英語國家概況V.-British-Education

BritishEducationChapter6IntroductionThepurposeofBritisheducationsystemisnotonlytoprovidechildrenwithliteracy(“3R’s”:reading,(w)rtingandand(a)rithmetic)andtheotherbasicskillstheywillneedtobecomeactivemembersofsocietybutalsotosocializechildren.HistoryofEducationHistorically,educationwasvoluntaryandmanyoftheschoolsweresetupbychurches.Theinfluenceofthechurchonschoolingisstrong:religiouseducationwastheonlysubjectwhichthestateinsistedallschoolsteachtheirpupils(othersubjectswereleftuptoschoolstodecideupon).Dailyprayersandsinginghymns(圣歌)isaregularpartofschoollife.HistoryofEducationBefore1870,only4o%ofchildrenunder10wenttoschoolregularly.Themainreceiversofamoreadvancededucationwerethesonsofthewealthy.In1870,alawwaspassedtocallforgovernment–fundededucation,involvinggovernmentintakingresponsibilitiesfortheeducationofchildren.HistoryofEducation

By1880,attendanceatschoolforchildrenbetween5and10wascompulsoryratherthanvoluntary.AndbytheendofWWItheschoolleavingagewasraisedto14todissuade(勸阻)childrenfromleavingschoolinordertoworktosupporttheirfamilies.

HistoryofEducationIn1944,EducationActmadeChildrenadmittedtoschoolsnotbecauseoftheirsocialclassortheirparents’possession,butfortheabilitiestheydisplay.Themainconcernwastomakesuremorechildrenhadaccesstoagoodeducation.HistoryofEducationThroughanexamcalled“the11-plus”,thegovernmenttriedtoraisedthequalityofeducation

1.

GrammarSchools-----wherethemostacademicallycapablepupilsweresenttobepreparedforuniversity.2.

VocationalSchools-----wherelesssuccessfulpupilsweresenttolearntrades.HistoryofEducationInthe1960s,comprehensiveschools

（綜合學校）wereintroducedalloverthecountry,whichendedthedivisionbetweengrammarschoolsandvocationalschools.Entranceexamswereabolishedandschoolswerenolongerallowedtoletchildrencompeteforplaces.HistoryofEducationIn1976,theLaborPartystarted“theGreatEducationDebate”------nationalstandardsandstylesofteaching.In1989,theConservativePartyledbyMargaretThatcherintroducedaNationalCurriculum(全國教學大綱)andunified(使統(tǒng)一)subjects.HistoryofEducationNowallchildrenthroughoutthecountrymuststudythefollowingsubjects:

English,mathematics,science,religiouseducation,history,geography,technology,music,art,physicaleducation,andamodernforeignlanguage.

Theymustalsopassnationaltestsandschoolsarerankedaccordingtothesuccessoftheirpupilsinreachingnationaltargets.HistoryofEducationTheNationalCurriculumhasreintroducedcompetitionsbetweenschools.Goodschoolsattractgoodpupilsandthereforeattractmorefunding,whichmeanstheycanhirebetterteachers,buymorebooksandequipmentandthereforeproduceevenbetterstudents.EducationandSocialClassBritainisasocietyinwhichsocialclassisstillveryimportant.Ifyouunderstandtheimportanceoftherelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclass,youcanunderstandagreatdealaboutBritishcultureandsociety.

InBritain,whereyouareeducatedisstillveryimportanttoyourfuture.

EducationandSocialClassInBritain,theaccentyouspeakwith,theclothesyouwear,andtheschoolsyouattendareallmarkersthatidentifyyoursocialclass.Theschooltieisaclearmarkerofsocialclass.Evenoninformaloccasionsyouwillsometimesseemenwearingtheirschooltiesasbeltstoholduptheirtrousers---proudlydisplayingtheirattendanceatacertainschool.

EducationandSocialClass“Theoldboysnetwork”referstotheelite（社會精英）groupsofmenwhowenttopublicschools(私立學校)likeEtonandWinchester;andprestigiousuniversitieslikeOxfordandCambridge(Oxbridge—whichisstillthebestwaytoguaranteeasuccessfulcareer).Theydominategovernment,andareinfluentialinbanking,themedia,theartsandeducation.

