卷一 2016年6月英語四級真題及答案

2016年6月英語四級真題及答案PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealettertoexpressyourthankstoyourparentsoranyfamilymembersuponmakingmemorableachievement.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartⅡListeningComprehension(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.1.A)TheInternationalLaborOrganization'skeyobjective.B)Thebasicsocialprotectionforthemostvulnerable.C)Risingunemploymentworldwide.D)Globaleconomicrecovery.2.A)Manycountrieshavenottakenmeasurestocreateenoughjobs.B)Fewcountriesknowhowtoaddressthecurrenteconomiccrisis.C)Fewcountrieshaverealizedtheseriousnessofthecurrentcrisis.D)Manycountriesneedsupporttoimprovetheirpeople'slivelihood.Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.3.A)Servestandardizedfoodnationwide.B)Putcalorieinformationonthemenu.C)Increaseproteincontentinthefood.D)Offerconvenientfoodtocustomers.4.A)Theywillbefined.B)Theywillbeclosed.C)Theywillgetawarning.D)Theywilllosecustomers.Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.5.A)Inabilitytoimplementtheirbusinessplans.B)Inabilitytokeepturningoutnovelproducts.C)Lackofasuccessfulbusinessmodeloftheirown.D)Failuretointegrateinnovationintotheirbusiness.6.A)Itisthesecrettobusinesssuccess.B)Itisthecreationofsomethingnew.C)Itisamagictooltobringbigrewards.D)Itisanessentialpartofbusinessculture.7.A)Itshardworkingemployees.B)Itsflexiblepromotionstrategy.C)Itsinnovationculture.D)Itswillingnesstomakeinvestments.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversationsyouwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationsandthequestion-swillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion.YoumustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.8.A)He'sgotaddictedtotechnology.B)Heisnotverygoodatsocializing.C)Heiscrazyabouttext-messaging.D)Hedoesnottalklongonthephone.9.A)Talkbig.B)Talkatlength.C)Gossipalot.D)Forgetherself.10.A)Hethoughtitwascool.B)Heneededthepractice.C)Hewantedtostayconnectedwiththem.D)Hehadanurgentmessagetosend.11.A)Itposesachallengetoseniors.B)Itsavesbothtimeandmoney.C)Itischildishandunprofessional.D)Itiscoolandconvenient.Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.12.A)Hewantstochangehisjobassignment.B)Heisunhappywithhisdepartmentmanager.C)Hethinkshedeservesextrapayforovertime.D)Heisoftensingledoutforcriticismbyhisboss.13.A)Hisworkloadwasmuchtooheavy.B)Hisimmediatebossdidnottrusthim.C)Hiscolleaguesoftenrefusedtocooperate.D)Hissalarywastoolowforhisresponsibility.14.A)Heneverknowshowtorefuse.B)Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers.C)Hisbosshasalotoftrustinhim.D)Hisbosshasnosenseoffairness.15.A)Putallhiscomplaintsinwriting.B)Waitandseewhathappensnext.C)Learntosaynowhennecessary.D)Talktohisbossinpersonfirst.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.16.A)Theimportanceofsleeptoahealthylife.B)ReasonsforAmericans'declineinsleep.C)Sometipstoimprovethequalityofsleep.D)Diseasesassociatedwithlackofsleep.17.A)Theyaremorehealth-conscious.B)Theyarechangingtheirlivinghabits.C)Theygetlessandlesssleep.D)Theyknowthedangersoflackofsleep.18.A)Theirweightwillgodown.B)Theirmindfunctionwilldeteriorate.C)Theirworkefficiencywilldecrease.D)Theirbloodpressurewillrise.Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.19.A)Howmuchyoucanaffordtopay.B)Whatcourseyouaregoingtochoose.C)Whichuniversityyouaregoingtoapplyto.D)Whenyouaregoingtosubmityourapplication.20.A)Thelistofcoursesstudied.B)Thefullrecordofscores.C)Thereferencesfromteachers.D)Thepersonalstatement.21.A)Specifywhattheywouldliketodoaftergraduation.B)Describeindetailhowmuchtheywouldenjoystudying.C)Indicatetheyhavereflectedandthoughtaboutthesubject.D)Emphasizethattheyadmiretheprofessorsintheuniversity.Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.22.A)Itwasequippedwithrubbertyres.B)Itwasbuiltinthelate19thcentury.C)ItwaspurchasedbytheRoyalfamily.D)ItwasdesignedbyanEnglishengineer.23.A)Theyconsumedlotsofpetrol.B)Theytooktwopassengersonly.C)Theyweredifficulttodrive.D)Theyoftenbrokedown.24.A)Theywereproducedontheassemblyline.B)Theywerebuiltwithlesscostlymaterials.C)TheyweremodeledafterBritishcars.D)Theyweremadeforordinaryuse.25.A)Itmadenewsallovertheworld.B)ItwasbuiltfortheRoyalfamily.C)Itmarkedanewerainmotortravel.D)Itattractedlargenumbersofmotorists.PartIIIReadingComprehension（40minutes）SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Physicalactivitydoesthebodygood,andthere'sgrowingevidencethatithelpsthebraintoo.ResearchersintheNetherlandsreportthatchildrenwhogetmoreexercise,whetheratschoolorontheirown,26tohavehigherGPAsandbetterscoresonstandardizedtests.Ina27of14studiesthatlookedatphysicalactivityandacademic28,investigatorsfoundthatthemorechildrenmoved,thebettertheirgradeswereinschool,29inthebasicsubjectsofmath,Englishandreading.Thedatawillcertainlyfueltheongoingdebateoverwhetherphysicaleducationclassesshouldbecutasschoolsstruggleto30onsmallerbudgets.Theargumentsagainstphysicaleducationhaveincludedconcernsthatgymtimemaybetakingawayfromstudytime.WithstandardizedtestscoresintheU.S.31inrecentyears,someadministratorsbelievestudentsneedtospendmoretimeintheclassroominsteadofontheplayground.Butasthesefindingsshow,exerciseandacademicsmaynotbe32exclusive.Physicalactivitycanimproveblood33tothebrain,fuelingmemory,attentionandcreativity,whichare34tolearning.Andexercisereleaseshormonesthatcanimprove35andrelievestress,whichcanalsohelplearning.Sowhileitmayseemasifkidsarejustexercisingtheirbodieswhenthey'rerunningaround,theymayactuallybeexercisingtheirbrainsaswell.AttendanceConsequentlyCurrentDepressingDroppingEssentialFeasibleFlowMoodMutuallyParticularlyPerformanceReviewSurviveTendSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.FindingtheRightHome—andContentment,Too[A]Whenyourelderlyrelativeneedstoentersomesortoflong-termcarefacility—amomentfewparentsorchildrenapproachwithoutfear—whatyouwouldlikeistohaveeverythingmadeclear.[B]Doesassistedlivingreallymarkagreatimprovementoveranursinghome,orhastheindustrysimplyhiredbetterinteriordesigners?Arenursinghomesasbadaspeoplefear,oristhatanout-modedstereotype（固定看法)?Candoingone'shomeworkreallysteerfamiliestothe bestplaces?Itisgenuinelyhardtoknow.[C]Iamabouttomakethingsmorecomplicatedbysuggestingthatwhatkindoffacilityanolder personlivesinmaymatterlessthanwehaveassumed.Andthatthecharacteristicsadult childrenlookforwhentheybeginthesearcharenotnecessarilythethingsthatmakeadifferencetothepeoplewhoaregoingtomovein.Iamnottalkingaboutthequalityofcare,letmehastilyadd.Nobodyflourishesinagloomyenvironmentwithirresponsiblestaffanda poorsafetyrecord.Butanaccumulatingbodyofresearchindicatesthatsomedistinctionsbetweenonetypeofeldercareandanotherhavelittlerealbearingonhowwellresidentsdo.[D]Themostrecentofthesestudies,publishedinThejournalofAppliedGerontology,surveyed150Connecticutresidentsofassistedliving,nursinghomesandsmallerresidentialcarehomes（knowninsomestatesasboardandcarehomesoradultcarehomes).ResearchersfromtheUniversityofConnecticutHealthCenteraskedtheresidentsalargenumberofquestionsabouttheirqualityoflife,emotionalwell-beingandsocialinteraction,aswellasaboutthequalityofthefacilities.