冶金工程專業(yè)英語

冶金工程專業(yè)英語金焱10/13/2023/00:56:18范文講解：Part1FundamentalsofIronandSteelmakingPart2IronmakingPart3Steelmaking/00:56:18Part1FundamentalsofIronandSteelmakingGlobalsteelindustryNewdevelopmentinEuropeFundamentalofironmakingReductionofironoxidesFundamentalofsteelmakingFundamentalsofLadleMetallurgicalReactions/00:56:18Part2IronmakingSinterplantSinterqualityBlastFurnaceBlastfurnacegassystemandhotblaststovesPulverizedcoalinjectiontechnologyBlastfurnaceInstrumentationandControlCOREXplantHIsmelt/00:56:18Part3SteelmakingHotmetalDesulfurizationTechnologyHotmetalpretreatmentprocessBasicOxygenFurnaceProcesscontrolstrategiesofBOFElectricArcFurnaceDirectCurrentElectricArcFurnaceLadleFurnace,TankDegasser,RH,andCAS-OBContinuousCasting/00:56:18Unit1Globalsteelindustry10/13/2023/00:56:181.OverviewTheglobalsteelindustryishighlycyclical,verycompetitiveandstillfragmentedintermsofmarketshare.Currentlytheindustryisattheheightofthebusinesscycleandisgoingthroughaconsolidationphase,whichmightresultinthesmallerplayersbeingacquiredbythelargerones.1.cyclical:周期的；輪轉(zhuǎn)的，循環(huán)的。2.fragment:(使)成碎片，(使)分裂。3.marketshare:市場份額。4.consolidation:合并。5.acquire:取得，獲得。/00:56:18Thetotaloutputfromtheindustryexceeds1.4billiontonsin2005,mostofitaugmentedbytheincreaseinoutputfromChina.Thisisexpectedtoincreasefurther,makingsteeloutputfromChinaamongthelargestintheworld.6.output:產(chǎn)量；生產(chǎn)，出產(chǎn)，產(chǎn)品。7.augment:(使)擴張，擴大；擴編；(使)增大，增加。/00:56:18Thesteelindustrydemonstratesahighdegreeofvariability,bothintermsofearningsandproduction.Thefactorsattributablefordrivingthisvariabilityareglobaleconomicconditionswithaparticularsensitivitytotheperformanceoftheautomotive,construction,capitalgoodsandotherindustrialproductsindustries.8.variability:變化性；變異性。9.earning:利潤。10.factor:要素，因素。11.attributable:由…引起的。12.sensitivity:敏感(性)。13.capital:主要的，資本的。/00:56:18Thecommoditynatureofsteel,theproducersandconsumerslimitedcontrolonprice,andthedemandandsupplydisparityhavemadesteelpricesvolatile.Significantincreasesinpricesformetalsandenergyoverthepasttwoyearshavealsocontributedtoincreasedvariabilityintheindustry.14.commodity:〔常pl.〕商品。15.disparity:不同，不等。16.volatile:易變的，反復(fù)無常的。/00:56:182.BriefCompanyOverviews(1)Arcelor-Mittal:Thefive-monthlongduelbetweenNetherlands-basedMittalandLuxembourg-basedArcelorhasconcluded.Mittal’sunprecedentedtakeovervictoryinthebattlefortheglobalsteelgianthasbroughtthefive-monthbattletoahalt,afterthefinalshareholderapproval.InthenewArcelor-MittalcombinetheMittalfamilycollectivelyholdsa43.5percentshare.17.duel:競爭，斗爭。18.conclude:結(jié)束，終止。19.unprecedented:沒有前例的。20.takeover:接收。21.giant:巨人；大漢。/00:56:18Thenewsteelcompanywillhaveabout334,000employeesworld-wide,andrevenuescloseto$70billion.Arceloriswell-positionedinWesternEuropeandcateringthehigh-gradeautoandconstructionindustry.22.halt:暫停前進(jìn)。23.shareholder:股東。24.approval:批準(zhǔn)。25.combine:集團(tuán)。26.collective:集合的。