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Evidencesuggeststhatanimportantstimulusbehindtheriseofearlycivilizationswasthedevelopmentofsettledagriculture,whichunleashedaseriesofchangesintheorganizationofhumancommunitiesthatculminatedintheriseoflargeancientempires.Theexacttimeandplacethatcropswerefirstcultivatedsuccessfullyisuncertain.Manyprehistoriansbelievethatfarmingmayhaveemergedindependentlyinseveraldifferentareasoftheworldwhensmallcommunities,drivenbyincreasingpopulationandadeclineinavailablefoodresources,begantoplantseedsinthegroundinanefforttoguaranteetheirsurvival.Thefirstfarmers,whomayhavelivedaslongas10,000yearsago,undoubtedlyusedsimpletechniquesandstillreliedprimarilyonotherformsoffoodproduction,suchashunting,foraging,orpastoralism.Therealbreakthroughtookplacewhenfarmersbegantocultivatecropsalongthefloodplainsofriversystems.Theadvantagewasthatcropsgrowninsuchareaswerenotasdependentonrainfallandthereforeproducedamorereliableharvest.Anadditionalbenefitwasthatthesedimentcarriedbytheriverwatersdepositednutrientsinthesoil,thusenablingthefarmertocultivateasingleplotofgroundformanyyearswithoutmovingtoanewlocation.Thus,thefirsttrulysedentary(thatis,non-migratory)societieswereborn.Astimewenton,suchcommunitiesgraduallylearnedhowtodirecttheflowofwatertoenhancetheproductivecapacityoftheland,whiletheintroductionoftheironploweventuallyledtothecultivationofheavysoilsnotpreviouslysusceptibletoagriculture.落迫于不斷增長(zhǎng)人口和日益減少的食物資源壓力而開始在地里種植種子試圖維持他們的生計(jì)物會(huì)把營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)沉積在土壤里，這就使得農(nóng)民能夠在常年耕作一塊土地而不用去開墾新的耕ThespreadofthisrivervalleyagricultureinvariouspartsofAsiaandAfricawasthedecisivefactorintheriseofthefirstcivilizations.Theincreaseinfoodproductionintheseregionsledtoasignificantgrowthinpopulation,whileeffortstocontroltheflowofwatertomaximizetheirrigationofcultivatedareasandtoprotectthelocalinhabitantsfromhostileforcesoutsidethecommunityprovokedthefirststepstowardcooperativeactivitiesonalargescale.Theneedtooverseetheentireprocessbroughtabouttheemergenceofanelitethatwaseventuallytransformedintoagovernment.ThefirstclearstepsintheriseofthefirstcivilizationstookplaceinthefourthandthirdmillenniaB.C.inMesopotamia,northernAfrica,India,andChina.Howthefirstgovernmentstookshapeintheseareasisnotcertain,butanthropologistsstudyingtheevolutionofhumancommunitiesinvariouspartsoftheworldhavediscoveredthatonecommonstageintheprocessistheemergenceofwhatarecalled“bigmen”withinasinglevillageoracollectionofvillages.Bymeansoftheirmilitaryprowess,dominantpersonalities,orpoliticaltalents,thesepeoplegraduallyemergeastheleadersofthatcommunity.Intime,the“bigmen”becomeformalsymbolsofauthorityandpassonthatauthoritytootherswithintheirownfamily.Asthecommunitiescontinuetogrowinsizeandmaterialwealth,the“bigmen”assumehereditarystatus,andtheiralliesandfamilymembersaretransformedintoahereditarymonarchy.區(qū)人類群體的進(jìn)化時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)在這個(gè)過程中有一個(gè)共同階段，那就是在單個(gè)或多個(gè)村落中“bigman落的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。后來(lái)，“bigman”成為了權(quán)力的正式象征，并且還會(huì)把權(quán)力傳給他們家族的其、Theappearanceofthesesedentarysocietieshadamajorimpactonthesocialorganizations,religiousbeliefs,andwayoflifeofthepeopleslivingwithintheirWiththeincreaseinpopulationandthedevelopmentofcentralizedauthoritycametheemergenceofthecities.