定語從句（全面）

GrammarAttributiveClauses定語從句定語從句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，它的作用相當(dāng)與一個形容詞,因此也叫形容詞性從句.被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。

Forexample:Thisisabook

which

tellsaboutspacerockertechnology.先行詞關(guān)系代詞定語從句關(guān)系代詞有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。

關(guān)系副詞有：when,where,why等

Aplaneisamachine

thatcanfly.關(guān)系代詞先行詞定語從句定語從句:先行詞:關(guān)系代詞:(antecedent)(anattributiveclause)(relativepronouns)修飾名詞或代詞的從句被定語從句修飾的詞,如上面的machine引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞,如上面的that.還有which,who,whom,whose.關(guān)系副詞：Why,Where,When限制性定語從句定語從句非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分，主句和從句之間不用逗號分開。非限制性定語從句是對主句先行詞的補(bǔ)充說明，一般用逗號把主句從句分開。關(guān)系代詞不用that,且不能省略。Thisisthehousewhichhevisitedlastyear.Ihavelostthepen,whichIlikeverymuch.Ihavetwosisters,whoarebothstudents.關(guān)系代詞:

1.who指人,作主語或賓語(作賓語可省略）ThemanwhoItalkedwithisourteacher.Aperson

whostealsthingsiscalledathief.2.whom指人,作賓語(作賓語可省略,如介詞提前則不能省)Theman(whom/who)InoddedtoisMr.Li.ThemantowhomInoddedisProfessorLi.3.which

指物，作主語或賓語

(作賓語可省略,

如介詞提前則不能省)Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.Thisrecorder（which）

heisusingismadeinJapan.Isthisthelibrary(which)youborrowbooksfrom?Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowbooks?

that

指人/物，作主語或賓語(作賓語可省略）Aplaneisamachine.Itcanfly.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Heistheman.Itoldyouabouthim.Heistheman(that)Itoldyouabout.

注意：介詞提前時只能用which而不能用that。Isthisthelibraryfromwhichyouborrowbooks?

fromthat(1)Thescientistisveryfamousintheworld.

Wemetheryesterday.Thescientist

?

wemetyesterdayisveryfamous

who

intheworld.

whom

that(2)Thedressisnew.Sheiswearingit.Thedressthat

sheiswearingisnew.

which

?

Titanicistheship___________sankafterhittinganiceberg.which/that__________ZhangGuorongisapopstar______diedinthefallinMarch,2003.

who/thatBeijingisthecityhasgotthechancetohostthe2008OlympicGames.____which/thatChinesechildAfricanchildEnglishchildThegirlis________.Herskinis________.ThegirlwhoseskinisyellowisChinese.YellowskinwhiteskinblackskinChineseyellowTheboyisEnglishman.whoseskiniswhiteThegirlisAfrican.whoseskinisblack定語指人指物主語賓語定語that

whichwhowhomwhose√√√√√√√√√√√√×

×

×

×

××√××××√√1.連接主從句2.指代先行詞3.在定語從句中作句子成分theusageofRelativepronnounsBecauseyoulovedmeCelinedion

Me.mp3forallthosetimesyoustoodbyme

forallthetruthyoumademesee

forallthe

joyyoubroughtintomylife

forallthewrongyoumaderight

foreverydreamyoumadecometrue

foralltheloveIfoundinyou

I’llbeforeverthankfulbabyyou'retheonewhoheldmeupandneverletmefall

you'retheonewhosawmethroughthroughitall

thatthatthatthatthat注：關(guān)系代詞that,which,whom在從句中作賓語時可省略掉。但放在介詞后面時則不可省略。如下面這句to后面的whom就不能省略。Mr.Readistheprofessortowhomyoushouldwrite.that和which的選擇

(1)that指物時一般可以與which互換，但在下列情況引導(dǎo)詞只用that，不用which。

①當(dāng)先行詞為all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代詞時，如：

a.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.b.Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.c.Thereislittle(that)theenemycandobesidessurrender（投降）.②先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little,much修飾時：