27.revenue:(國家的)歲入；〔pl.〕總收入。/00:56:18Mittalwithmillsspreadoutthroughthefourcontinentsinlow-costlocationssuchasCzechRepublic,Mexico,andKazakhstan,producingmostlybasicsteelproducts.StilltherearethingstobesettledbetweenArcelorandMittal.Forexample,thefateoftheCanadiansteelmakerDofascoacquiredinApril2006byArcelorisyettobedecided.28.well-positioned:較好的定位。29.cater:為(宴會等)供應(yīng)酒菜；供應(yīng)；迎合，投合。30.cost:費用；代價，價格；成本。31.Kazakhstan:哈薩克斯坦〔亞洲國名〕。/00:56:18Mittal’saggressivebusinessmodelhashelpedthecompanycreateaprofitableenterpriseincountries

thatwerenotregardedasobviousinvestmenttargets(suchasUkraineandIndonesia).Ithastrackrecordofbuyingloss-making,bankruptorunder-producingsteelcompanies,andturningthemaroundbyrestructuring,costcuttingandlayoffs,therebycreatingleanerandmorecompetitiveoperations.32.Ukraine:烏克蘭。33.Indonesia:印度尼西亞。34.profitable:有利可圖的，。35.trackrecord:成績紀(jì)錄。36.under-producing:半停產(chǎn)。37.layoffs:臨時解雇；停工；停止活動。/00:56:18Thecompanyhasproductionunitsin17countries.Incontrast,Arcelorholdsfrontrunningpositionsinitsmainmarkets:automotive,construction,householdappliancesandpackagingaswellasgeneralindustry.ArceloristhenumberonesteelproducerinEuropeandLatinAmerica.Takingadvantageofitsnowdominantposition,Arcelor-Mittalhasambitionstofurtherexpandinternationallyinordertotakeadvantageofthegrowthpotentialofdevelopingeconomiesandoffertechnologicallyadvancedsteelsolutionstoitsglobalcustomers.38.lean:精干的。39.householdappliance:家庭用具。40.dominant:最有力的，占優(yōu)勢的。/00:56:18Arcelor-Mittalismorethanthreetimeslargerintermsofproductionofandrevenuefromsteel,thanitsnearestrivalNipponSteelCorp.ofJapan.Thecombinedcompanywillnowhaveasignificantadvantageinsettingpricesandnegotiatingthetermsofvariouscontractswithkeycustomers.Thenewsteelindustrytitanwillbebetterequippedtocombatthevolatilenatureofthesteelindustry.Thisisduetothefactthatitwillhavegloballydiversifiedoperationsandadiversifiedproductlinegivingitthepowertonegotiatewithlargecustomer.41.rival:競爭者，對手。42.titan:巨頭。43.diversified:多樣化的。/00:56:18

(2)NipponSteelCorporation:

NipponSteelCorporationisJapan’sNo.1steelmakerandtheworld’sthirdlargest,intermsofcrudesteelproduction,withannualconsolidatedoutputofapproximately33milliontons.Itisbackedbyasolidbusinessfranchisesupportedbydiverseproductlineswithafocusonhighvalueaddedproducts,outstandingproductdevelopmentcapability,aswellasastrongcustomerbase.TheCompanyhasalsosecuredasolidpresenceoverseas,fueledbydistinctiveresearchanddevelopmentcapabilitiesandstrategicalliances.44.consolidated:加固的；整理過的，統(tǒng)一的。45.franchise:某種特許權(quán)。46.diverse:多種多樣的。47.presence:存在。48.fuel:(給…)加[供給]燃料。49.distinctive:獨特的。50.strategic:戰(zhàn)略(上)的。51.alliance:同盟。/00:56:18(3)Posco:ThePohangIronandSteelCompanybasedinPohang,SouthKorea,itisoneofthetopsteelproducers.PoscooperatestwosteelcompaniesinSouthKorea,oneinPohangandtheotherinGwangyang.Inadditiontothis,PoscooperatesinajointventurewithUSSteelwithnameofUSS–Posco,locatedinPittsburgh.52.jointventure:合資(企業(yè))。/00:56:18InJune2005,PoscosignedamemorandumofunderstandingwiththeStateGovernmentofOrissa,Indiaandplanstoinvest$12billiontoconstructaplantwithfourblastfurnaces,anelectricityplant,housing,andanannualproductioncapacityof12milliontonsofsteelandisexpectedtostartproductionin2010.53.memorandum:記錄；備忘錄；便箋[函]；通知書；寄售物品通知書。54.blastfurnace:高爐，鼓風(fēng)爐。55.housing:房屋；住宅。/00:56:18

