非謂語動(dòng)詞的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法

非謂語的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法（一）非謂語的分類以及各自在句子中所能充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?。非謂語分為不定式，動(dòng)名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。（動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同）以下表格表示的是它們各自所能充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑侯悇e成分主語賓語表語定語狀語補(bǔ)語不定式寸寸勺VVV動(dòng)名詞寸寸勺V現(xiàn)在分詞寸VVV過去分詞寸VVV不定式主動(dòng)被動(dòng)-般towritetobewritten進(jìn)行tobewriting/完成tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten完成進(jìn)彳亍tohavebeenwriting/（1）不定式在句子中做主語Togothereintimeishismostimportanttasknow.Itishismostimportanttasktogothereintime.Itisagreatjoytoplayfootball.Whentostartisthequestion.（不定式與疑問詞who,when,which,where,how等連用，在句子中起名詞作用，可以做主語，表語，賓陽）（2） 不定式在句子中做賓語。（以“todo”做賓語的動(dòng)詞主要有：ask，want，wish，hope，expect，help，refuse，learn，demand，dare，choose，arrange，decide，agree，promise，plan，offer，manage，pretend，prepare，fail，determine，long，seem等）如：Theypretendedtohavefinishedtheirwork.Hehadplannedtofinishitintime.Theythoughtitnecessarytogotochurcheveryweekend.Wefinditgoodtohaveawalkeveryday.Theydon’tnowwheretogo.（3） 不定式在句子中做表語。如：Hisdreamistobetaughtbythatfamousprofessor.Theonlythinghewantstodonowistostudyhard.Hisaimistogetthefirstplaceinthegame.Thequestioniswhichonetochoose.（4） 不定式在句子中做狀語。如：Wewreexcitedtohearthenews.（原因）Hegotthereontimejusttoseethatfilm.Wetoldhimthetruthtomakehimatease.Hegotupearlyinordertocatchtheearlytrain.Hegothomeonlytofindthathishomewasbrokeninto.（結(jié)果）（5） 不定式在句子中做定語。如：Thereisnothing（toworryabout.）Thatistheroomforus（tolivein.）（不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，不定式后面會(huì)有相應(yīng)的介詞）Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.Canyougetmesomethingtoeat?Theycan’tchoosetherightpersontoleave.Themantobesentthereisadoctor.Themantogothereismybrother.Hehasachancetogoabroad.Heisalwaysthefirst/last（one）togettoschool.Heisthebest（one）tofinishthework.（6） 在句子中做賓補(bǔ)及詞組中的不定式。（以“todo”做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞主要有：ask，want，tell，get，order，beg，advise，warn，hate，like，encourage等；以“do”作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞主要有：see，watch，notice，hear，feel，let，make，have等），有些形容詞詞組后面也要接不定式這樣的形容詞主要有：surprised，excited，pleased，interested，worried，angry，proud，sorry，satisfied，afraidready，able；kind，easy，right，wrong，important，necessary，good，clever，wise等。如：Theyencouragedustogoahead.Hehasgotsomebodytogethisbookback.Wesawhimgodownstairsandleavethehouse.Hismothermadehimdohishomeworkuntil10o’clock.Heispleasedtohaveseenyouhere.I’mgladtobetalkingtoyoulikethis.Itiscleverofhimtodoso.Itisluckyforhimtobeinvitedtothismeeting.動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)分一般式和完成式兩種，語態(tài)分主動(dòng)形式和被動(dòng)形式。以write為例，其動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)變化是：一般式的主動(dòng)語態(tài)：writing一般式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：beingwritten完成式的主動(dòng)語態(tài)：havingwritten完成式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：havingbeenwritten（1）動(dòng)名詞在句子中做主語。（與不定式比較）如：Tobeagoodteacherishisdream.Beingdelayedbythebadtrafficishisusualexcuseforhisbeinglate.Togothereintimeishismostimportanttasknow.Lookingafterthebabiesistheeverydayjobshemustdo.Todoourhomeworkcarefullyisveryusefulforus.It’sveryusefulforustodoourhomeworkcarefully.Doingourhomeworkcarefullyisveryusefulforus.Itisnouseworkinghardnow.(2)動(dòng)名詞在句子中做賓語。