英國經(jīng)濟(jì)經(jīng)典案例

2023/10/2611EconomyoftheUK

2023/10/2622

Historicalorigin

GreatCharter

Time:

InJune15,1215Purpose:Toprotectthepoliticalindependenceandeconomicinterestsofthefeudalaristocracy保障封建貴族的政治獨(dú)立與經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)益primarycoverage:1.Tolimitkingship2.Toprotectthepolitical、economicandjudicialprivileges〔司法特權(quán)〕ofthechurchandtheseculararistocracy〔世俗貴族〕arenotinfringed3.Toprotectknights,freefarmersandcitizens'interests2023/10/2633Itmakesthebudwhichbredintradeandindustrialstructureoffeudalsocietycangrowupinincompatiblemother(母體〕,andhasafar-reachinginfluenceontheemergenceanddevelopmentoffutureBritishcapitalism2023/10/2644ForteenthCentury——theplague

〔黑死病〕

PlagueYersiniapestis〔鼠疫耶爾森氏菌〕isainfectiousdisease〔感染性疾病〕whichspreadbyfleas,arewidelypopularamongwildrodents，isa

naturalfocusinfectiondisease〔自然疫源性疾病〕.2023/10/2655***GreatdisasterfortheUK***PromotethetransformationofBritisheconomytomodernmodeDuetopopulationdecline,resultinginadropindemandforfood,fallingprices,andthelackoflaborleadstorisingwagecosts.Allofthesemaketraditionalaristocraticlandowners(傳統(tǒng)貴族〕faceseriousdifficultiesintheireconomicdevelopment.Partofaristocraticlandownersmakeadjustmentsintimeandchangethemodeofoperation,renttheirmanortoindividualfarmersandgiveuprentservitude(勞役制地租),Englandestatedevelopmenthascometoanend2023/10/2666MiddleofthefifthcenturyThesystemoftheslavesandWhelanserfs(維蘭農(nóng)奴)botharedisappearSomefarmerscontractmoreland,managemoreagriculturalwiththetendencyofcapitalism,andhaveexcesscashtolendoutotherpovertyfarmers,graduallyformedyeomanfarmer(約曼農(nóng)〕.1.Yeoman‘smeaninginMiddleEnglish(中古英語)istheyoungpeopleandtheattendants2.Itistheadvancedpeasantclass(農(nóng)民階級〕2023/10/2677LatefifteenthCentury——

Enclosuremovement〔圈地運(yùn)動〕Duringthe14thand15thcenturies,intheprocessofdisintegrationoftheserfsystem,theBritishemergingbourgeoisie〔新興的資產(chǎn)階級〕andnewnobility〔新貴族〕throughviolencetodrivepeasantsfromtheland,occupyingpeasantlandandpublicland,deprivedoffarmerslanduserightsandownership,restrictionorcancellationoftheoriginalcommoncultivatedland〔共同耕地權(quán)〕andlivestockright〔畜牧權(quán)〕,toforciblyseizeandoccupyland,intoaprivateranchandlargefarm.Thisisthe"enclosuremovement"inBritishhistory.2023/10/2688Politicalimpact1.Theownershipoflandhaschanged.2.Britishclassrelationshiphaschanged3.Promotethedevelopmentoftheindustrialrevolution〔工業(yè)革命〕2023/10/261010In1584,theBritishestablishedthefirstcolonyinNorthAmerica-Virginia(accordingto:Virginiaforthevirginmeaning,becauseQueenElizabethunmarried〕In1588,theBritishdefeatedHollandInvinciblefleet〔荷蘭無敵艦隊(duì)〕,expandingtheroadforoverseasexpansionIn1600,theUnitedKingdomestablishedEastIndiaCompanyIn1607,theBritishoccupiedthefirstcolonyinIndiaIn1609,1610,1619,Britainsetupit’sownbusinessstationinGambia,SuratandMadras(蘇拉特、岡比亞、馬德拉斯)In1619,DutchEastIndiaCompanybeatBritishEastIndiaCompany2023/10/261111CharlieThi查理一世wasexecutedin1649,theUnitedKingdomannouncedtheoccasionoftheRepublic,thesituationhaschanged.Thebourgeoisieurgently資產(chǎn)階級demandstoopenupnewoverseascoloniesandbroadenoverseasmarketsTheBritish“protectorate〞duringtheperiodofCromwell〔克倫威爾〕madetheseacontrolstrategyBritishnavalpowerfarmorethanHolland航海條例〔NavigationActs〕1651ThisisdoneinBritainforHolland‘sdefianceofcombatreadiness,butalsoaproductoftypicalmercantilism重商主義ThisOrdinance條例inthevariousmodelsareclearlyaimedatalargenumberofintermediariesandmaritimeHolland,itisaseriouschallengetoHolland2023/10/261212ThethreeAngloDutchwar