(4)Severstal:SeverstalisthelargestRussiansteelproducer,with2005annualsteelproductionof17.1milliontons.Inaddition,SeverstalownsSeverstalNorthAmerica,thefifthlargestintegratedsteelmakerintheU.S.with2005productionof2.7milliontons,andLucchini,Italy’ssecondlargeststeelgroupwith2005productionof3.5milliontons./00:56:18Severstalisoneoftheworld’slowestcostandmostprofitablesteelproducers,with2005EBITDAofapproximately150eurosperton.Severstal-Resource,itsownsubsidiaryowns70yearsofironorereservesand84yearsofcoalreserves,2005revenueandEBITDAwereapproximatelyEUR1.12billionandEUR506million,respectively.Severstal-Resourceproducescokingcoal,thermalcoal,ironorepelletsandironoreconcentrate.56.EBITDA:未計利息、稅項、折舊及攤銷前的利潤。57.euro:歐元。58.subsidiary:子公司。59.reserve:儲備。60.respectively:各自。61.cokingcoal:煉焦煤。62.thermalcoal:動力煤。63.ironore:鐵礦石。64.pellet:球團(tuán)礦。65.ironoreconcentrate:鐵精礦。/00:56:18(5)Corus:Corusisacustomerfocused,innovativesolutionsdrivencompany,whichmanufactures,processesanddistributesmetalproductsaswellasprovidingdesign,technologyandconsultancyservices.Thecompany’sheadquartersareinLondon,withfourDivisionsandoperationsworldwide.66.innovative:創(chuàng)新的。67.manufacture:(大量)制造，加工。68.consultancy:咨詢，顧問服務(wù)。69.headquarters:總部。70.division:政府或公司的一個部分位。/00:56:18Corusranksamongthe10largeststeelproducersintheworld,withabout18milliontonnesofcrudesteelproductionin2005.Activitiesincludecarbonsteelproductionwhichare90%ofsalesandaluminumsmelting,rolling,andextrusion10%ofsales.Thegroup'smainproductionbasesaretheU.K.,theNetherlands,Sweden,Germany,France,Belgium,andtheU.S.Itisoftenspokenaboutasapossibletakeovercandidate.71.crudesteel:粗鋼。72.carbonsteel:碳素鋼。73.smelt:精煉。74.roll:軋鋼。75.extrusion:擠壓成型。76.takeover:接收；接管。

/00:56:183.GlobalSteelIndustry

ThesteelindustryintheEuropeanUnionisstructureddifferentlythanthesteelindustryintheUnitedStates.Thekeydifferenceistheconsolidationoftheindustry.Arcelor-Mittal,ThyssenKrupp,andCorusenjoysubstantialmarketshareinalargelyconsolidatedmarketplace./00:56:18ThesteelindustryintheUnitedStatesiscompletelydifferentcomparedtootherindustriesglobally.UScorporatebondissuershaveahigherhistoricaldefaultratethananyothersteelproducerglobally.77.bond:契約；聯(lián)盟；證券，。78.issuer:發(fā)行者。79.default:不履行；違約；拖欠；不履行債務(wù)；缺席。/00:56:18ThisreflectshighlyleveragedcapitalstructuresoftheUSsteelproducerscomparedtotheEuropeancounterpartswhoholdhighercashbalancesplacingsignificantimportancetoacautiousapproachtoliquidity.ThehighdefaultrateintheUSsteelindustrycanbeattributedtoanelevatedlevelofshareholderpressureforhighshort-termreturns,whichthenforcesthemanagementtodeployhigher-riskstrategies.80.leverage:為…提供杠桿裝置；以“杠桿收購法”投資于(某個基金)。