(以“doing”做賓語的動(dòng)詞主要有：mind,enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid,consider,fancy,imagine,escape,risk,miss,prevent,deny,admit,delay,giveup,putoff,leaveoff,setabout,feellike,insiston,stickto,keepon,keepup,keep,dependon,thinkabout/of,succeedin,can’thelp,can’tstand,be/getusedto,devoteoneselfto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,objectto等)如：Doyoumindmyopeningthewindow?Hekeptonrunningaftertrippingoverhimself.Youcanneverdependonhercomingontime.Theyarethinkingabout/ofmakingTomsaysorrytotheteacher.Thecarneedstoberepaired.Thecarneedsrepairing.Theyliketogowithustoday.Theylikeswimmingaftersupper.Theycan’thelpcryingwhilewatchingthissadfilm.I’vegotusedtodoingmyhomeworkwhilelisteningtomusic.Theylookforwardtoseeingyou.Iforgotlockingthedoor,andIwentbacktocheckit.特別注意：1)Forget,remember,goon,mean,regret,stop,try等動(dòng)詞帶動(dòng)名詞或不定式做賓語，意義上有區(qū)別。Imeantocomeearlytoday.（我打算今天早些來）Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforantherhour.（…意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)）Stopspeaking.（不要講話）Hestoppedtotalk（他停下來講話）Heregreshavingmissedthetrain.IregrettotellyouIcannotgowithyou.特別注意2）Need,require,want表示“需要”時(shí)，必須用動(dòng)名詞，或不定式的被動(dòng)，動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)意義。Thewindowneeds（requires,wants）cleaning（tobecleaned）特別注意3）短語devoteto,getdownto,stickto,objectto,lookforwardto,tobeusedto等后面的動(dòng)詞必須用動(dòng)名詞。特別注意4）只能帶動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞：finish,enjoy,suggestpractice,mindexcuseputup,giveup,insistoncannothelp（禁不住），cannotstand（無法忍受）admit,avoid,escapeDelay,considerresist,riskForgive,imagine,appreciate,fancy動(dòng)名詞在句子中做表語。如：Hisjobisfeedinganimals.Hisjobistofeedanimals.Theonlythinghedoeseverydayisreadingnewspaper.Theonlythinghewantstodonowistostudyhard.動(dòng)名詞在句子中做定語。如：Canyoutellmewherethereadingroomis?Whichisthesleepingcarofthistrain?Canyoutellmewherethewashingroomis?注意：有些動(dòng)詞后面既可以接不定式又可以接動(dòng)名詞，而且這些動(dòng)詞又分為兩類：1.接不定式或動(dòng)名詞意義基本不變的有：like，love，hate，begin，start，continue，attempt，afford，prefer，propose，intend，neglect，can’tbear等。如：Hebegandoing/todohishomework.Hecontinueddoing/todohishomework.Ican’taffordgoing/togothere.Heintendedagreeing/toagreetothisplan.Hejustneglecteddoing/todothisjob.Theycan’tbearhearing/tohearthisatall.接不定式或動(dòng)名詞意義有變化的有：try,remember,forget,regret,mean,stop,goon等。如：Hetriedtofindthenearestpolicestation.（設(shè)法做…）Thisdressisnotsosuitableforyou.Whynottryputtinganotheron?（試試做…）Remembertocallme.（記著去做…）Herememberedseeingmebefore.（記得做過..?）Heforgottolockthedoor.（忘記去做…）Heforgotlockingthedoor.（忘記做過...）Iregrettotellyouapieceofbadnew.（抱歉要做…）Iregretsayingthistoyou.（抱歉做過…）Hemeanttocamehere.（打算做…）Missingthetrainmeansstayinghereforanother2days.（意味著…）Hestoppedtalking.（停止做…）Hestoppedtotalktome.（停下來做…）Hewentondoinghishomeworkafterarest.（繼續(xù)做同一事）HewentontowatchTVafterfinishinghishomework.（繼續(xù)做下一事）后接動(dòng)名詞賓語表示被動(dòng)的幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞，形容詞need,want,require,deserve,beworthThecarneeds/wants/requiresrepairing.Thisbookdeserves/isworthreading.【典型例題】[例1]WeallthinkitusefulEnglish.A.learningB.beinglearntC.tolearnD.tobelearnt（答案為C,不定式做賓語，用形式主語it來代）[例2]Whatagreatsurpriseitisherhere!A.seeingB.toseeC.seeD.thatsee（答案為B,不定式做主語，用形式主語it來代）[例3]Hetriedhisbesttogettothetrainstationonlythatthetrainhadleft.A.findB.tofindC.findingD.tobefound（答案為B,不定式做結(jié)果狀語）[例4]TheyhaveagoodoftheChineseculture（文化）?A.understandB.understandingC.tounderstandD.tobeunderstood（答案為B，名詞understanding，做“了解，理解”講）[例5]Theyhavedevotedthemselvesto.A.teachB.teachingC.taughtD.teaches（答案為B，動(dòng)名詞當(dāng)賓語）[例6]aftertheanimals