

1.

a;

2.

ab;

3.

abcdf;

4.

abc;

5.

aefChapter

6I

1.

Sales

by

Seller's/Buyer's

Sample

2.

Reference/Duplicate

Sample

3.

Quality

Tolerance

4.

Counter

Sample

5.

More

or

Less

Clauses

6.

Neutral

Packing

7,

Customs

Formality

8.

Inspection

Certificate

of

Quality

9.

FDA

10.

Marking

of

Goods

憑賣方樣品買賣／憑買方樣品買賣

基準(zhǔn)樣品／副樣

品質(zhì)公差

對等樣品

溢短裝條款

中性包裝

報關(guān)手續(xù)

質(zhì)量檢查證書

食品及藥物管理局

標(biāo)識貨品

II

毛重

理論重量

凈重

約定皮重

公量

單位重量

含水量

習(xí)慣皮重

法定重量

實際皮重

從價稅

平均皮重

貨樣不符

gross

weight

theoretical

weight

net

weight

computed

tare

conditioned

weight

unit

weight

water

capacity

customary

tare

legal

weight

actual

tare

ad

valorem

duty

average

tare

goods

not

equal

to

the

sample副產(chǎn)品

國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督校驗檢疫總局

by-products

General

Administration

of

Quality

Supervision,

Inspection

and

Quarantine

of

the

People's

Republic

of

China

III

(B)

mineral

ore

A.

sample

(C)

ordinary

garments

B.

manual

(D)

fish

C.F.A.Q

(E)

Hair

washing

machines

D.G.

NLQ

(G)

medical

apparatus

E.

famous

brand

(A)

wheat

F.

specification

(H)

calligraphic

works

G.

inspection

(F)

power

plant

generator

H.

drawing

or

diagram

IV

I.

The

quality

and

price

of

commodities

should

be

taken

into

consideration

in

choosing

the

packing

material

and

package

designing.

2．A

topper,

matched

with

the

superior-grade

packing,

speaks

itself

for

its

high

quality

and

preciousness.

3.

It

will

extremely

increase

the

cost

of

the

goods

to

pack

the

medium-low

quality

with

the

high

quality

material,

and

therefore,

influence

its

sale.

4.

It

will

effect

its

marketing

of

the

goods

to

doggedly

strive

for

thrift

in

a

wa5

to

pack

the

superior

quality

with

the

low

quality

material.

5．We

should

take

not

only

the

quality

and

appearance

of

the

goods

into

consideration,

but

also

the

customers'

taste

and

preference.

6.

We

must

improve

the

quality

of

the

export

goods

so

as

to

strengthen

its

competitiveness

in

the

international

market.

Chapter

7

I.

油輪

定程租船

滾裝船

定期租船

載駁輪

光船租船

船期表

租船協(xié)議

滯期費(fèi)

班輪運(yùn)價表

速遣費(fèi)

選卸附加費(fèi)

直航附加費(fèi)

Oil

tanker

Voyage

Charter

Ro/Ro

vessel

Time

Charter

LASH

(

Light

Aboard

Ship

)

Bare

Boat

Charter(BBC)

sailing

schedule

charter

contract

demurrage

charge

liner

freight

rate

schedule

dispatch

money

optional

additional

direct

additional

轉(zhuǎn)船附加費(fèi)

港口擁擠附加費(fèi)

運(yùn)送代理

包裹

拼箱貨

結(jié)匯

整箱貨

空運(yùn)單

集裝箱貨運(yùn)站

裝運(yùn)告知

處置權(quán)

Partial

shipment/transshipment

Bill

of

lading

Clean

B/L

Order

B/L

Combined

transport

B/L

Blank

B/L

Straight

B/L

Through

B/L

Liner

B/L

Ante-dated

B/L

Advanced

B/L

Consignment

note

Blank

endorsement

IATA

Combined

transport

documents

FCL/LCL

transshipment

surcharge

Port

Congestion

Surcharge

transportation

agent

package

LCL(

Less

than

container

load)

settlement

FCL(

Full

container

load

)

Air

waybill

container

yard

shipping

notice

right

of

disposal

分批裝船／轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)

提單

清潔提單

指示提單

聯(lián)合運(yùn)送提單

空白提單

記名提單

聯(lián)運(yùn)提單

班輪提單

倒簽提單

預(yù)借提單

陸運(yùn)或鐵路運(yùn)送告知

空白背書

國際航空運(yùn)送協(xié)會

多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù)

整箱貨／拼箱貨

II

1.

√

2.

√

3.

x

delay→advance

4.

x

accepted→unaccepted

5.

