Accounting會(huì)計(jì)英語(yǔ)教程和訓(xùn)練課件

Accounting會(huì)計(jì)英語(yǔ)教程和訓(xùn)練Accounting會(huì)計(jì)英語(yǔ)教程和訓(xùn)練1ObjectivesoftheCourseDevelopknowledgeandunderstandingoftheunderlyingprinciples,conceptsandregulationsrelatingtofinancialaccounting

ImprovetechnicalproficiencyintheuseofdoubleentrytechniquesObjectivesoftheCourseDevelo2LearningresourcesTextbook《會(huì)計(jì)英語(yǔ)》第四版，葉建芳孫紅星，上海財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)出版社ReferencesFundamentalAccountingPrinciples.(19thEdition)byJohnJ.Wild,KenW.Shaw,andBarbaraChiappettaLearningresourcesTextbook3AssessmentoftheCoursePartA:Classperformance:20%ClassAttendance10%ClassActivities10%PartB:Mid-termExamination:30%PartC:FinalExamination:50%AssessmentoftheCoursePartA4Chapter1IntroductiontoAccountingChapter1IntroductiontoAccou5ContentsWhatisaccountingAccountinganditsprofessionTypesofbusinessownershipGenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciplesFinancialstatements&accountingelementsAccountingequationProfessionalethicsinaccounting

ContentsWhatisaccounting6Whatisaccounting

Accountingistheprocessofidentifying,measuring,andcommunicatingeconomicinformationtovarioususers.--AmericanAccountingAssociationAAA,1966Accountingisaninformationandmeasurementsystemthatidentifies,records,andcommunicatesrelevant,reliable,andcomparableinformationaboutanorganization’sbusinessactivities.Whatisaccounting

Accountin7UsersofAccountingInformationUsersofAccountingInformatio8UsersofAccountingInformationManagers:makeplanningandcontroldecisionsShareholders:makefurtherinvestmentdecisionsLenders:evaluatethecredibilityofthebusinesstomakedecisionsonprovidingfinancetothebusinessCustomers:ensurethequalityofgoodsorserviceGovernment:knowtheresourceallocationinthewholeeconomyTaxauthorities:maketaxassessmentUsersofAccountingInformatio9TheaccountingprofessionTheaccountingprofession10Theaccountingprofessionprivateaccounting:employeesworkingforbusinesses.Publicaccountingauditingandtaxadvicetoavastrangeofbusinesses.governmentaccountingbusinessregulationandinvestigationoflawviolationsTheaccountingprofessionpriva11TheaccountingprofessionProfessionalorganizationsofaccountantsAmericanInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccounts(AICPA)ChineseInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccounts(CICPA)AssociationofCharteredCertifiedAccountants(ACCA)AssociationofInternationalAccountants(AIA)

TheaccountingprofessionProfe12TypesofBusinessownershipTypesofBusinessPrimaryindustry：Agricultural,ruralandminingSecondaryindustry:manufacturingandgeneralprocessingofrawmaterialsTertiaryindustry:tradingandserviceTrading:Wholesale,RetailService:Accountant,Architect,BankerTypesofBusinessownershipTyp13TypesofBusinessownershipSoletraders(Proprietorship)Formedandownedbyasingleperson(proprietor,業(yè)主),whoalsomanagesthebusinessItisanaccountingentitybutnotalegalentityInlaw,theproprietorislegallyresponsibleforthebusiness.Inaccounting,transactionsoftheproprietorshipareaccountedforseparatelyfromtheowner’sprivateaffairsUnlimitedliabilities:Theproprietorisresponsibleforalldebtsbythebusiness.Thelifeofproprietorshipendswhentheownereithersells/closesdownthebusinessorattheowner’sdeathorincapacity.TypesofBusinessownershipSol14TypesofBusinessownershipPartnershipSimilartoProprietorshipexceptthattherearetwoormoreownerswhojointlyownthebusinessinpredeterminedproportions.ItbringstogethertheresourcesandtalentsoftwoormorepeopleUnlimitedliability：EachpartnerispersonallyliableforallthedebtsofthepartnershipPartnerssharealltheprofitsandbearalllossesaccordingtothetermsofthepartnershipagreementApartnershipisterminatedwhenownershipchangesthroughtheretirementordeathofapartnerTypesofBusinessownershipPar15TypesofBusinessownershipCorporationAcompanyisanartificialbodycreatedthroughlawandownedbyshareholdersAcompanyisaseparatelegalentityandisabletoconductbusinessinthecompany’snamePerpetualsuccession:itsexistenceisunaffectedbychangesintheownershipofsharesinthecompanyManagementandownershipareusuallyseparatedABoardofDirectorsiselectedtorunthebusinessonbehalfoftheshareholdersTypesofBusinessownershipCor16Comparisonofthethreebusinessforms