[E]“Wethoughtwewouldseedifferencesbasedonthehousingtypes,”saidtheleadauthorofthestudy,JulieRobison,anassociateprofessorofmedicineattheuniversity.Areasonableassumption—don'tfamiliesstruggletoavoidnursinghomesandsufferrealguiltiftheycan't?[F]Intheinitialresults,assistedlivingresidentsdidpaintthemostpositivepicture.Theywerelesslikelytoreportsymptomsofdepressionthanthoseintheotherfacilities,forinstance,andlesslikelytobeboredorlonely.Theyscoredhigheronsocialinteraction.[G]Butwhentheresearcherspluggedinanumberofothervariables,suchdifferencesdisappeared.Itisnotthehousingtype,theyfound,thatcreatesdifferencesinresidents'responses.“Itisthecharacteristicsofthespecificenvironmenttheyarein,combinedwiththeirownpersonalcharacteristics—howhealthytheyfeeltheyare,theirageandmaritalstatus,”Dr.Robisonexplained.Whetherresidentsfeltinvolvedinthedecisiontomoveandhowlongtheyhad livedtherealsoprovedsignificant.[H]Anelderlypersonwhodescribesherselfasinpoorhealth,therefore,mightbenolessdepressedinassistedliving（evenifherchildrenpreferredit)thaninanursinghome.Apersonwhohadinputintowherehewouldmoveandhashadtimetoadapttoitmightdoaswellinanursinghomeasinasmallresidentialcarehome,otherfactorsbeingequal.Itisaninteractionbetweenthepersonandtheplace,notthesortofplaceinitself,thatleadstobetterorworseexperiences.“Youcan'tjustsay,'Let'sputthispersoninaresidentialcarehome insteadofanursinghome—shewillbemuchbetteroff,'”Dr.Robisonsaid.Whatmatters,sheadded,“isacombinationofwhatpeoplebringinwiththem,andwhattheyfindthere.”[I]Suchfindings,whichruncountertocommonsense,havesurfacedbefore.Inamulti-statestudyofassistedliving,forinstance,UniversityofNorthCarolinaresearchersfoundthatahostofvariables—thefacility'stype,sizeorage；whetherachainownedit；howattractivetheneighborhoodwas—hadnosignificantrelationshiptohowtheresidentsfaredintermsofillness,mentaldecline,hospitalizationsormortality.Whatmatteredmostwastheresidents'physicalhealthandmentalstatus.Whatpeoplewerelikewhentheycameinhadgreaterconsequencethanwhathappenedoncetheywerethere.[J]AsIwasconsideringallthis,apressreleasefromarespectedresearchfirmcrossedmydesk,announcingthatthefive-starratingsystemthatMedicaredevelopedin2008tohelpfamiliescomparenursinghomequalityalsohaslittlerelationshiptohowsatisfieditsresidentsortheir familymembersare.Asamatteroffact,consumersexpressedhighersatisfactionwiththe one-starfacilities,thelowestrated,thanwiththefive-starones.（Moreonthisstudyandthestarratingswillappearinasubsequentpost.)[K]Beforewecollectivelytearourhairout—howarewesupposedtofindourwayinalandscapethisconfusing?—hereisathoughtfromDr.PhilipSloane,ageriatrician（老年病學(xué)專家)attheUniversityofNorthCarolina:“Inaway,thatcouldbeliberatingforfamilies.”[L]Ofcourse,sonsanddaughterswanttovisitthefacilities,talktotheadministratorsandresidentsandotherfamilies,anddoeverythingpossibletofulfilltheirduties.Butperhapstheydon'thavetoturnthemselvesintoprivateinvestigatorsorCongressionalsubcommittees.“Familiescanlookabitmoreforwheretheresidentsaregoingtobehappy,”Dr.Sloanesaid.Andinvolvingthefutureresidentintheprocesscanbeveryimportant.[M]Weallhaveourownideasaboutwhatwouldbringourparentshappiness.Theyhavetheir ideas,too.Afriendrecentlytookhermothertovisitanexpensiveassistedliving/nursinghomenearmytown.Ihaveseenthisplace—itiselegant,insideandout.Butnobodygreetedthedaughterandmotherwhentheyarrived,thoughthevisithadbeenplanned；nobodyintroducedthemtotheotherresidents.Whentheyhadlunchinthediningroom,theysataloneatatable.