■Whilesomeoftheseurbancenterswereidentifiedwithaparticulareconomicfunction,suchasproximitytogoldorirondepositsorastrategiclocationonamajortraderoute,othersservedprimarilyasadministrativecentersorthesiteoftemplesfortheofficialcultorotherritualobservances.■Withinthesecities,newformsoflivelihoodappearedtosatisfythegrowingneedforsocialservicesandconsumer ■Somepeoplebecameartisansormerchants,whileothersbecamewarriors,hierarchicalcharacterofthesocietyasawhole,witharoyalpalacesurroundedbyanimposingwallandseparatefromtheremainderoftheurbanpopulation.Inotherinstances,suchastheIndusRiverValley,thecitieslackedaroyalprecinctandtheostentatiouspalacesthatmarkedtheircontemporarieselsewhere.這些定居社會(huì)的出現(xiàn)對(duì)社會(huì)組織、宗教信仰和住在界定范圍內(nèi)的人們的生活方式都造成了巨大的影響。隨著人口的增長(zhǎng)和中央集權(quán)的發(fā)展，城市開始出現(xiàn)。其中一些城市中心被賦上了一個(gè)特定的經(jīng)濟(jì)功能，像那些靠近金礦或鐵礦的，或是在主要貿(mào)易路線上占據(jù)關(guān)鍵戰(zhàn)略位置的；其他地區(qū)主要充當(dāng)行政中心，或是作為用于官方祭禮和其他典禮儀式的寺廟神殿地址。在這些城市里，為滿足不斷增長(zhǎng)的社會(huì)服務(wù)和消費(fèi)商品的需求，新的生活形式出現(xiàn)了。一些人變成了工匠或商人，另一些人則成了武士、學(xué)者或牧師。在某些情況下，首批城市的物理分割整體上反映了社會(huì)嚴(yán)格的等級(jí)特征。富麗堂皇的圍墻環(huán)繞著皇家宮殿，也隔離了城市剩下的人們。但另一方面，如印度河流域，城市就沒有像同時(shí)期其他地方一樣的皇家區(qū)域和豪解析：culminate:“toreachthehighestoraclimacticordecisivepoint;toreach、endorthefinalresultofsomething”(Merriam-Webster).“達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)/高潮；以告終”。對(duì)應(yīng)A解析：細(xì)節(jié)題，定為原文“Manyprehistoriansbelievethatfarmingmayhaveemergedindependentlyinseveraldifferentareasoftheworldwhensmalldrivenbyincreasingpopulationandadeclineinavailablefoodresources,begantoplantseedsinthegroundinanefforttoguaranteetheirsurvival.” in解析：undoubtedlyBAccordingtoparagraph2,whatareTWOreasonswhyfarmerschoserivervalleysforcultivation?ToreceivecredityoumustselectTWOanswerchoices.ThecropsgrowninrivervalleyswerenotcompletelydependentonFarmingtechniquescouldnotbeeasilyappliedtosoilsfarfromTheheavierweightofriversoilresultedinmorereliable解析：細(xì)節(jié)題，定為原文“Theadvantagewasthatcropsgrowninsuchareaswerenot、dependentonrainfallandthereforeproducedamorereliableharvest.Anadditionalenablingthefarmertocultivateasingleplotofgroundformanyyearswithoutmovingtoanew標(biāo)紅色處分別對(duì)應(yīng)A“richinnutrients營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富和Bnotcompletelydependentonrainwater”不完全依賴降水。解析：enhance:“toincreaseorimprove”，增強(qiáng)，加強(qiáng)，提高。對(duì)應(yīng)B“improve”解析：provoke“tocausetheoccurrenceof”D“broughtabout”Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingisNOTareasonwhygovernmentsfirstaroseamongagriculturalcommunities?解析：否定事實(shí)題，定為原文“Theincreaseinfoodproductionintheseregions significantgrowthinpopulation(A),whileeffortstocontroltheflowofwater、maximizetheirrigationofcultivatedareas(B)andtoprotectthelocalinhabitantsfromhostileforcesoutsidethecommunity(C)provokedthefirststepstowardcooperativeactivitiesonalargescale.Theneedtooverseetheentireprocessbroughtabouttheemergenceofanelitethatwaseventuallytransformedintoagovernment.”