ProprietorshipPartnershipCorporationOwnersProprietor—oneownerPartners—twoormoreownersShareholders—manyownersLifeofentitylimitedbyowner'schoiceordeathlimitedbyowners'choiceordeathIndefinitePersonalliabilityofowner(s)forbusinessdebtsProprietorispersonallyliablePartnershiparepersonallyliableShareholdersarenotpersonallyliableComparisonofthethreebusine17Advantages&Disadvantages

AdvantagesDisadvantagesProprietorshipManagementandownershipbythesamepersonUnlimitedliabilityforalldebtsSubjecttolessstrictgovernmentregulationsUnsecuredfinancemaybedifficulttoobtainPartnershipGreateropportunitybecauseofcombinedexpertiseUnlimitedliabilityforalldebtsGreaterAccesstocapitalPossibledisputesbetweenpartnersSubjecttolessstrictgovernmentregulationsPartnershiphastobereformedeachtimethereisachangeinthecompositionofpartnersCorporationLimitedliabilitiesofshareholdersHighestablishmentcostsPerpetualsuccessionSubjecttostrictgovernmentregulation

Easieraccesstofinance

Advantages&DisadvantagesAdv18GenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciplesFinancialaccountingpracticeisgovernedbyconceptsandrulesknownasgenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples(GAAP).GAAPaimstomakeinformationinfinancialstatementsrelevant,reliable,andcomparable.Relevantinformationaffectsthedecisionsofitsusers.Reliableinformationistrustedbyusers.Comparableinformationishelpfulincontrastingorganizations.GenerallyAcceptedAccounting19GenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciplesRevenueRecognitionMatchingFullDisclosureConsistencyMaterialityConservatismBusinessentityObjectivityCostGoingConcernMonetaryUnitTimePeriodGenerallyAcceptedAccounting20BasicAccountingPrinciplesBusinessEntityPrinciple（會(huì)計(jì)主體）AbusinessentityisanorganizationorsectionoforganizationthatstandsapartasaseparateeconomicunitThebusinessisconsideredseparateanddistinctfromtheowner(s)ofthebusinessTransactionsarerecordedfromthepointofviewofbusiness,notfromtheowner(s)oranyotherbusinessBasicAccountingPrinciplesBus21BasicAccountingPrinciplesObjectivityPrinciple（客觀(guān)性）Accountingshouldbeobjectiveorunbiased.AccountinginformationshouldbefreefrombiasandpersonaljudgmentAccountingrecordsarebasedoninformationthatflowsfromactivitiesdocumentedbyobjectiveevidence(invoice,receipts,etc)ratherthanonsubjectivejudgments.Supposeyouwanttobuyasmallbuilding.Youbelieveitisworth$155000,tworealestateprofessionalsappraiseitat$147000.Theownerdemands$160000andyoupaythatprice.Whatpriceshouldberecordedbytheobjectivityprinciple?$160000Theobjectiveevidenceofacompletedtransactionsupportsthepriceof$160000BasicAccountingPrinciplesObj22BasicAccountingPrinciplesCostPrinciple（成本原則）Accountinginformationisbasedonactualcost(withapotentialforsubsequentadjustmentstomarket)Costismeasuredonacashorequal-to-cashbasis.Implicitassumption:Stable-monetary-unit(幣值穩(wěn)定）,thedollar’spurchasingpowerisrelativelystableAcompanyboughtancarat$100,000oneyearago,andnowthepricedropsandthecarcanbesoldfor$80,000.Whatshouldbetheaccountingvalueofthecaroneyearagoandwhatisnow?Oneyearago:$100000Now:$100000BasicAccountingPrinciplesCos23BasicAccountingPrinciplesGoingConcernPrinciple（持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)）Thebusinessisassumedtocontinueoperatinginsteadofbeingclosedorsold.CostsarespreadintothefutureforaslongastheassetwillbeusedinthebusinessAssetsarereportedatcostinsteadofliquidationvaluesthatassumeclosure.BasicAccountingPrinciplesGoi24BasicAccountingPrinciplesMonetary