EtonCollege

northofWindsorCastledistinguishedformerpupilseighteenformerBritishPrimeMinistersmembersofBritishandoverseasroyalfamiliesthemostfamouspublicschoolintheworldaboutathirdofitsgraduatesgotoOxfordorCambridgefamousforitshighqualityeducationanduniquetradition,uniform,languageandgamesqualificationsforadmission:money&talentover￡20,000peryearstrictadmissionrequirementsOxbridgeUniversities:OxfordandCambridgeoldestandmostrespecteduniversitiesfoundedinthe13thcenturyOxbridge:OxfordandCambridge(牛橋)withimplicationsofsuperiorintellectualorsocialstatusanelitethat"continuestodominateBritain'spoliticalandculturalestablishment“(occupiesahighproportionofthetoplevelofmanyaspectsofBritishsociety---9%0fthe22seniorgovernmentministers)SchoolmottoDominus

illuminatiomea(Latin)TheLordismylight(English)OxfordCrest(飾章)Oxford1664-1668theatretheoldestmuseuminBritainCambridgeShield（盾形紋章）Presenteducationalsystem

Britisheducationsystemisrunbythestate.Primaryandsecondaryeducationiscompulsory.Childrenbetween5--16yearsoldareobligedtoattendschool.1)3-5:nurseryschoolsordaycarefacilities(paid)Presenteducationalsystem

2)5-12:primaryschools(free)expensivepublicschools/independentschools:EtonorHarrow(privateschools)lessexpensivepublicschoolsfreestateschools3)12-16:secondaryschools(free)grammarschoolscomprehensiveschoolsPresenteducationalsystem

4)16-18:tertiaryschoolsWhoplantoentertheuniversityWhochoosesomekindofvocationaltrainingFormsAdvanceddegrees:eveningclassesAssociatedegree:2yearsCollegedegree:3yearsDegreesBachelor’s:3yearsMaster’s:2yearsDoctorate:2yearsOpenUniversitybycorrespondencethroughTVPresenteducationalsystem

ReformsofNationalExaminationstheEleven-Plus(thegovernmenttriedtoraisedthequalityofeducation)

GrammarSchools---wherethemostacademicallycapablepupilsweresenttobepreparedforuniversity.VocationalSchools---wherelesssuccessfulpupilsweresenttolearntrades.

ReformsofNationalExaminationstheO-levels:GeneralcertificationofEducationOrdinaryLevel

A-levels(Advancedlevels):中學高級水平考試arequirementtoenterauniversitythecomprehensiveschools:combinationofthetwokindsofschools(綜合中學)

ReformsofNationalExaminations

GCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation)Exams中學畢業(yè)證書考試----after5yearsofsecondaryeducation,English,NorthernIrishandWelshstudentssittheexamswhichistoassesstheirprogressintheirfinal2yearsofcompulsoryeducation.

ReformsofNationalExaminations

GCE-A(GeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced高級水平測試結(jié)業(yè)證書)exams-----Pupilswhohopetoattenduniversitycarryontheiracademicstudyinthe6thformforafurthertwoyearsandthensitA-levelsexams.

ReformsofNationalExaminations

GNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications(國家專業(yè)資格證)exams-----Studentsmaychoosetotakevocationaltrainingwhichprovideabroadlybasedpreparationforwork.

ReformsofNationalExaminations

GCE-A(GeneralCertificateofEducation-Advanced)高級水平測試結(jié)業(yè)證書。學生16歲通過中學畢業(yè)考試后，想繼續(xù)深造進高等學府，必須通過高級水平測試。從16歲到18歲的兩年里，學生根據(jù)自己想讀的大學專業(yè)選定數(shù)門有關(guān)課程學習，一般選三門。通過A級水平考試合格者都可以入大學深造。

ReformsofNationalExaminations

GNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications):國家專業(yè)資格證書。這一證書是為職業(yè)技術(shù)學校畢業(yè)的學生設(shè)置的，共分5個級別，便于人們按階梯逐步攀登，根據(jù)自己條件通過實際工作和專業(yè)培訓由低級向高級發(fā)展。獲四級國家專業(yè)資格證書相當于學士學位，獲五級相當于研究生水平。（seepicture）

HigherEducation

HigherEducationhasalonghistoryintheUK.OxfordandCambridgedatefromthe12thand13thcenturies,whileScottishuniversitiesofStAndrews,etc.fromthe14thand15thcenturies.Therestwerefoundedinthe19thand20thcenturies.

Inrecentyears,accessformaturestudentsandstudentswithouttraditionalA-levelqualificationsiswidening.

HigherEducation

Inthe1960salargenumberofuniversitieswerebuilt.In1992,thenumbergrewwhenpolytechnicsandotherhighereducationestablishmentsweregiventherighttobecomeuniversities.By1994,Britainhad83universities.In1980,1in8pupilswenttouniversities;by1990itwas1in5;by2000itwas1in3.

HigherEducation

Britis