土地資源管理專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 全

第一篇Landconsolidationissometimesincorrectlyinterpretedtobeonlythesimplereallocationofparcelstoremoveeffectsoffragmentation.土地整理有時(shí)被錯(cuò)誤的理解成為了克服土地破碎化的影響僅對(duì)土地進(jìn)行的簡(jiǎn)單再配置。2.InrealitylandconsolidationhasbeenassociatedwithbroadersocialandeconomicreformsfromthetimeofitsearliestapplicationsinwesternEurope.現(xiàn)實(shí)中土地整理已與更廣泛的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)改革想結(jié)合，最初應(yīng)用在西歐。Landconsolidationhasalwaysbeenregardedasaninstrumentorentrypointforruraldevelopment.土地整理一直被視為一種工具或切入點(diǎn)，在農(nóng)村發(fā)展問(wèn)題上。Earlyconceptsofruraldevelopmentwerevirtuallythesameasagriculturaldevelopmentbecauseofthepredominantroleofagricultureinruralareasatthetime.早期概念的農(nóng)村發(fā)展幾乎一樣的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展，因?yàn)檗r(nóng)業(yè)主導(dǎo)作用在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的時(shí)間。5.Improvingtheagrarianstructurewasviewedasbeingidenticaltomaintainingthesocialviabilityinruralareas;whatwasgoodforthefarmerswasgoodforareas.改善農(nóng)業(yè)用地結(jié)構(gòu)被認(rèn)為與維持鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的社會(huì)生存發(fā)展能力具有相同的含義，對(duì)農(nóng)民有益的事物也對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的發(fā)展有益。Theemphasisoflandconsolidationprojectshasshiftedfromafocusonrestructuringagriculturetooneofachievingmoreefficientmultipleuseofruralspacebybalancingtheinterestsofagriculture，landscape，natureconservation，recreationandtransportation，especiallywhenlandisrequiredfortheconstructionofmajorroads.土地整理工程的重點(diǎn)已經(jīng)從以調(diào)整農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)為主轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥ㄟ^(guò)平衡農(nóng)業(yè)、景觀、自然保護(hù)、休閑娛樂(lè)和交通特別是土地要滿足主干道路建設(shè)需求時(shí)之間的利益關(guān)系來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)村空間更有效的多功能利用。Inlinewithotherchangesintheconceptofruraldevelopment，landconsolidationnowplacesincreasingimportanceongenderinclusion，participatoryapproachesandtheuseofmediationandalternativedisputeresolutioninresolvingconflicts.為了保持與鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展概念中其他變化的一致性，如今，土地整理日益強(qiáng)調(diào)性別包含。參與途徑以及在化解矛盾時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制和解決選擇性沖突。Themosteffectiveconsolidationinstrumentofruraldevelopmentiscomprehensivelandconsolidationbutattimesotherapproachessuchassimplifiedconsolidation，voluntarygroupconsolidation，andindividualconsolidationinitiativescanbringbenefits.最有效的整合農(nóng)村發(fā)展的工具是全面的土地整理，但有時(shí)其他的方法，如簡(jiǎn)化的整合，志愿組織整合，和個(gè)人整合行動(dòng)可以帶來(lái)的好處。Comprehensivelandconsolidationincludethere-allocationofparcelstogetherwithabroadrangeofothermeasurestopromoteruraldevelopment綜合土地整理包括破碎地塊的配置和促進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展的范圍廣泛的其他措施。Theallocationofresponsibilitiesforcarryingoutthesestepsalsovariesbetweenjurisdictions.職責(zé)分配執(zhí)行這些步驟也在不同法域之間。Thereisusuallyacleardivisionbetweenresponsibilityforoverallsupervision,controlandmonitoringfunctions,andresponsibilityforimplementation.