81.liquidity:流動性，流暢。/00:56:18OversupplyinChina,particularlyincommoditybasedflatproductsandlongproducts,andtheinventorybuild-upinAsiancountriesarepressuringtheregion’sprofitabilityandcashflowandthuscontributingtothevariabilityintheglobalsteelindustry.Anewrecordhighwassetforworldtradeinsteel,whichgrew8%in2005toabout1.3billiontons.82.oversupply:過度供給。83.commodity:商品。84.flatproduct:扁平材產(chǎn)品。85.longproduct:長材產(chǎn)品。86.inventory:存貨。87.build-up:上升，升高。/00:56:18Thelargeststeelexportingcountriesin2005wereEU32.4milliontons,Japan32milliontons,Russia30.9milliontons,Ukraine27.3milliontonsand,enteringthetop5forthefirsttime,China27.4milliontonsupasolid37percent.ThelargestimportingcountrieswereChina27.5milliontons,theEU25.1milliontonsandJapan13.2milliontons.Themajorexportersofironorein2005wereAustralia239milliontonsandBrazil224milliontons.88.break-up:明細(xì)表。/00:56:18ImportsintoChinaincreasedby32%in2005,comparedto2004,importsintotheEUandJapanactuallyfellby2%.ImportsintoChinafromAustraliain2005were112milliontons,anincreaseof34milliontonson2004.ImportsfromIndia,at68.5milliontons,wereupby18milliontonson2004whichmeansthatimportsfromIndiahaveincreasedtenfoldsince1998.ImportsintoChinafromBrazilreached55milliontons,andincreaseof8milliontons.Thebreak-upofChineseimportsbycountryoforiginshowsthatAustraliasupplied41%,India25%andBrazil20%,othercountriessuchasSouthAfricacontributetotheremaining14%./00:56:18(1)China:In2005steelproductioninChinawas349milliontonsup25%from2004.Incomparison,productionin2004was280milliontons,2003was222milliontonsand2002182milliontons.Importsin2005fell18%to27.3milliontonsfrom33.2milliontonsin2004./00:56:18Importshadpreviouslyrisensignificantlyin2003toreach43milliontons.Exportsgrew36%in2005toreach27milliontonscomparedwith20milliontonsin2004and8milliontonsin2003.SinceSeptember2004exportshaveexceededimportstomakeChinaanetsteelexporteralthoughthiswasreversedfromJuly2005.However,inDecember2005,exportsagainexceededimports.RealGDPinChinaisexpectedtobearound10percentin2006andwillmostlikelyremainhighin2007intherun-uptothe2008BeijingOlympics,hencefeedingdemand./00:56:18China,whichisamajorproducerandconsumerglobally,isanetexporterofsteelanditsincreasedsupplyofproductsmightfinditswaytotheNorthAmericamarkets.ThesuddenincreaseinsteelimportsfromChinaisnotonlyfueledbytheBeijingOlympicsscheduledfor2008,butalsobecauseoftheincreaseindomesticdemandforinfrastructureignitedbytherapidindustrializationinChina.CurrentlytherearenumeroussmalllocalsteelcompaniesinChina,andingeneralviewtheChinesesteelindustryisripeforarapidconsolidationphase.AfterBeijingOlympicsin2008,thereareprospectsofaslowdownintheindustry.89.infrastructure:基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。90.ignite:點燃。