√

6．X把“or

without”去掉

III

1．海運(yùn)提單上列出了承運(yùn)人和托運(yùn)人之間的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。

2．班輪企業(yè)一般把航海時間表刊登在報紙上或者分發(fā)給托運(yùn)人。

3.

在多式聯(lián)運(yùn)提單上，卸貨港應(yīng)當(dāng)是提單許可的中轉(zhuǎn)碼頭。

4.

集裝箱收費(fèi)是多種多樣的。例如附加費(fèi)，總費(fèi)率確實定是基本費(fèi)率加上附加費(fèi)率。

5．集裝箱的好處在于：以便處理貨品，減少盜竊，減少暴露，節(jié)省裝船成本。

IV

1.

Transport

documents

which

appear

on

their

face

to

indicate

that

shipment

has

been

made

on

the

same

means

of

conveyance

and

for

the

same

journey,

provided

they

indicate

the

same

destination,

will

not

be

regarded

as

covering

partial

shipment,

even

if

the

transport

documents

indicate

different

dates

of

shipment

and/or

different

ports

of

loading,

places

of

taking

in

charge,

or

dispatch.

2.

Clean

transport

document

is

one

which

hears

no

clause

or

notation

which

expressly

declares

a

defective

condition

of

the

goods

and/or

the

packaging.

3.

Neither

the

carder

nor

the

shipper

shall

be

responsible

in

any

event

for

loss

or

damage

to,

or

in

connection

with,

goods

if

the

nature

or

value

thereof

has

been

knowingly

misstated

by

the

shipper

in

the

Bill

of

lading.

4.

Where

the

performance

of

the

carriage

or

part

thereof

has

been

entrusted

to

an

actual

carrier,

whether

or

not

in

pursuance

of

a

liberty

under

the

contract

of

carriage

by

sea

to

do

so,

the

carrier

nevertheless

remains

responsible

for

the

entire

carriage.

The

carrier

is

responsible,

in

relation

to

the

carriage

performed

by

the

actual

carrier,

for

the

acts

and

omissions

of

the

actual

carrier

and

of

his

servants

and

agents

acting

within

the

scope

of

their

employment.Chapter

8I

投保人

共同海損

投保金額

外來風(fēng)險

保險單

推定全損

海上風(fēng)險

施救費(fèi)用

救濟(jì)費(fèi)用

意外事故

承保人

單獨(dú)海損

保險費(fèi)

航空運(yùn)送貨品戰(zhàn)爭險

陸運(yùn)險

陸運(yùn)一切險

估損費(fèi)用

航空運(yùn)送一切險

Ocean

marine

insurance

War

risks

Basic

risks

coverage

Insured

amount

T.P.N.

D

Taint

of

odor

Overland

transportation

insurance

Parcel

post

insurance

insured

general

average

insured

amount

extraneous

risks

insurance

policy

constructive

average

marine

risks

salvage

charges

sue

and

labor

expenses

misfortune

insurer

particular

average

insurance

premium

air

transportation

war

risk

land

transportation

risks

land

transportation

all

risks

risk

estimation

charges

air

transportation

all

risks

charges

海運(yùn)保險

戰(zhàn)爭險

基本險種

投保金額

偷盜、失竊、提貨不著險

串味險

陸上運(yùn)送保險

郵寄包裹保險

Free

from

particular

average

Additional

risks

coverage

Fresh

water

and/or

rain

damage

With

particular

average

平安險

附加險別

淡水雨淋險

水漬險

II.

1.

√

2.

√

3.

√

4.

X

Special

additional

coverage

such

as

war

risks,

strikes

and

so

on

must

be

taken

out

together

with

FPA,

WPA.

(and

all

risks)

5.

X

In

essence,

open

policy

is

(not)

the

same

as

the

insurance

certificate.

6.

√

7.

√

8.

X

Three

(two)

types

of

risks

are

covered

by

ocean

marine

insurance,

namely

the

perils

of

sea,

the

extraneous

risks

(刪除

and

the

force

majeure).

9.

X

Ocean

marine

insurance

covers

two

types

of

losses,

partial

lass

and

total

loss

→

perils

of

sea

and

extraneous

risks

III

1.

Exposed

to

many

risks

in

the

process

of

transporting

and

loading

and

unloading,

export

goods

face

the

possibility

of

loss.

2.

Supposed

that

the

goods

is

put

on

deck

instead

of

in

the

cabin

where

it

should

be

according

to

the

clause

stipulated

in

the

insurance

contract,

insurer

has

the

right

to

against

any

possible

claims

lodged

by

the

insured.

3.

Cabin

coverage

includes

the

risk

of

falling

into

ocean

only,

and

excludes

the

risks

of

fresh

water,

rain

and

soak.