在全面監(jiān)督、控制、監(jiān)測(cè)功能和執(zhí)行的職責(zé)之間具有明顯的差別Theresponsibilitiesforthesupervisingagencyshouldbedefinedinlegislation.Oneofthefirstconsiderationsinproposingalandconsolidationpilotprojectisdeterminingtherolesandresponsibilitiesofthevariousparties.負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)立法界定。一次考慮在提出土地整理試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目是確定的作用和責(zé)任的各當(dāng)事方。ComprehensivelandconsolidationprojectsusuallyhaveextensivepublicworksandsotheyrequiretheparticipationofalargenumberofcentralgovernmentagenciessuchastheMinistryofAgriculture,MinistryofJustice,Cadastreoffices,Registryoffices,MinistryofPublicWorks,MinistryofEnvironment,MinistryofTransportationandMinistryofRuralDevelopment.土地綜合整治項(xiàng)目通常有廣泛的公共工程，所以他們需要participationg大量中央政府機(jī)構(gòu)等農(nóng)業(yè)部，司法部，地籍登記辦公室，辦公室，公共工程部，環(huán)境部，交通部和農(nóng)村發(fā)展部。Withthetrendtowardsdecentralizationprojectsincreasinglyinvolvelocalandregionalgovernments,municipalities,waterboardsorwaterassociations.隨著地方分權(quán)趨勢(shì)的深化，工程日益需要地方和區(qū)域政府、市政府、水資源理事會(huì)或者協(xié)會(huì)的參與。Ensuringthattheprojectiscost-effectiveiscrucial.Geographicinformationsystemsandsatellitepositioningsystemsarenowroutinelyusedtoreducetimeandcostsofsurveyingandplanning.確保項(xiàng)目的成本效益是crucial.geographic信息系統(tǒng)和衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常用來(lái)減少時(shí)間和成本的測(cè)量和規(guī)劃。Severalcountrieshavedevelopedsemi-automatedsystemsforuseindesigningthenewlayoutofreallocatedparcels.幾個(gè)國(guó)家已開(kāi)發(fā)的半自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)在設(shè)計(jì)使用新布局的重新分配包裹。14.1ndividualconsolidation.個(gè)人整理。Consolidationofholdingscantakeplaceonaninformalandsporadicbasis.土地整理可以在非正式的、零星的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。Thestateisnotdirectlyinvolvedandsotheseinitiativesdonotincludetheprovisionofpublicfacilities..國(guó)家不直接參與，所以這些舉措不包括提供公共。15.However，thestatecanplayasignificantroleinencourageconsolidationthatimproveagriculturebypromotinginstrunmentssuchasjointuseagreements，leasingandretirementschemes.但是國(guó)家可以在鼓勵(lì)土地整理方面發(fā)揮重要作用，通過(guò)促進(jìn)像聯(lián)合土地利用協(xié)議、租賃和收回方案等手段來(lái)改善農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件。1.Goalsarebroadstatementsofdesiredoutcomes(e.g.maintainecosystemhealthandproductivity,promotecommunitystability,ensuresustainabledevelopment)thatusuallyarenotquantifiable.目的是對(duì)通常不能量化的預(yù)期成果(例如維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的健康和生產(chǎn)能力、促進(jìn)社區(qū)穩(wěn)定、保障可持續(xù)發(fā)展）都寬泛描述。2.SincethereleaseoftheoriginalHandbook,theBLMhasworkedwithRACs(resourceadvisorycouncils)todevelopLandHealthStandardsapplicabletoallecosystemsandmanagementactions.土地管理局原“手冊(cè)”的發(fā)布以來(lái)，一直與RACS(資源咨詢理事會(huì))開(kāi)發(fā)土地健康標(biāo)準(zhǔn)“適用于所有的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和管理行動(dòng)。TheseLandHealthStandardsmustbeexpressedasgoalsinthelanduseplan.這些土地的衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)必須表示為目標(biāo)的土地利用規(guī)劃。AsamplegoalforaLandHealthStandardis:“Maintainhealthy,productiveplantandanimalcommunitiesofnativeandotherdesirablespeciesatviablepopulationlevelscommensuratewiththespeciesandhabitat'spotential.”