跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)試題及答案解析

T1Asaphenomenon,interculturalcommunicationhasexistedforthousandsofyears.However,asadiscipline,itshistoryisonlyaboutfiftyyears.作為一種現(xiàn)象，跨文化傳播已經(jīng)存在了數(shù)千年。然而，作為一門學(xué)科，它的歷史只有大約五十年。F2InterculturalCommunicationasadisciplinefirststartedinEurope.跨文化交際是歐洲第一門學(xué)科F3Cuitureisastaticentity靜態(tài)的實(shí)體whilecommunicationisadynamicprocess.文化是—靜態(tài)的實(shí)體而溝通是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的過(guò)程T4Culturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagiven約定的特定的culture.文化可以被看作是一種共享的知識(shí)，人們需要知道的是在一個(gè)特定的文化中扮演適當(dāng)?shù)男袨門5Althoughculturalstereotypehasitslimitations(over-generalization),itstillcontributestoaperson'sculturalcognition.認(rèn)識(shí)、認(rèn)知文化刻板印象雖有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化認(rèn)知。T6Ininterculturalcommunication,weshouldseparateone'sindividualcharacterfromculturalgeneralization.在跨文化交際中，我們要把自己的個(gè)性和文化的泛化分開(kāi)。T7Culturalmistakesaremoreseriousthanlinguisticmistakes.Thelinguisticmistakemeansthatsomeoneisnotfullyexpressinghisorherideawhileculturalmistakescanleadtoseriousmisunderstandingandevenill-feelingbetweenindividuals.文化錯(cuò)誤比語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤更嚴(yán)重。語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤意味著有人不能充分表達(dá)自己的想法，而文化上的錯(cuò)誤會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的誤解，甚至個(gè)人之間的不適感F8Allpeopleofthesamenationalitywillhavethesameculture.所有同一民族的人都會(huì)有相同的文化T9Althoughtwoculturesmaysharethesameideas,theirmeaningandsignificancemaynotbethesame.雖然兩國(guó)文化有著相同的想法，但它們的意義和意義可能不一樣F10One'sactionsaretotallyindependentofhisorherculture.個(gè)人的行為完全獨(dú)立于他或她的文化ComprehensionCheckT1、Allculturesrequireandvaluepoliteness,butthewaysinwhichpolitenessisachievedmayvarysignificantly.所有的文化都需要和價(jià)值的禮貌，但禮貌的方式可能會(huì)有所不同T_2、Don'ttakeoffence-gettingtheformofaddress"wrong"israrelyintendedtobeoffensive.不要拿“錯(cuò)誤”的形式來(lái)攻擊，這是很難得的進(jìn)攻T_3、Addressingformslike“MissMary","Brown"bytheChinesemaybeaformofculturalcompromise.解決形式如“瑪麗小姐"，“棕色"由中國(guó)可能是一種文化妥協(xié)的形式。inthearmedforceslikeCaptain,Colonelcanbeusedastitles.上校，上校，上校，可以用作頭銜canunderstandwhatUnclepolicemanorUnclemeans.西方人能夠理解警察叔叔和解放軍叔叔的手段。canaddressJasonDouglas,whoisalawyer,asLawyerDouglas.我們可以解決杰森道格拉斯，他是個(gè)律師，律師道格拉斯。hospitalitytowardthewesternersisalwaysgreatlyappreciated.中國(guó)人對(duì)西方人的熱情好客是非常贊賞的。ChinesewayofshowingconcernisusuallyappreciatedbytheWesterners.西方人對(duì)中國(guó)人的關(guān)注往往受到西方人的贊賞。F_9."Thankyouforcoming!"isatypicalexpressionusedbyWesternhostswhentheguestsjustarrived.謝謝你的到來(lái)！“當(dāng)客人剛到的時(shí)候，這是西方主人使用的一種典型的表達(dá)形式。T_10."I'msorrytohavewastedyourtime"or“I'msorrytohavetakenupsomuchofyourtime"areusuallyappropriateforthebusinessvisit.我很抱歉浪費(fèi)了你的時(shí)間"或者“我很抱歉占用了你這么多時(shí)間"，通常都是適合商務(wù)拜訪的。ComprehensionCheckTtheChinesewayofshowingmodestymaybeconsideredasfishingforcompliments.有時(shí)，中國(guó)人表現(xiàn)出謙虛的方式可以被視為對(duì)贊美的贊美socialfunctionsofChineseandEnglishcomplimentsareroughlythesame.漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)的社會(huì)功能大致相同。Tinformalsituations,alargenumberofcomplimentsareusedtomakepeoplefeelcomfortable.在非正式場(chǎng)合，大量的贊美是讓人感到舒服的Fculturalassumptionofcomplimentsisthesamebetweencultures.