UnitPrinciple（貨幣計(jì)量）TransactionsmustberecordedbasedincommonunitsofmoneyItisalsoassumedthattheunitofmoneyisstablesothatinflationaryordeflationarytrendsarenotadjustedfor;theoriginalamountsrecordedstand.BasicAccountingPrinciplesMon25BasicAccountingPrinciplesTimePeriodPrinciple（會(huì)計(jì)分期）Thelifeofacompanycanbedividedintoequaltimeperiods,andfinancialreportsarepreparedforthoseperiods.ThetimeperiodscoveredbyfinancialreportsarecalledaccountingperiodsAncompanyusuallyusesoneyearasitsprimaryaccountingperiod.Periodicreportsatregularintervalsensuresthatdecisionmakersobtaintimelyinformation.BasicAccountingPrinciplesTim26BasicAccountingPrinciplesRevenueRecognitionPrinciple（收入確認(rèn)）Revenueisrecognizedwhenearnedregardlessofwhen

cashisreceived.Revenue

isrecordedwhenearned.Theearningsprocessiscompletewhenservicesareperformedorasellertransfersownershipofproductstothebuyer.Proceedsfromsellingproductsandservicesneednotbeincash，e.g.creditsales.Revenueismeasuredbythecashreceivedplusthecashvalueofanyotheritemsreceived.BasicAccountingPrinciplesRev27BasicAccountingPrinciplesMatchingPrinciple（配比）Accountingreportsshouldmatchagainstrevenueofallthecost(expenses)incurredinearningthatrevenueregardlessofwhentheyarepaidExpensesshouldbereportedinthesameaccountingperiodasrevenuesthatwereearnedasaresultofthoseexpenses.AclientpaysAir&Sea$900onMarch15forservicetobeperformedfromApril1toJune30.HasAir&SeaearnedrevenueonMarch15?Air&Seapays$4500onJuly31forofficerentforthenext3months.HasthecompanyincurredexpenseonJuly31?BasicAccountingPrinciplesMat28BasicAccountingPrinciplesFullDisclosurePrinciple（充分披露）Financialstatementsandtheiraccompanyingnotesincludeallrelevantinformationabouttheoperations,financialpositionoftheentity.Allmaterialandrelevantinformationshouldbecommunicatedtousersinfinancialreports.Abusinessmightbeinvolvedinlitigation,thecontingent(possible)liabilitymustbedisclosed,asitssuppressioncouldmateriallyaffectinvestmentdecisionsbyusersBasicAccountingPrinciplesFul29BasicAccountingPrinciplesConsistencyPrinciple（一致性）AbusinessshouldusethesameaccountingmethodsandproceduresfromperiodtoperiodAnaccountingmethodonceadoptedshouldnotbechangedduringanaccountingperiod.ConsistencyhelpstoseethetrendsinfinancialpositionandmakecomparisonsuncloudedbychangesinaccountingmethodAsignificantchangeanditsmonetaryeffectmustbefullydisclosedinthefinancialreportsBasicAccountingPrinciplesCon30BasicAccountingPrinciplesMaterialityPrinciple（重要性）ThereshouldbedisclosureofanyinformationwhichislikelytoinfluenceanydecisionbasedontheaccountingreportsAnamountmaybeignorediftheireffectsonthefinancialstatementsisnotimportanttousers.InformationismaterialifitsomissionormisstatementcouldinfluencetheeconomicdecisionsofuserstakenonthebasisofthefinancialstatementsContextmatters:whatisrelevanttoasmallshopmightbeimmaterialtoamajorcorporationBasicAccountingPrinciplesMat31BasicAccountingPrinciplesConservatismPrinciple（謹(jǐn)慎）Theleastoptimisticestimateshouldbeselectediftwoormorealternativesareavailable.Prudenceistobeusedwhenjudgmentsorestimatesareunavoidable.Whenriskoruncertaintyexists,thepreferenceforpossibleaccountingmeasurementerrorsshouldbeinthedirectionofunderstatementratherthanoverstatementofassetsandincome.BasicAccountingPrinciplesCon32FinancialStatementsBalancesheet(Statementoffinancialposition)IncomestatementStatementofcashflowsStatementofOwner’sEquityFinancialStatementsBalancesh33BalanceSheet（資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表）BalanceSheet:alistofallassetsownedandalltheliabilitiesowedbyabusinessataspecificpointintime.Assets:（資產(chǎn)）