一個(gè)有關(guān)土地健康標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的典型調(diào)查目的是：使健康、具有生產(chǎn)能力的本地動(dòng)物和植物群落以及其他值得保護(hù)的物種保持和物種與棲息地潛力相稱的能夠繁衍的種族水平。AsamplegoalfromtheStrategicplanis:“SustaindesiredbiologicalcommunitiesonDepartmentoftheInterior-managedandinfluencedlandsandwatersinamannerconsistenwithobligationsregardingtheallocationanduseofwater.戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃目的的例子為：以與有關(guān)水資源分配和利用職責(zé)相一致的方式，在土地和水的內(nèi)部管理、內(nèi)部影響的區(qū)域內(nèi)保持有益生物群落的活力。Atthelanduseplanlevel,itisimportanttoidentifyreasonabledevelopmentscenariosforallowableusessuchasmineralleasing,locatablemineraldevelopment,recreationtimberharvest,utilitycorridors,andlivestockgrazingtoenabletheorderlyimplementationoffutureactions.在土地利用計(jì)劃的水平，重要的是確定合理的開(kāi)發(fā)方案允許使用諸如礦產(chǎn)租賃，可定位的礦產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)，娛樂(lè)的木材收獲，公用走廊，牲畜放牧使有條不紊的執(zhí)行未來(lái)的行動(dòng)。第三篇Physicallandevaluationprovidesnoobjectivemethodtocomparedifferentlandusesforagivenlandarea,asthereisnoinherentcommonscaleofmeasurebetweenthelanduse.由于不同土地利用方式之間缺乏內(nèi)在共有的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因此特定區(qū)域土地的自然評(píng)價(jià)就不能提供客觀的方法來(lái)比較不同的土地利用方式。Wecancountthenumberofphysicalconstraintstoeachuse,butitisdifficulttocomparetheirrelativeseverityordegreeoflimitation.我們可以計(jì)算數(shù)量的物理限制每個(gè)使用，但它是很難比較的相對(duì)嚴(yán)重性或程度的限制的。3.Someconstraintsmayleaddirectlytoyieldreductions,butothersareonlyexpressedasmanagementdifficulties.—些限制可能直接導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)量減少，但其他人只表現(xiàn)為管理上的困難4.Weneedsomeobjectiveandcommensuratecomparisonofcostsand-benefitsforeachlanduseoneachlandunit.我們需要一些客觀的和相稱的比較成本and-benefits各土地利用對(duì)各土地單元。5.Inmanysituations,itisrealistictouseeconomicmeasureocfostandbenefit,andthenusethesetoquantifythelandusepotentialandsuitability,accordingtothelandevaluationdefinition.從土地評(píng)價(jià)定義來(lái)看，很多情況下采用成本和收益的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)衡量方法來(lái)量化土地利用的潛力和適宜性是可行的。6.Historically,landevaluationhaditsorigininlandcapabilityclassification,soilsurveyinterpetion,andsimilarphysicalevaluations,inwhichtheusepotentialoflandisexpressedintermsofitspredictedphysicalresponsetovariouslandusesorintermsofphysicalconstraintstotheseuse.歷史地看，土地評(píng)價(jià)源于土地生產(chǎn)力分類、土壤調(diào)查說(shuō)明和與現(xiàn)在土地評(píng)價(jià)相類似的自然評(píng)價(jià)，在這種自然評(píng)價(jià)中，土地利用潛力表現(xiàn)為不同利用方式下土地潛在的自然生產(chǎn)能力或土地在不同利用方式下的限制性條件。7.Inpuresubsistenceagriculture,thebenefitaretheconsumablefoodstuffs,fiber,wood,animalproductect.theycanbequantifyascalories,gramsofprotein,ect.thecostarelabor,whichcanbequantifiedbytimeandintensity.在純粹是自給自足的農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)里，農(nóng)業(yè)收益指的是用于消費(fèi)的食物、纖維、木材以及動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品等。這些物質(zhì)可以用熱量和蛋白質(zhì)的重量來(lái)量化；而投入的成本則可以用勞動(dòng)時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度來(lái)量化。