文化的假設(shè)是文化的相同的。TandverbsareoftenusedtoconveycomplimentmessageinEnglish,whileadjectives,adverbsandverbsareoftenusedinChinese.形容詞和動(dòng)詞常被用來(lái)傳遞英語(yǔ)中的恭維話，而形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞常被用在漢語(yǔ)里。F6.Englishcomplimentsoftenbeginwiththeword“you”whileCihnesecomplimentsoftenstartwiththeword“I”.英語(yǔ)的贊美常以“你”一詞開(kāi)頭，而中國(guó)人的贊美常以“我”一詞開(kāi)頭F7.ChinesepeoplegivemorecomplimentsindailylifethanAmericans.在日常生活中，中國(guó)人比美國(guó)人更為贊美。F8.Americanstendstobeself-effacingintheircomplimentsresponses.美國(guó)人往往自謙在稱贊別人的反應(yīng)。F9.Complimentsonother'sbelongingsaresometimesanindirectwayofrequestinAmericanculture.對(duì)他人財(cái)物的贊美有時(shí)是美國(guó)文化中的一種間接的方式T10.Ifaguestcomplimentssomethinginanotherperson'shome,theChinesehostorhostesswillprobablygivethatthingtotheguest.如果一個(gè)客人在別人家里贊美別人的話，中國(guó)主人或女主人很可能會(huì)把這件事告訴客人。ComprehensionCheckFIVerbalcommunicationismoreimportantthannonverbalcommunication.言語(yǔ)交際比非語(yǔ)言交際更為重要F2“Dragon”meansthesametotheWesterneras“龍”totheChinese.u龍”是指同為西方人的“龍”到中國(guó)。F3TheChinesephrase“知識(shí)分子”hasthesamemeaningas“intellectual”.中國(guó)“知識(shí)分子”具有相同的含義是“知識(shí)T4Aterminonelanguagemaynothaveacounterpartinanotherlanguage.在一種語(yǔ)言中的—術(shù)語(yǔ)在另一種語(yǔ)言中可能沒(méi)有對(duì)等詞F5Inreferringtoanimalsandbirds,theChinesepracticeisngeerally,butnotalways,touse“公”or“母”toshowwhetheracreatureismaleorfemale.ThisisthesamewiththeEnglishlanguage.在談到動(dòng)物和鳥類，中國(guó)的做法是通常，但不總是，用“公”或“母”來(lái)表明該生物是否是男性或女性。這與英語(yǔ)是—樣的。T6ThefollowingsixEnglishword:“vice”,“associate”,“assistant”,“deputy”,“l(fā)ieutenant”and“under”canallmean“副”inChineselanguage.以下六個(gè)英文單詞：“副”、“聯(lián)想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在漢語(yǔ)中F7ThereareasmanysimilaritiesasdissimilaritiesbetweenEnglishproverbsandChineseproverbs.有許多相似之處，英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)的異同。T8Violatingaculturaltabooisasseriousasviolatingaverbaltaboo,違反文化禁忌的是嚴(yán)重違背了言語(yǔ)禁忌T9Patternsofthoughtvarieswithculture.思維方式隨文化而變化。T10Particularthoughtpatternspredominateineachculture,.Americancultureispredominantlyfactual-inductive,Russiancultureispredominantlyaxiomatic-deductive,andArabculturesarepredominatelyintuitive-affective.在每一個(gè)特定的思維模式主導(dǎo)文化的T10,例如美國(guó)文化主要是事實(shí)的歸納，俄羅斯文化主要是公理化演繹，和阿拉伯文化以直觀的情感。ComprehensionCheckT1Speakingisjustonemodeofcommunication.Therearemanyothers.說(shuō)只是一種交流方式。還有許多人F2Someresearchersassertthatinface-to-facecommunication,about70%ofinformationiscommunicatedthroughspeaking,andover30%sissentbynonverbalmeans—些研究者斷言，在面對(duì)面的交流中，約有70%的信息是通過(guò)說(shuō)話，而超過(guò)30%則是通過(guò)非語(yǔ)言方式發(fā)送的T3Environmentisoneofthefivestudyareasthatnonverbalcommunicationcovers.環(huán)境是非語(yǔ)言交際的五個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域之一T4Muchofournonverbalbehavior,likeculture,tendstoelusive,spontaneousandfrequentlygoesbeyondourawareness.我們大部分的非語(yǔ)言行為，如文化，往往難以實(shí)現(xiàn)，自發(fā)的，往往超越我們的認(rèn)識(shí)F5LatinAmerican,African,ArabandmostAsianculturesareM-Timecultures.拉丁美洲，非洲，阿拉伯和大多數(shù)亞洲文化是單一的文化。T6Arabbelongstotoughcultures.阿拉伯屬于艱難的文化T7Insomecultures,eyecontactshouldbeavoidedinordertoshowrespectorobedience.在一些文化中，為了表示尊重或服從，應(yīng)該避免使用目光接觸T8theappropriatenessofphysicalcontactvarieswithdifferentcultures.