I’vereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.that和which的選擇③先行詞是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。Thisisthebestbook(that)I’veeverread.Thisisthefirstcomposition(that)hehaswritteninEnglish.④先行詞被theonly,thevery,thelast修飾時。Thewhitefloweristheonlyone(that)Ireallylike.Thisistheverybook(that)Iwanttofind.⑤當(dāng)有兩個或兩個以上分別表示人和物的先行詞時，這個定語從句要用that而不用who(whom)和which引導(dǎo)。如：Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschools

（that）hehadvisited.⑥先行詞是疑問詞who,which,what

時，定語從句用that而不用who,(whom)和which引導(dǎo)。that和which的選擇Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?Whichofusthatknowssomethingaboutphysicsdoesnotknowthis?Whatthatisonthetablebelongstome?⑦當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時：

Maryisnolongerthegirlthatsheusedtobe.Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe.

⑧主句以therebe

開頭時

Thereislittlethat

Icandotomakeupforthelosttime.2）以下情況只能用which引導(dǎo)定語從句。1

引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,其先行詞可是一個詞,也可是整個主句或主句的某一部分。3.句子中同時有兩個定語從句，其中一個已經(jīng)用了that引導(dǎo)時

2.先行詞是物，緊接在介詞后面時

Watchthegirlandherdog_____arecrossingthebridge!whichB.who

C.theyD.thatD練一練1.Youmaytakeanythinguseful____youwant.2.Thisistheverybook____I‘mlookingfor.3.Thisistheonlything____wecando.4.Weshoulddoall____isusefultothepeople.thatthatthatthat什么情況下用who不用that？

1）先行詞是人稱代詞時，如：

He,whojustheardthenewsofhisfather’sdeath,burstintotears.2）當(dāng)先行詞是those，指代人時

Theyhelpedthemburythosewhowerediedintheearthquake.練一練！1.He____playswithfiregetsburst.A.WhoB.whichC.thatD.whose

2.Ididn’tbelievethematfirstbutinfacteverything___wastrue.A.theysaidB.whattheysaidC.whosetheysaidD.whichtheysaidwhose還可以同ofwhich互換

whose+n.=then.+ofwhich1.Pleasepassmethebook.2.Thebook’scoverisgreen.

Pleasepassmethebookthecover

ofwhichisgreen.

Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.

Trytotranslatethefollowingproverbs:Hewholaughslast

laughsbest.HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWall

isnot

atrueman.All

thatglitters（發(fā)光）isnotgold.Thehands

thatpushcradles（搖籃）

arethe

hands

thatpushtheworld.He

wholovesothers

isconstantlylovedand

he

whorespects

isconstantlyrespected.特殊關(guān)系代詞as的用法☆

thesame…as表示同一類人或物；

thesame…that指同一個人或物1)直接引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句:作用相當(dāng)于which

Hewaslate,as/whichisoftenthecase.

Asanyonecouldseeit,theywereveryupset.2)與such連用,引起定語從句

Therearenosuchwritersasyoumention.

Itgavehimsuchashockthathisfaceturnedwhite.3)與same連用,引起定語從句

如此……以至于

非限定定語從句中as與which的區(qū)別★as在從句中作主語時，后面常接行為動詞的被動語態(tài)，如beknown，besaid，bereported等，★如從句中行為動詞是主動語態(tài)，一般要用which作主語。

Shehasbeenlateagain,_______wasexpected.Tomhasmadegreatprogress,_______madeushappy.aswhich定語從句中的關(guān)系副詞Where在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語When在定語從句中作時間狀語Why在定語從句中作原因狀語使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意下列幾點(diǎn)：1、關(guān)系副詞在意義上都相當(dāng)于一定的介詞+which結(jié)構(gòu)：

when=on(in,at,during…)+which;where=in(at,on…)+which;why=forwhich.