8.Inmarket-orientedsocietiesthatarelargelyorganizedbyeconomicinteractions(i.e.wheremoneyanditssurrogatesaretheprimarymeansofexchange)bothbenefitandcostcanbeexpressedbyeconomicmeasure:“everythinghasitsprice".在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)中，社會(huì)主要由各種經(jīng)濟(jì)性相互作用組成(這里，金錢及其代替物是首要的交換手段)無(wú)論收益還是成本，都可以通過(guò)經(jīng)濟(jì)衡量尺度表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，即：“每樣?xùn)|西都有價(jià)格"Aseriousproblemandanareaofactiveresearchistheassignmentofeconomicvaluestothingsthatdonothaveanestablishedmarketvalueinthesamesenseasactively-tradedgoodsuchasagoodcommodity.一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題同時(shí)也是一個(gè)研究的熱點(diǎn)，就是如何給交易活躍的商品中那些沒(méi)有市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的物品賦值，例如食品。Muchofenvironmentaleconomicsistakenupwiththisproblem.多環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是采取了這個(gè)問(wèn)題Theeconomicsuitabilityofalandareaforalanduseisthepredictedneteconomicbenefittoaspecifiedparty(e.g.landowner,landuser,society)tobeexpected辻thelandareaisdedicatedtotheuse當(dāng)某區(qū)域的土地確定將被用于某種用途時(shí)，對(duì)該土地在該種土地利用方式下的土地經(jīng)濟(jì)適宜性評(píng)價(jià)即為對(duì)不同收益者如土地所有者、土地使用者、社會(huì)的預(yù)期土地經(jīng)濟(jì)收益的預(yù)測(cè)。Note:theeconomicvalueofalandusesystemimplementedonagivenlandareaisnotsynonymouswiththemarketvalueofthelandarea(landevaluation#landvaluation)althoughthepredictreturntoalandunitoflandusesobviouslyinfluencesitsprice.土地在某種特定的利用方式下的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值與這塊土地的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值并不是同義的(土地評(píng)價(jià)工土地估價(jià))，盡管土地單元在不同利用方式下的預(yù)期回報(bào)明顯地影響著它的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。Thenetpresentvalue(NPV)isthecashworthoftheland-useschemeatthepresenttime，onaperunitarea(normalized)oraggregate(per-fieldorper-farm)basis，overtheusefullifeofthescheme.凈現(xiàn)值指在土地利用方案的有效期內(nèi)，以(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化)或匯總(每塊田或每個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng))的單位面積為基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算的土地利用方案的當(dāng)前現(xiàn)金價(jià)值。TheNPVisnotnormalizedtoaper-accounting-periodbasis,asisthegrossmargin.與毛利不同，凈現(xiàn)值不會(huì)按會(huì)計(jì)年度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。Thus,theNPVhasthedisadvantagethatalllanduseoptionstobecomparedmusthavethesameusefullifeorplanninghorizon,whichisrarelytheCaseinagriculturalprojects.因此，凈現(xiàn)值法的缺點(diǎn)，所有土地使用方案相比，必須有相同的使用壽命或規(guī)劃的視野，這是很少的情況在農(nóng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目。Inpractice,theshorterplanninghorizons(e.g.rotations)mustbelengthenedtoequalthelongerplanninghorizons(e.g.plantayioncrops),byrepeatingthesequenceofinputsandoutputsoftheshorterplan在實(shí)踐中，短期的規(guī)劃(如輪作)應(yīng)該通過(guò)重復(fù)短期規(guī)劃的投入和產(chǎn)出過(guò)程將其延長(zhǎng)到和長(zhǎng)期的規(guī)劃(如園林作物)一樣長(zhǎng)。單詞agrarianstructure土地結(jié)構(gòu)aslongas如果只要boards理事會(huì)董事會(huì)bufferzones緩沖帶cadastre地籍簿comprehensivelandconsolidation綜合土地整理entrypoint切入點(diǎn)fragmentedholdings破碎化的土地genderinclusion性別包含hay-making割草homestead家園田產(chǎn)individualconsolidationinitiative個(gè)別土地整理倡議irrigationanddrainageinfrastructure灌排設(shè)施jurisdi