91.ripe:成熟的。92.beripefor:…的時機成熟。/00:56:18(2)UnitedStates:TheUS,whichistraditionallyasteelimporter,recordedimportsof30.2milliontonsin2005adropof8%on2004.Thekeyimportedproductsweresemis6.3milliontons,hotrolledcoil3.7milliontons,weldedtubes3.6milliontonsandwirerod2.8milliontons.KeysupplyingcountriesincludetheNAFTAmembersCanada5.6milliontonsandMexico3.8milliontonsfollowedbyBrazil2.4milliontonsandChina2.3milliontons.USsteelmillexportsin2005were9.4milliontonscomparedwith7.8miliiontonsin2004.93.appetite:胃口。94.semis:半成品。95.hotrolledcoil:熱軋鋼卷。96.weldedtube:焊管。97.wire:鋼絲。98.rod:線材。99.NAFTA:NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定。100.steelmill:鋼廠。/00:56:18(3)EuropeanUnion:

EUimports,afterreachingtheirhighestleveleverinQ12005at8.7milliontons,fellbacksharplyinthesecondquartertodownto7.7milliontonsandalsoinquarter3downto5.3milliontons.Henceinthefirst9months2005imports,at21.7milliontonswere11%downonthesameperiod2004./00:56:18Consequently,overthefirst9monthstheEUhasresumeditspositionasanetsteelexporterwithasurplusof2milliontonsimports21.7milliontonsandexports23.7milliontons.KeyproductsimportedbytheEUincludesemis,hotrolledcoil,wirerod,galvanizedsheet,hotrolledplatesandcoldrolledsheet.KeyimportsourcesincludeRussia3.9milliontons,Turkey2.1milliontons,Ukraine2.2milliontons,China1.5milliontons,India0.9milliontonsandBrazil1.1milliontons.101.resume:拿回。102.surplus:盈余。103.galvanizedsheet:鍍鋅薄板。104.hotrolled:熱軋的。105.plate:（中厚板）。106.coldrolled:冷軋的。107.sheet:薄板。/00:56:18Readingmaterial1:NewdevelopmentinEurope10/13/2023/00:56:181.SteelproductioninEuropeSteelisaglobalproduct,andduetotherapidinformationtransferworldwidetherearenofundamentaldifferencesregardingtheproductionprocesses.Nevertheless,therearedistinctionsinthetechnologiesapplied,causedbytherawmaterialsandenergysituation,consumerorientation,andalsocausedbythespeedoftheintroductionofinnovationsandnewprocessdevelopmentsinoperationalapplication.1.distinction:區(qū)別,分清。2.orientation:定位熟悉。3.innovation:革新,創(chuàng)新。/00:56:18TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isoneofthemostimportanteconomicblocksintheworld.ThetreatyonthefoundationoftheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC),establishedin1952,wasoneoftheoriginsoftheEuropeanUnionwhichtodaycomprises15memberstates.Thisregionhasabout376millioninhabitants;in1999theproductionofcrudesteelamountedto155milliont.4.economicblock:經(jīng)濟板塊。5.theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity:歐洲煤鋼聯(lián)營體。/00:56:18Geographically,EuropecontainsseveralothersteelproducingcountriesoutsidetheEU.WithoutconsideringtheshareoftheCISmemberstates,thereisanadditionalcrudesteelproductionofabout50milliont.AnoverviewofthesteelproductionlocationsinEuropehavingacapacityofmorethan4milliont/yearcrudesteelrevealsthatthecityofDuisburginGermanyistheareawiththehighestproductionlevel.6.CIS:CommonwealthofIndependenceStates獨聯(lián)體。