resourcescontrolledbyanentityasaresultofpasteventsandfromwhichfutureeconomicbenefitsareexpectedtoflowtotheentityTangibleassetsandintangibleassetsCurrentassetsandnon-currentassetsLiabilities（負(fù)債）:creditors’claimsonassets.Presentobligationsoftheentityarisingfrompastevents,thesettlementofwhichis

expectedtoresultinanoutflowfromtheentityofresourcesembodyingeconomicbenefits.Equity（權(quán)益）:owner’sclaimonassets.Itistheamountsinvestedinabusinessbytheowner.equity

=assets-liabilities

BalanceSheet（資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表）BalanceS34IncomeStatement（利潤(rùn)表）Incomestatementisarecordofincomegeneratedandexpenditureincurredoveragivenperiod.ShowswhetherthebusinesshasaprofitorlossoveraperiodRevenue（收入）:theincomegeneratedbythebusinessforaperiod.increasesineconomicbenefitsduringtheaccountingperiodintheformofinflowsorenhancementsofassetsordecreasesofliabilitiesthatresultinincreasesinequity,otherthanthoserelatingtocontributionsfromequityparticipants.IncomeStatement（利潤(rùn)表）Incomest35IncomeStatementExpenses（費(fèi)用）arethecostsofrunningthebusinessforthesameperiod.decreasesineconomicbenefitsduringtheaccountingperiodintheformofoutflowsordepletionsofassetsorincurringofliabilitiesthatresultindecreasesinequity,otherthanthoserelatingtodistributionstoequityparticipants.Netprofit/Netincome:theexcessofrevenuesoverexpensesforthattimeNetLoss:theexcessofexpensesoverrevenuesforthattimeIncomeStatementExpenses（費(fèi)用）a36StatementofOwner’sEquity（所有者權(quán)益表）

Thestatementofowner’sequity（statementofretainedearnings）

reportsinformationabouthowequitychangesoverthereportingperiod.Thestatementofowner’sequitylists：beginningcapitaleventsthatincreaseit:ownerinvestmentsandnetincomeeventsthatdecreaseit:ownerwithdrawals(提取)andnetloss.EndingcapitalEndingcapitaliscarriedoverandreportedonthebalancesheet.StatementofOwner’sEquity（所有37StatementofCashFlows(現(xiàn)金流量表)Statementofcashflowsliststhecashinflowsandoutflowsfromoperatingactivities,investingactivities,andfinancingactivitiesoveraperiod.Operatingactivities:cashflowsrelatedtorevenuesandexpensesofthebusinesstradingInvestingactivities:cashflowsrelatedtoincreasesanddecreasesinthenon-currentassetsFinancingactivities:cashflowsrelatedtothefundingofthebusinessbyownersandlendersStatementofCashFlows(現(xiàn)金流量表)38FinancialStatementsandTheirLinksNetincomeisusedtocomputeequityOwnercapitalisusedtopreparethebalancesheet.Cashfromthebalancesheetisusedtoreconcilethestatementofcashflows.Asingleruledlinedenotesanadditionorsubtraction.Finaltotalsaredoubleunderlined.Negativeamountsareofteninparentheses.FinancialStatementsandTheir39Theaccountingequation（會(huì)計(jì)等式）Accountingequation