身體接觸的適宜性因不同的文化而不同F(xiàn)9WesternwomenusuallylikeChinesetotouchtheirbodiesorsmallchildren.西方婦女通常喜歡中國(guó)人接觸他們的身體或小孩。F10Seatingarrangementsreflectculture.Chinesepeopletendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandingbesidethem.座位安排體現(xiàn)文化。中國(guó)人傾向于和他們說(shuō)話，而不是坐在他們旁邊的人ComprehensionCheckistheculturalmeaningof“sex”.性別是“性”的文化內(nèi)涵andgenderaresynonymous.同義的性別和性別是同義詞ladymightbefeminine,masculineoracombinationofboth.—位女士可能是女性，男性或兩者的結(jié)合aregenerallycomfortablewithbuildingcloserelationshipsandconfidingtoothers,whilemostmenarereservedaboutinvolvementanddisclosure.女性一般舒適與建筑密切關(guān)系和信任別人，而大多數(shù)人都保留對(duì)參與和披露。menusecommunicationtocreateconnectionorequalitybetweenpeople.大多數(shù)人用溝通來(lái)建立聯(lián)系或平等的人usuallyusecommunicationtoestablishstatusandpower.女性通常使用溝通來(lái)確立地位和權(quán)力feminineculture,communicationisaway—probablytheprimaryway—toexpressandexpandcloseness.在女性文化中，傳播是表達(dá)和擴(kuò)大親密關(guān)系的主要途徑。socializationstressesdoingthingsandregardsactionasprimarywaystocreateandexpresscloseness.男性社會(huì)化強(qiáng)調(diào)做事情，把行動(dòng)視為創(chuàng)造和表達(dá)親密的主要方式。firstandlastprincipalforeffectivecross-gendercommunicationissuspendingjudgment.有效的跨性別傳播的第—個(gè)和最后—個(gè)主要是中止判斷。isdifficultbutpossibletoseektranslationcuesthatwillfacilitateourcommunication.這是困難的，但可能尋求翻譯線索，將有利于我們的溝通。mostcommonproblemsincross-culturalnegotiationsconcern(1)rulesforconductingbusiness,(2)theselectionofnegotiators,and(3)methodsofdecision-making.最常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題，在跨文化談判的關(guān)注(1)的規(guī)則，進(jìn)行業(yè)務(wù)，(2)的選擇，談判，和(3)決策方法。Japanesebelievethatsocializingisintegraltothenegotiationprocesswhilethe Americansdonotthinkso.日本人認(rèn)為，社交是談判過(guò)程中不可或缺的一部分，而美國(guó)人卻不這么認(rèn)為negotiationteammembersareusuallyselectedonthebasisoftheirsocialandprofessionalstatus.美國(guó)談判團(tuán)隊(duì)成員通常在他們的社會(huì)和職業(yè)地位的基礎(chǔ)上JapaneseandChinesenegotiators,adetailedwrittenagreementisnotcentraltothenegotiationprocessintheMiddleEast,MexicoandFrance.與日本和中國(guó)的談判人員一樣，在中東、墨西哥和法國(guó)的談判進(jìn)程中，有—個(gè)詳細(xì)的書面協(xié)議是不—樣的。BritishemployanegotiatingstylesimilartothatofAmericans,butmoresilenceisutilizedandtheyarelessegalitarian.英國(guó)人采用了類似于美國(guó)人的談判風(fēng)格，但更多的是利用沉默，他們也不太平等。preferclear,firm,andassertireexpressionwhiletheJapaneseencourageconvert,fragmentedexpression.德國(guó)人喜歡明確的，堅(jiān)定的，和assertire表達(dá)而日本鼓勵(lì)轉(zhuǎn)換、碎片化的表達(dá)negotiatorspreferthedeductiveapproach.Moreemphasisisplacedoncontemplationandintuition.墨西哥談判者更喜歡演繹的方法。更強(qiáng)調(diào)的是沉思和直覺(jué)。Braziliansdonotopenlydisagreeduringformalnegotiations;theywouldconsiderthisinsultingandembarrassing.在正式談判中，巴西人不會(huì)公開(kāi)地不同意，他們會(huì)考慮這種侮辱和尷尬。acomfortableclimateandspendingtimeontheexploratoryphaseofnegotiationsarecrucialinMiddleEastandBrazil.創(chuàng)造一個(gè)舒適的氣候和花費(fèi)時(shí)間在談判的探索階段是至關(guān)重要的中東和巴西。arefrequentparticipantsonaJapanesenegotiationteam.女性經(jīng)常參加—日本談判小組。