[N]Thedaughterfearedhermotherwouldbeignoredthere,andsoshedecidedtomoveherintoamorewelcomingfacility.Basedonwhatisemergingfromsomeofthisresearch,thatmighthavebeenasrationalawayasanytoreachadecision.36.Manypeoplefeelguiltywhentheycannotfindaplaceotherthananursinghomefortheirparents.37.Thoughithelpsforchildrentoinvestigatecarefacilities,involvingtheirparentsinthedecision-makingprocessmayproveveryimportant.38.Itisreallydifficulttotellifassistedlivingisbetterthananursinghome.39.Howaresidentfeelsdependsonaninteractionbetweenthemselvesandthecarefacilitytheylivein.40.Theauthorthinksherfriendmadearationaldecisioninchoosingamorehospitableplaceoveranapparentlyelegantassistedlivinghome.41.ThesystemMedicaredevelopedtoratenursinghomequalityisoflittlehelptofindingasatisfactoryplace.42.Atfirsttheresearchersofthemostrecentstudyfoundresidentsinassistedlivingfacilitiesgave higherscoresonsocialinteraction.43.Whatkindofcarefacilityoldpeopleliveinmaybelessimportantthanwethink.44.Thefindingsofthelatestresearchweresimilartoanearliermulti-statestudyofassistedliving.45.Aresident'ssatisfactionwithacarefacilityhasmuchtodowithwhethertheyhadparticipated inthedecisiontomoveinandhowlongtheyhadstayedthere.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AsArtificialIntelligence(AI)becomesincreasinglysophisticated,therearegrowingconcernsthatrobotscouldbecomeathreat.Thisdangercanbeavoided,accordingtocomputerscienceprofessorStuartRussell,ifwefigureouthowtoturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammablecode.Russellarguesthatasrobotstakeonmorecomplicatedtasks,it'snecessarytotranslateourmoralsintoAIlanguage.Forexample,ifarobotdoeschoresaroundthehouse,youwouldn'twantittoputthepetcatintheoventomakedinnerforthehungrychildren.“Youwouldwantthatrobotpreloadedwithagoodsetofvalues,”saidRussell.Somerobotsarealreadyprogrammedwithbasichumanvalues.Forexample,mobilerobotshavebeenprogrammedtokeepacomfortabledistancefromhumans.Obviouslythereareculturaldifferences,butifyouweretalkingtoanotherpersonandtheycameupcloseinyourpersonalspace,youwouldn'tthinkthat'sthekindofthingaproperlybrought-uppersonwoulddo.Itwillbepossibletocreatemoresophisticatedmoralmachines,ifonlywecanfindawaytosetouthumanvaluesasclearrules.Robotscouldalsolearnvaluesfromdrawingpatternsfromlargesetsofdataonhumanbehavior.Theyaredangerousonlyifprogrammersarecareless.Thebiggestconcernwithrobotsgoingagainsthumanvaluesisthathumanbeingsfailtodosufficienttestingandthey'veproducedasystemthatwillbreaksomekindoftaboo（禁忌).Onesimplecheckwouldbetoprogramarobottocheckthecorrectcourseofactionwithahumanwhenpresentedwithanunusualsituation.Iftherobotisunsurewhetherananimalissuitableforthemicrowave,ithastheopportunitytostop,sendoutbeeps（嘟嘟聲),andaskfordirectionsfromahuman.Ifwehumansaren'tquitesureaboutadecision,wegoandasksomebodyelse.Themostdifficultstepinprogrammingvalueswillbedecidingexactlywhatwebelieveinmoral,andhowtocreateasetofethicalrules.Butifwecomeupwithananswer,robotscouldbegoodforhumanity.