Assets=Liabilities+Owner’sEquityEverytransactionaffectsatleasttwoelementsintheaccountingequation.Theaccountingequationremaininbalanceaftereachtransaction.Owner’sequityisdirectlyaffectedbyrevenues,expenses,owner’scapitalandowner’swithdrawals.TheexpandedaccountingequationTheaccountingequation（會(huì)計(jì)等式）A40TheAccountingEquationChangesoftwoelementsAnyincrease(decrease)inAssetsmustbeaccompaniedbyacorrespondingincrease(decrease)ineitherLiabilitiesorOwner’sEquityChangeswithinoneelementAnyincrease(decrease)inonetypeofAssets（Liabilities/Owner’sEquity）mustbeaccompaniedbyacorrespondingdecrease(increase)inanothertypeofAssets（Liabilities/Owner’sEquity）IftheAssetsdoesn’tchangeAnyincrease(decrease)inLiabilitiesmustbeaccompaniedbyacorrespondingdecrease(increase)inOwner’sEquityAnyincrease(decrease)inOwner’sEquitymustbeaccompaniedbyacorrespondingdecrease(increase)inLiabilitiesTheAccountingEquationChanges41Stockholders’Equity+10,0001.+10,000CashAccountsReceivableEquipmentAccountsPayableCommonStock++=+1.Stockholdersinvested$10,000cashtostarttherepairshop.Owner’scapitalAssetsLiabilitiesTheaccountingequationBarone’sRepairShopwasstartedonMay.PrepareatabularanalysisofthefollowingtransactionsforthemonthofMay.42Stockholders’Equity+10,0001.++10,0001.+10,0002.Purchasedequipmentfor$5,000cash.-5,0002.+5,000Owner’sCapitalStockholders’EquityCashAccountsReceivableEquipmentAccountsPayableCommonStock++=+AssetsLiabilities43+10,0001.+10,0002.Purchasede+10,0001.+10,0003.Paid$400cashforMayofficerent.-5,0002.+5,000-4003.-400Stockholders’EquityCashAccountsReceivableEquipmentAccountsPayableCommonStock++=+AssetsLiabilitiesRetainedEarningsExpense+44+10,0001.+10,0003.Paid$400c+10,0001.+10,000-5,0002.+5,000-4003.-400Stockholders’EquityCashAccountsReceivableEquipmentAccountsPayableCommonStock++=+AssetsLiabilitiesRetainedEarnings+5,1004.+5,1004.Received$5,100fromcustomersforrepairservice.Revenue+45+10,0001.+10,000-5,0002.+5,000+10,0001.+10,000-5,0002.+5,000-4003.-400Stockholders’EquityCashAccountsReceivableEquipmentAccountsPayableCommonStock++=+AssetsLiabilitiesRetainedEarnings+5,1004.+5,1005.Paiddividendsof$1,000cash.-1,0005.-1,000+46+10,0001.+10,000-5,0002.+5,000+10,0001.+10,000-5,0002.+5,000-4003.-400Stockholders’EquityCashAccountsReceivableEquipmentAccountsPayableCommonStock++=+AssetsLiabilitiesRetainedEarnings+5,1004.+5,100-1,0005.-1,0006.Paidpart-timeemployeesalariesof$2,000.-2,0006.-2,000Expense+47+10,0001.+10,000-5,0002.+5,000+10,0001.+10,000-5,0002.+5,000-4003.-400Stockholders’EquityCashAccountsReceivableEquipmentAccountsPayableCommonSto