/00:56:18Theshareofbasicoxygenfurnacesteelmakinginintegratedplantsisheadingtowards60%,andthatofscrapbasedelectricsteelmakingtowards40%.Today,andinthefuture,onlythoseproductionprocesseswhichachievehighproductivity,costefficiency,andalsoeasyandsufficientenvironmentalcontrolwillhaveachancetosurvive.Therefore,theBasicBessemerandOpen-Hearthprocesseshavebeenphasedout.7.basicoxygenfurnace:堿性氧氣轉(zhuǎn)爐。8.integratedplant:鋼鐵廠。9.scrap:廢鋼。10.electricsteelmaking:電爐煉鋼。11.BasicBessemer:堿性貝塞麥轉(zhuǎn)爐煉鋼法。12.Open-Hearthprocess:平爐工藝。13.phaseout:分階段停止使用。/00:56:18SinteristhemainferrousburdencomponentfortheblastfurnacesintheEuropeanUnion.TheaverageburdencompositioninEUcountriesis62.4%sinter,26.1%pelletsand11.5%lumporesandothers.OnlySwedenhasshutdownallitssinterplants.14.sinter:燒結(jié)物；燒結(jié)礦。15.burden:含鐵原料。16.blastfurnace:高爐。17.lumpore:塊礦。2.Sinterplants/00:56:18Intheothercountries,theshareofsinterrangesfromabout45to85%.In1999,41sinterplantswereoperatedintheEUproducing100milliontofsinter.Over50%aremediumtolargeplantswith200to500m2effectivesuctionarea–thelargestbeingstrandNo.3atSollacDunkerquewith525m2.18.effectivesuctionarea:有效抽風(fēng)面積。/00:56:18SinterplantsintheEUarefocusingonreducingdioxinemissionstoextremelylowlevels.Therefore,severalactivitiestoreducedioxinemissionsarecarriedout.UreaisaddedtothesinterplantinLlanwern,UnitedKingdom.Thisresultedinadecreaseindioxinemissions.Onepossiblemechanismforthedioxinreductionusingureaisthereductionofchlorinelevels.Theaveragedioxinemissionlevelscouldbedecreasedto0.6ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.)inthewastegas.19.dioxin:二惡英。20.emission:散發(fā)。21.urea:尿素。22.chlorine:氯。23.TEQ:由于環(huán)境二惡英主要以混合物形式存在，在對二惡英的毒性進(jìn)行評價時，國際上常把不同組分折算成相當(dāng)于2,3,7,8-TCDD的量來表示，稱為毒性當(dāng)量(ToxicEquivalentQuantity，簡稱TEQ)。24.s.t.p.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溫度和壓力。/00:56:18AtCorusinIjmuiden,theNetherlands,halfofthewastegasquantityisrecycledviahoodstothesinterstrand,whilsttheresidualgasiscleanedusingthewetscrubbingAirfinesystem.ThiscombinationofEOS(EmissionOptimisedSintering)andAirfineenabledthereductionofdioxinemissionstoapprox.0.20to0.24ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).TheauthoritiesintheNetherlandsprescribeamaximumallowableemissionvalueof0.5ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).25.hood:煙罩。26.strand:（燒結(jié)機）一臺；（連鑄機）一流。27.residual:殘余的，剩下的。28.scrub:(使)(氣體)凈化；(從氣體中)分離出，提出。29.wetscrubbing:濕法噴淋。/00:56:18WithintheframeworkofaEuropeanconsortium,adrygascleaningsystemtoreducedioxinemissionswasdiscussedwiththeGermanauthorities.ThesystemwastobetestedataThyssenKruppStahlsinterplant,withtheaimtoreachavalueof0.1ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).Twomethodshavebeentesteduptonow:Theinjectionoflignitecokedustintothewastegasinfrontoftheelectrostaticprecipitatorandtheuseofcatalystsinfrontofthestack.ForthefutureofsinterplantsinGermanyitisessentialtoclarifythehealthrelevanceofadioxinemissionvalueof0.1ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).30.consortium:(國際)財團(tuán)。