名詞解釋economicglobalization（經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）：theintegrationofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.bartersystem（物物交換）：exchangewithoutmoneyFarmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.Humansocietyhasalwaystradedgoodsacrossgreatdistances.globalvillage（地球村）：theworldformonecommunityAllthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet.meltingpot（大熔爐）：asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.culture（文化）：canbeenseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.culturaldiversity（文化融合）：referstothemixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofculturesandsub-culturestowhichmembersbelong.7.Communication咬際）：meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.8interculturalcommunication（跨文化交際）：communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsanddistinct（不同）enoughtoalter（改變）theircommunicaion。Pragmatics（語(yǔ)用學(xué)）：thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.Semantics（語(yǔ)義學(xué)）：asystemthatassociateswordstomeaning.Itisthestudyofthemeaningofwords.Denotation（弓I申含義）：theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.Chronemics（時(shí)間學(xué)）：Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.（1） PolychromicTime：payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.（2） PolychronicTime（多元時(shí)間觀念）：beinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.Proxemics（空間學(xué)）：Referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.Kinetics（身勢(shì)學(xué)）:thestudyofbodylanguage.身勢(shì)學(xué)Paralanguage（副語(yǔ)言）：Involvingsoundsbutnotwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.Aplanetaryculture（行星文化）：integratesEasternmysticismwithWesternscienceandrationalism（理性主義）.Interculturalperson（跨文化的人）：representssomeonewhosecognitive（認(rèn)知的），affective,andbehavioral（行為的）characteristicsareopentogrowthbeyondthepsychologicalparameters（心理界限）ofhisorherownculture.High-contextcultures（含蓄的文化）assignmeaningtomanyofthestimulisurroundinganexplicitmessage.Inhigh-contextcultures,verbalmessageshavelittlemeaningwithoutthesurroundingcontext,whichincludestheoverallrelationshipbetweenallthepeopleengagedincommunication.Low-contextcultures（夕卜向型的文化）excludemanyofthosestimuliandfocusmoreintenselyontheobjectivecommunicationevent,whetheritbeaword,asentence,oraphysicalgesture.Inlow-contextcultures,themessageitselfmeanseverything."I"cuIture（個(gè)體主義）：tocontroltheirwondestinytostandontheirownfeettomindtheirownbusinesstiestendtoberelativelyunimportant"We"cuIture（集體主義）：tostriveforthecommongoodisnotencouragedrightstopropertypiety（孝順）Powerdistance（權(quán)利差距）：describesthedistribution（分布）ofinfluencewithinthecuIture,theextenttowhichtheIesspowerfuImembersoforganizationsandinstitutionsacceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.Culturesareclassifiedonacontinuun延續(xù)體）ofhightolowdistance,thatishierarchy（等級(jí)主義）.egalitarian（平等主義）.Masculinecultures（剛性文化）：Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonmaculinetraitsandstressassertiveness,competitionandmaterialsuccess.Femininecultures（柔性文化）：Theseculturesplacehighvaluesonfeminnetraitsandstressqualityoflife,interpersonalrelationshipsandconcernfortheweak.Enculturation（文化習(xí)得）：alltheactivitiesoflearningone'sculturearecalledenculturationAcculturation（文化適應(yīng)）：theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.Ethnocentric（文化中心主義）：thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Communication：meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.Source交際邀請(qǐng)Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.