4.

Expert

credit

insurance

is

a

kind

of

credit

insurances.

5.

The

insured

should

deliver

the

goods

to

the

carrier

by

the

agreed

way

before

the

maturity

of

insurance.

6.

Initial

value

assurance

is

sealed

by

the

seller

normally,

whereas

increased

value

assurance

is

bought

by

the

buyer.

7.

If

the

insured

cannot

get

the

whole

or

partial

payment

due

to

the

commercial

credit

or

political

risks,

the

insurer

should

pay

the

indemnity.

8.

Marine

insurance

policy

is

the

part

of

the

Bill

of

Lading.

Insurer

is

the

marine

insurance

company.

IV

1．從廣義上來講，海運(yùn)保險的可保風(fēng)險應(yīng)包括貨品在海上運(yùn)送中也許的損失和損壞。

2．戰(zhàn)爭條款是保單中的一項條款，用以保因戰(zhàn)爭引起損失的風(fēng)險。

3.

保險應(yīng)包括水漬險、偷盜失竊及提貨不著險和戰(zhàn)爭險。保險金額為CIF價的110％。假如發(fā)生賠付，賠付地為紐約，賠付款以美元計價。

4．倉至倉保險所承保的風(fēng)險包括從貨品因運(yùn)送目的而離開倉庫起經(jīng)運(yùn)送期間以及抵達(dá)

目的地倉庫(或者到期日前15天)為止，這段時間內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險。

5．假如保險人所投保的風(fēng)險發(fā)生以至產(chǎn)生實際損失，托運(yùn)人應(yīng)當(dāng)向保險人出示單證以獲得賠償。

Chapter

9

Ⅰ

Cost

structure

成本構(gòu)成

Cost

of

production

生產(chǎn)成本

Profit

margin

邊際利潤

Selling

cost

銷售成本

Target

costing

目的成本法

Everyday

low

pricing

(EDLP)

每日低價

Total

fixed

cost

總固定成本

Variable

cost

變動成本

Skimming

price

strategy

撇脂定價戰(zhàn)略

Penetration

strategy

滲透定價戰(zhàn)略

Floating

exchange

risk

浮動匯率風(fēng)險

成本導(dǎo)向定價法

pricing

based

on

cost

盈虧平衡定價法

break-even

pricing

邊際成本定價法

marginal

cost

pricing

損益兩平點(diǎn)break-even

point

計價貨幣money

of

account

支付貨幣money

of

payment

硬貨幣hard

currency

軟貨幣

soft

currency

匯率

exchange

rate

價款調(diào)整

price

adjustment

傭金/折扣

commission

/

discount

期貨/現(xiàn)貨市場

future

/

spot

market

Ⅱ

Country

Currency

Britain

GBP

pound

Japan

JPY

Japanese

Yan

France

FRF

French

Franc

Australia

AUP

Australian

dollar

China

CNY

RMB

Yuan

Burma

BUK

Burmese

Kyat

Singapore

SGD

Singapore

dollar

New

Zealand

NZD

New

Zealand

dollar

Thailand

THP

Thai

Baht

Malaysia

MYR

Malaysian

dollar

Nepal

NPR

Nepalese

Rupee

India

INR

India

Rupee

Indonesia

IDR

Indonesian

Rupiah

Swiss

CHF

Swiss

Franc

Philippines

PHP

Philippine

Peso

Italy

ITL

Italian

LiraChapter

10

Ⅰ

信用狀況

credit

standard

遠(yuǎn)期信用證

time

L/C,

usance

L/C

告知銀行

advising

bank

信用證有效期

the

maturity

of

L/C

交付運(yùn)單

delivery

of

B/L

支付保障條款

confirmation

of

credit

支付結(jié)算

payment

and

settlement

申請人與受益人

applicant

and

beneficiary

Ⅱ

irrevocable

letter

of

credit

不可撤銷信用證

confirmed

L/C

保兌信用證

revocable

letter

of

credit

可撤銷信用證

sight

draft

即期匯票

commercial

bill

of

exchange

商業(yè)匯票

time

draft

遠(yuǎn)期匯票

governmental

guarantee

政府保函

drawee

付款人

1.

Irrevocable

L/C

is

a

letter

of

credit

that

cannot

be

canceled

or

changed

with

the

consent

of

all

parties

involved.

2.

Time

draft

is

a

commercial

bill

of

exchange

calling

for

payment

to

be

made

at

some

time

after

delivery.

3.

Drawee

is

a

person

or

party

who

is

to

receive

a

draft.

4.

Revocable

letter

of

credit

is

a

le