31.drygascleaningsystem:干法氣體清洗系統(tǒng)。32.lignite:褐煤。33.coke:焦(炭)。34.electrostaticprecipitator:靜電除塵器。35.catalyst:觸媒，催化劑。/00:56:183.Blastfurnaces72blastfurnaces(BF)areoperatedintheEU,producing91millionthotmetal(HM)peryear.Mostofthefurnacesareintherangeof9to13mhearthdiameter,6furnaceshaveahearthdiameterofover13m.Averageannualproductionperblastfurnace,isapprox.1.26millionthotmetal;thelargestfurnace,SchwelgernNo.2ofThyssenKruppStahl,producesover4milliont/a.36.hotmetal:鐵水。37.hearth:(平爐的)爐床；(高爐的)爐膛，爐缸。38.hearthdiameter:（高爐）爐缸直徑。/00:56:18Highestproductivitiesachievedareintherangeof3.0t/m3workingvolumeper24h.TotalreductantrateoftheEUfurnaceshasonaverageremainedatalowlevelduringthelasttenyears(approx.485kg/tHM).Therelativedistributionofreducingagentshaschangedremarkably.Averagecokeratesdecreasedby60kg/tHMto358kg/tHM,resultinginasavingofcokecapacitiesofaround5.5milliont/a.39.productivity:生產(chǎn)率；生產(chǎn)能力；（高爐）利用系數(shù)。40.workingvolume:有效容積。41.totalreductantrate:總還原劑比。42.reducingagent:還原劑。43.cokerate:焦比。44.HM:hotmetal的簡稱。/00:56:18Thesesavingsincokewerebasicallyachievedbyincreasingtheaveragecoalinjectionrate.In1999thehighestcoalinjectionratesachievedbysomeblastfurnaceswereintherangeof190to200kg/tHM.Astodaycertainblastfurnacesarealreadyconstantlyoperatedatacokerateof300kg/tHMandbelow,itcanbeexpectedthattheaveragecokelevelcanbedecreasedfrom358kg/tHMtoapprox.320kg/tHMbytheyear2005.45.injectionrate:噴吹比。46.coalinjection:煤粉噴吹。/00:56:18Thiscanberealizedbyfurtherincreasingtheinjectionratesandbyreplacingoilinjectionbycoalinjectioniftheoilpriceremainsatahighlevel.Toimprovecoalgasificationatthelancetipduringinjectionathighrates,ademonstrationprojectfortheinjectionofpreheatedpulverizedcoalisbeingcarriedoutwithintheECSC.47.lancetip:噴槍端部。48.pulverizedcoal:煤粉。/00:56:18Atthreeblastfurnaces,alllocatedinGermany,processedwasteplasticsareinjectedasareplacementforoil.Plasticinjectionrateswereupto44kg/tHM,andtheevaluatedoilreplacementratiowas1:1.Theblastfurnacesusingtheseplasticsarepaidanagreedpremiumbytheplasticsrecyclingindustry.49.replacementratio:置換比。50.premium:獎賞，獎勵；獎金；獎狀，獎品；獎分。/00:56:18Theplasticsusedhavetofulfillextremelyexactingrequirementsregardingchemicalcompositionandgrainsizedistribution.In1999,104000tofplasticswereinjectedintotheseblastfurnaces.AfurtherincreaseofplasticsinjectioninEuropeisnotlikelyatthemoment.51.grainsize:顆粒粒度。/00:56:18Inthefieldofblastfurnaceplantequipment,newdevelopmentsincoolingtechnologyshouldbehighlighted.Inadditiontocastironcoolingstaves,thenewlydevelopedcopperstavesarebecomingincreasinglyestablishedinthemiddleshaftareadowntotheheartharea.Comparedwithcastironstaves,copperstavesenablesignificantlyhigherheatremoval.52.castiron:鑄鐵。53.coolingstave:冷卻壁。54.copperstave:銅冷卻壁。55.middleshaftarea:（高爐）爐身中部區(qū)域。56.heatremoval:散熱。