解析：否定事實(shí)題，定為原文“Thefirstclearstepsintheriseofthefirst placeinthefourthandthirdmillenniaB.C.inMesopotamia,northernAfrica,India,andChina(A)Howthefirstgovernmentstookshapeintheseareasisnotcertain(D政府如何出現(xiàn)不得而知，所以不對(duì)),butanthropologistsstudyingofhumancommunitiesinvariouspartsoftheworldhavediscoveredthatonecommonstageintheprocessistheemergenceofwhatarecalled“bigmen”withinasinglevillageoracollectionofvillages.Bymeansoftheirmilitaryprowess,dominantpersonalities,orpoliticaltalentsC成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者原因)thesepeoplegraduallyemergeasthethatcommunity.Intime,the“bigmen”becomeformalsymbolsofauthorityandpassthatauthoritytootherswithintheirownfamily.Asthecommunitiescontinuetogrowinsizeandmaterialwealth,the“bigmen”assumehereditarystatus(B世襲，子孫相傳),Paragraph3explainswhyaneedforleadershiparoseinearlycivilizations,andparagraph4describeshowthatleadershipdeveloped.Paragraph3suggeststhatagriculturewasfirstpracticedinAsiaandAfrica,andparagraph4discusseshowitmighthavelaterspreadtotherestoftheworld.Paragraph3describesseveralmethodsofearlygovernment,andparagraph4givesanextendedexampleofoneofthem.Paragraph3discussesacauseofthespreadofrivervalleyagricultureincivilizations,andparagraph4discussesan、析第三說了導(dǎo)即后政形的原四講了導(dǎo)者如形的。對(duì) 應(yīng)A中hy和how。Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.Somecitieswereassociatedwitheconomicactivities,whileothersweregovernmentorreligiouscenters.Emergingcitiesgenerallyservedstrategicadministrative,economic,andreligiousThecreationofaneconomicoradministrativeactivityledtotheemergenceofacityforitspropersupervision.Somecitiesemergedaseconomiccentersandlaterbecamethesitesofadministrativeorreligiousactivities.解析：Whilesome oftheseurbancenters wereidentifiedwithaparticulareconomicfunction,suchasproximitytogoldorirondepositsorastrategiclocationonamajortraderoute,othersservedprimarilyasadministrativecentersorthesiteoftemplesfortheofficialcultorotherritualobservances.由原句中“Whilesome...,other”可知整個(gè)句子主要邏輯關(guān)系為分 中之后A 第一個(gè)分類主干為：urbancenters...wereidentifiedwith...economicfunction，正式的經(jīng)濟(jì)功能，對(duì)應(yīng)A前半句；第二個(gè)分類主干為：othersserved...asadministrativecentersorthesiteof...，對(duì)應(yīng)A后半句。Paragraph5suggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwasaconsequenceoftheemergenceofcities?解析：細(xì)節(jié)題，定為原文“Withinthesecities,newformsoflivelihoodappearedto、新的生活形式出現(xiàn)是為滿足不斷增長(zhǎng)的社會(huì)服務(wù)和消費(fèi)商品的C“sevice-aducildjobs。Accordingtoparagraph5,whywerehugewallsbuiltaroundearlyroyal解析：細(xì)節(jié)題，定為原文“Insomecases,thephysicaldivisionwithinthefirstcitiesreflectedthestricthierarchicalcharacterofthesocietyasawhole,withapalacesurroundedbyanimposingwallandseparatefromtheremainderoftheurbanpopulation.”分隔出去。對(duì)應(yīng)C“把統(tǒng)治階級(jí)和 Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.解析：ThiswasaccompaniedbyincreasedprofessionalTspofsnlseiiain專業(yè)化分工。也就是說下句要說到的專業(yè)分是句某現(xiàn)的因符合邏的有最后一?？罩v了新活式出現(xiàn)后列了像商、士學(xué)者牧一系 列專業(yè)工作職位。Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasin、ThepracticeofsettledagricultureinsomeareasofAsiaandAfricawascrucialtothedevelopmentofearlycivilizations.Prehistoriansdisagreeastowhetherearlyfarmersfirstcultivatedcropsalongfloodplainsorfirsttriedcultivatingcropsinlesssuccessfulenvironments.Cultivationinfertilerivervalleysresultedinpredictableharvests,whichmeantthatfarmersnolongerneededtomigrateconstantlyinsearchoffood.Becausecropscouldbecultivatedmoresuccessfullywherefarmerswerenotcompletelydep