編碼Unfortunately（orperhapsfortunately）,humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.Message編碼信息Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,theverb;themessageistheresultingobject.Channel交際渠道Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.Noise干擾Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.Receiver交際接受Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Decoding解碼Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.Receiverresponse接受反應(yīng)Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.Feedback反饋Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.Context場(chǎng)景Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.Connotation（內(nèi)涵）：thesuggestivemeaningofawordallthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.Taboo禁忌語(yǔ)：referstosomeobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.Euphemism委婉語(yǔ)：Meanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.Strikewhiletheironishot趁熱打鐵Morehaste,lessspeed.欲速不達(dá)Topassfisheyesforpearls魚目混珠asstubbornasamule犟得像頭牛dumbbell笨蛋 tofishintheair水底撈月todrinklikeafish牛飲asdryassawdust味同嚼蠟tobeattheendofone'srope山窮水盡landscapeengineer園林工人tonsorialartist理發(fā)師sanitationengineer清潔工shoerebuilder補(bǔ)鞋匠softinthehead發(fā)瘋的recklessdisregardfortruth撒謊totakethingswithoutpermission偷竊industrialclimate勞資關(guān)系緊張justicehaslongarms天網(wǎng)恢恢，疏而不漏fatoffice肥缺diamondcutdiamond棋逢對(duì)手goldensaying金玉良言Youwillcrossthebridgewhenyougettoit船到橋頭自然直betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion寧為雞頭，勿為牛后treaduponeggs如履薄冰9componentsofcommunication（交際的十大要素）source（來(lái)源）：thepersonwhodesirestoencoding（編碼）：theprocessofputtingonideaintoasymbolmessage（信息）：identifiestheencodingthoughtchannel（渠道）：themeansoftransmission（傳播途徑）noise（干擾）：anythingdistortsthemessagesreceiver（接受者）：thepersonwhoattendstothemessagedecoding（解碼）：assigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived?receiverresponse（接受者反應(yīng)）：anythingthereceiverdoesfeedback（反饋）：theportionwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaningcontext（場(chǎng)景）：helpdefine（使明確）thecommunicationthefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.convenienttransportationsystems（便捷的交通系統(tǒng)）②innovativecommunicationsystems（革新通信技術(shù)）③economicglobailzation（經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）④widespreadmigrations（廣泛的移民）arethethreeingredients（組成）ofcultureartifacts（thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce）behavior（whattheydo）③concepts（共有觀點(diǎn)）（whattheythink）tounderstandculturalicebergjustasaniceberg,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedanimagined.Alsolikeaniceberg,nine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurfacearethecharacteristic（牛寺點(diǎn)）ofculture①shared②learned（enculuration文化習(xí)得：learningone'sculture）dynamic（動(dòng)態(tài)的）（accultration文化適應(yīng)：adoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanotherculture）@ethnocentric（ethnocentrism文化中心主義：ownculturalbackgroundissuperior）arethecharacteristicofcommunication①dynamic（動(dòng)態(tài)性）；②irreversible（不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的）③symbolic（符號(hào)的）④systematic（系統(tǒng)性）⑤transactional（互動(dòng)性）⑥contextual（語(yǔ)境）isChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing①InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname；inEnglishthisorderisreversed.