/00:56:18Theyareconsiderablythinner,thusincreasingthefurnacevolumewithoutchangingtheshellsize.Itisadvisabletoinstallcopperstaveswithoutrefractorybrickworkinthelowershaftandbellyarea,becauseduetotherapidheatremovaldepositsareformedontheirsurfaceandprotectthestavesagainstabrasivewear.BlastfurnaceNo.2StahlwerkeBremen(12.0mhearthdiameter)wasthefirstfurnaceintheworldequippedwithcoppercoolingstavesinthehearthduringitsreliningin1999.57.furnacevolume:爐容。58.shell:爐殼。59.refractory:耐火材料。60.brickwork:磚砌體。61.lowershaft:（高爐）爐身下部。62.belly:（高爐）爐腹。63.deposit:淤積[沉積]物。64.abrasive:有磨損力的。65.wear:磨損。66.reline:（換襯）大修。/00:56:184.BasicoxygenfurnacesteelmakingThetotalEUbasicoxygenfurnace(BOF)productionofabout100milliont/ahasremainednearlyconstantduringthelastl0years,althoughtheshareofthisprocesslineisslightlydecreasing.ThestrongincreaseinvacuumtreatmentcapacitiesintheEUreflectsthedemandforhighqualitysteelgrades.ThelastfewyearshavebeencharacterizedbythetrendofintegratingladlefurnacesinBOFshopstoenablelowertappingtemperaturesandindependenttemperaturemanagement.67.basicoxygenfurnace(BOF):堿性氧氣轉(zhuǎn)爐。68.vacuumtreatment:真空處理。69.steelgrade:鋼種。70.ladlefurnace:鋼包爐。/00:56:18HighqualityflatproductsaremainlyproducedbytheBF-BOFsteelmakingrouteinintegratedsteelplants.Scrapbasedflatsteelproductionrequiresscrappreparationandselection,andhighamountsofvirginmaterialslikeDRIandhotmetal.Thecomparisonoflongandflatproductionandthescrap/hotmetalsituationintheworldandintheEU，makesitobviousthatthehighshareofflatproductsintheEU，andespeciallyinGermany,islinkedwithahighhotmetalinputforsteelmaking.71.BF:blastfurnace的簡稱，高爐。72.virginmaterials:純凈的原料。73.DRI:DirectReducedIron的簡稱，直接還原鐵。/00:56:18"Extreme"situationscanbeidentifiedinJapanandtheUnitedStates，theformerbeingcharacterizedbyverylowscrapinputandthelatterbyhighscrapinput(alsoforflatproduction).InsomeEuropeancountriesthespecificscrapinputinBOFsteelmakinghasbeendecreasedsincel980；thesecountrieshavestillsomepotentialforloweringCO2emissionsbyincreasingscrapconsumption./00:56:18Ameasuretoincreasescrapconsumptionintheconverteristheachievementofahighdegreeofpost-combustion.Pilottrialsusingajetofhotairat1200℃,bottomblowingofoxygenandfinecoal,haveledtopost-combustiondegreesof60to65%andexcellentheattransfertothemelt.Successfultrialswitha10tconverterhaverecentlybeenperformedatNeueMaxhfutteinGermany.74.converter:煉鋼爐，轉(zhuǎn)爐。75.post-combustion:二次燃燒。76.finecoal:煤粉。/00:56:18DevelopmentsinBOFsteelmakinginEuropearemainlyaimedatimprovingproductivity.DynamicBOFmodelsandstandardizingtheblowingoperationareundercontinuousdevelopment.Neuralnetworksforprocessconditionpredictionofferagreatpotential,particularlywhererelationshipsarenon-linearorinputdataaremissing.Withhighscraprates,strictdemandsconcerningtheresidualelementsareanecessity.TheproductivityofEuropeanBOFvesselsisabout400to550t/hworkingtimefor280to380tvessels.Topproductivityismostlyobtainedinsteelshopsworking