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthethreatofrobots?Itmayconstituteachallengetocomputerprogrammers.Itaccompaniesallmachineryinvolvinghightechnology.Itcanbeavoidedifhumanvaluesaretranslatedintotheirlanguage.Ithasbecomeaninevitableperilastechnologygetsmoresophisticated.Whatwouldwethinkofapersonwhoinvadesourpersonalspaceaccordingtotheauthor?Theyareaggressive.Theyareoutgoing.Theyareignorant.Theyareill-bred.Howdorobotslearnhumanvalues?Byinteractingwithhumansineverydaylifesituations.Byfollowingthedailyroutinesofcivilizedhumanbeings.Bypickinguppatternsfrommassivedataonhumanbehavior.Byimitatingthebehaviorofpropertybrought-uphumanbeings.Whatwillawell-programmedrobotdowhenfacinganunusualsituation?Keepadistancefrompossibledangers.Stoptoseekadvicefromahumanbeing.Triggeritsbuilt-inalarmsystematonce.Dosufficienttestingbeforetakingaction.Whatismostdifficulttodowhenweturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammablecode?Determinewhatismoralandethical.Designsomelarge-scaleexperiments.Setrulesforman-machineinteraction.Developamoresophisticatedprogram.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whydosomepeoplelivetobeolderthanothers?Youknowthestandardexplanations:keepingamoderatediet,engaginginregularexercise,etc.Butwhateffectdoesyourpersonalityhaveonyourlongevity（長壽）?Dosomekindsofpersonalitiesleadtolongerlives?AnewstudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietylookedatthisquestionbyexaminingthepersonalitycharacteristicsof246childrenofpeoplewhohadlivedtobeatleast100.Thestudyshowsthatthoselivingthelongestaremoreoutgoing,moreactiveandlessneurotic（神經(jīng)質(zhì)的)thanotherpeople.Long-livingwomenarealsomorelikelytobesympatheticandcooperativethanwomenwithanormallifespan.Thesefindingsareinagreementwithwhatyouwouldexpectfromtheevolutionarytheory:thosewholiketomakefriendsandhelpotherscangatherenoughresourcestomakeitthroughtoughtimes.Interestingly,however,othercharacteristicsthatyoumightconsideradvantageoushadnoimpactonwhetherstudyparticipantswerelikelytolivelonger.Thosewhoweremoreself-disciplined,forinstance,werenomorelikelytolivetobeveryold.Also,beingopentonewideashadnorelationshiptolonglife,whichmightexplainallthosebad-temperedoldpeoplewhoarefixedintheirways.Whetheryoucansuccessfullychangeyourpersonalityasanadultisthesubjectofalongstandingpsychologicaldebate.Butthenewpapersuggeststhatifyouwantlonglife,youshouldstrivetobeasoutgoingaspossible.Unfortunately,anotherrecentstudyshowsthatyourmother'spersonalitymayalsohelpdetermineyourlongevity.Thatstudylookedatnearly28,000Norwegianmothersandfoundthatthosemomswhoweremoreanxious,depressedandangryweremorelikelytofeedtheirkidsunhealthydiets.Patternsofchildhoodeatingcanbehardtobreakwhenwe'readults,whichmaymeanthatkidsofdepressedmomsendupdyingyounger.Personalityisn'tdestiny（命運(yùn)),andeveryoneknowsthatindividualscanlearntochange.Butbothstudiesshowthatlonglifeisn'tjustamatterofyourphysicalhealthbutofyourmentalhealth.TheaimofthestudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietyis____.toseewhetherpeople'spersonalityaffectstheirlifespantofindoutifone'slifestylehasanyeffectontheirhealthtoinvestigatetheroleofexerciseinlivingalonglifetoexamineallthefactorscontributingtolongevityWhatdoestheauthorimplyaboutoutgoingandsympatheticpeople?Theyhaveagoodunderstandingofevolution.Theyarebetteratnegotiatinganagreement.Theygenerallyappearmoreresourceful.Theyaremorelikelytogetoverhardship.Whatfindingofthestudymightprovesomewhatoutofourexpectation?Easy-goingpeoplecanalsolivearelativelylonglife.Personalitycharacteristicsthatproveadvantageousactuallyvarywithtimes.Suchpersonalitycharacteristicsasself-disciplinehavenoeffectonlongevity.Readinesstoacceptnewideashelpsoneenjoylongevity.WhatdoestherecentstudyofNorwegianmothersshow?Children'spersonalitycharacteristicsareinvariablydeterminedbytheirmothers.Peoplewithunhealthyeatinghabitsarelikelytodiesooner.Mothers'influenceonchildrenmaylastlongerthanfathers'.M