如：IwasinBeijingon

theday

when(=onwhich)

hearrived.Theoffice

where(=inwhich)

heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisis

thechiefreason

why(=forwhich)

wedidit.2、當(dāng)先行詞是表時間和表地點(diǎn)的詞時，一定要注意分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，如果缺少主語或賓語時，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該用

which或that,缺少時間狀語或地點(diǎn)狀語時，才能用

when或

where，試比較：

I’llneverforget

theday

whenmyhometownwasliberated.

I’llneverforget

thedays

which/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.

Hisfatherworksin

afactory

whereradiopartsaremade.

Hisfatherworksin

afactory

which/thatmakesradioparts.3、when

和

where

既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。而

why

一般只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的比較問題1：1、Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarm_____wevisitedthreemonthsago?（05北京春季）

A.where B.when C.that D.what2、Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers______shehadwipedherhands.（04全國II）

A.

where B.

which C.when D.thatCA

way后面的定語從句

way后面的定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有inwhichthat或不填，如：

Irecognizedhe’sfromAustraliafromtheway__________________hespeaks.inwhich(that/不填)介詞加關(guān)系代詞時介詞的確定如何選定介詞:1.根據(jù)從句中動詞與先行詞的邏輯關(guān)系，請體會：e.g.Isthatthenewspaper

forwhichyouoftenwritearticles?2.根據(jù)從句中動詞或形容詞的習(xí)慣搭配，如：e.g.CanyouexplaintomehowtousetheseidiomsaboutwhichI’mnotsure.3.根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配習(xí)慣，請體會：e.g.1949wastheyearinwhichtheP.R.C.wasfounded.

_____whichtherearefewnewwords.

_____whichtheyaretalking.

_____whichIlearnedalot.

_____whichIpaid8yuan.Thisisthebook_____whichIspent8yuan.

on

forfrom

aboutin

_____whomIworkedinthefactory.

_____whomIcanturnforhelp.

_____whomIlearntalot.

_____whomthebookwaswritten.Heistheperson_____whomyouwillwrite.Chinahashundredsofislands,thelargest_____whichisTaiwan.ofto

byfrom

to

with(turntosb.forhelp)介詞加which結(jié)構(gòu)

Ihavelotsoffriends,andsomeof____arefriendly.Thisistheriver

__________weoftenhaveawalk.

_____________abridgewasbuilt.

_______thereisaboat.by/besideonwhichover/acrosswhichalongwhich_______whichthereisafactory.

Ihavelotsoffriends.Someof____arefriendly.

Ihavelotsoffriends,some/noneof_____arefriendly.whomthemthem

Thisisthepoint_____theymetsomedifficulty.A.whenB.inwhich

C.atwhichD.thatThebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.

一．注意：１．有些固定的短語介詞不提前含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.

（F）（T）注意及特例基礎(chǔ)鞏固Correctthesentences.1.Doyoulikethebikeyourfriendgaveittoyou?2.Thisistheveryplacewherewevisitedmanyyearsago.3.Therearetenstudentsareplayingbasketballontheplayground.4.EnglishisasubjectIaminterested.5.CanyoushowmethebookwhichhavebeentranslatedintoEnglishbySmith?6.ThereisnotasinglepersoninthestreetwhomIcanturnforhelp.that^who/that^in

has^to7.I’mgoingtoworkinthehospitalwhereneedsme.8.Whoistheworkerwhotooksomepicturesofthefactory.9.ThebikebywhichItravelledwashis.10.Idon’tlikethewaywhichyoutalkedtoyourfriend.11.Soontheycametoafarmhouse,andinfrontofwhichsatasmallboy.12.Isthatfactorywhichyourfatheronceworkedin?13.Thestudentwho’sbookIhadborroweddidn’tcometoschooltoday._____which____that___onthatit^theoneWhose_____oncetheygrew

B.theygrewonceC.thatgrewonceD.oncegrewAlloftheflowersnowraisedherehavedevelopedfromthose_____intheforest.CMr.Greenwasdisappointedtoseethewashingmachinehehadhad______gowrongagain.repairedB.itrepairedC.repairingD.toberepairedA

Youcanhardlyimaginethedifficultyshehad______enoughevi