②InChinaseniority（資歷）ispaidrespectsto.Nowadays,manyEnglish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.（Aboutaddressingbyrelationship）Chineseoftenextenkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.Chineseuseaperson'stitle、office、orprofessiontoindicate（表明）theperson'sinfluential（有權(quán)勢(shì)的）status.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused，suchasdoctor,governor,mayor,professor,nurseandcaptain.（p24）WhatarethedifferentfeaturesofM-TimeandP-timeM-Timethinktimeisperceivedasalinearstrucure.認(rèn)為時(shí)間是線性的P-Timeislessrigid（刻板）andclock-bound,moreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.Whatarethedifferentfeatureofm-timeandp-timeP97M:DoonethingatatimeTaketimecommitmentsseriouslyArecommittedtothejobAdherereligiouslytoplansEmphasizepromptnessAreaccustomedtoshort-termrelationshipsP:DomanythingsatonceConsidertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossibleArecommittedtopeopleandhumanrelationshipsChangeplansoftenandeasilyBasepromptnessontherelationshipHavestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationshipsM-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules,segmentation,punctualityandpromptness.Itfeaturesoneeventatatimeandtimeisperceivedasalinearstructure.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametimeandtimeisperceivedasmoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.Whatarethesocialfunctionsofcompliments贊美的社會(huì)功能是什么）Creatingorreinforcing（加固）solidarity,greetingpeople,expressingthanksorcongratulations,encouragingpeople,softeningcriticism（委婉扌批評(píng)）‘startingaconversation,orevenovercomingembarrassment（窘迫）.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyleTheChineseemployacircularapproachinwriting.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobe‘turningandturninginwaideninggyre'.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.Aparagraphissetoffbyanindentationofitsfirstsentencesorbysomeotherconventionaldevise,suchasextraspacebetweenparagraphs.Incontrast,theAmericansaredirectandlinearinwriting.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,byaseriesofsubdivisionsofthattopicstatement,eachsupportedbyexampleandillustrations,proceeds,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatoallotherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideainproperrelationshipwiththeotherideas,toprovesomething,orperhapstoarguesomething.WhatdifferentworldviewcanbedrivefromBuddhism（佛教）andChristianity（基督教）Buddhistsdonotbelieveinagodorgodswhocreatedtheworld.However,theydobelievethatthereisasupremeandwonderfultruththatwordscannotteach,andritualcannotattain.Buddhistsarenotfavorablydisposedtothenotionoffreeenterpriseandthepursuitofmaterialwell-being.Seenfromawesternworldview,havingnodesiresadverselyaffectsmotivesforpersonalenrichmentandgrowthgenerally.Thus,littlesupportisaccordedtofreeenterprise.Christianityrecognizestheimportanceofworkandfreeownershipofproperty.Protestant,inparticular,seesthesalvationoftheindividualthroughhardworkan