三次英荷戰(zhàn)爭ThefirstAngloDutchwar(1652~1654)ThesecondAngloDutchwar(1665~1667)ThethirdAngloDutchwar(1672~1674)Waroutcome：Britainbegantobecomethedominantmaritime海上霸主2023/10/261313Britishslavetrade英國黑奴貿(mào)易

——Britainistheworld'slargestslavetradecountry大海的深處，泥濘的沙里，躺著被人遺忘了的，鎖著鐵鏈的人骸，在死沉沉的黑暗里，閃爍這不幸的奴隸的白骨，他們從漆黑的巨浪里，大聲呼喚“我們是證人〞！2023/10/261414BackgroundAftertheopeningofthenewroute〔新航路開辟〕,thefirstPortugal,Spainembarkedonthepathoftheexpansionofthecolony,theUnitedKingdom,FranceandHollandalsotooktheroadofcolonialplunder.Triangulartrade三角貿(mào)易SlavetradersfromEurope,sailedtoAfrica,inAfricathroughvariousdirtywaytocaptureblack,theyputslavestransportedtotheAmericas,theblackslavessoldtoAmericanplantationowners,thenthegoldintheAmericasandindustrialrawmaterialsshippedbacktoEurope.Thisiscalled"triangulartrade",thefirstoftheslavetradewerethePortuguese,buttheBritishcamefrombehindtobecometheexecutivesofthe"triangulartrade".奴隸販子從歐洲出發(fā)，乘船到達(dá)非洲，在非洲通過各種卑劣的方式俘獲黑人之后，他們把黑奴運(yùn)往美洲，把黑奴賣給美洲的種植園主，然后，再把美洲的黃金和工業(yè)原料運(yùn)回歐洲。這就是被稱為一本萬利的“三角貿(mào)易〞，最先進(jìn)行奴隸貿(mào)易的是葡萄牙人，但英國人后來居上，成為“三角貿(mào)易〞的主要經(jīng)營者。2023/10/2615152023/10/261616

Britainisthefirstcountrytobanblackslavetrade.BroughtalotofwealthtotheUK,thepowerofthebourgeoisie資產(chǎn)階級

expandedquickly,andacceleratedtheoutbreakofBritishbourgeoisrevolution英國資產(chǎn)階級革命andindustrialrevolution工業(yè)革命Impact2023/10/261717EighteenthCentury——

TheBritishIndustrialRevolution

英國工業(yè)革命

Paraphrase釋義：ReplacingmanuallaborwithmachineproductionBackground：1.Establishmentofconstitutionalmonarchy君主立憲制inBritain2.Enclosuremovement3.Overseastradeandcolonydevelopment4.Theoreticalinnovationofclassicalmechanicsandthermodynamics經(jīng)典力學(xué)與熱力學(xué)的理論創(chuàng)新2023/10/261818ThefirstindustrialrevolutionMark：ThesteamengineasapowermachineandwidelyusedTime：EighteenthCentury40's~19century60'sMajorcountries：UnitedKingdom,France,UnitedStates,etc.Relatedperson：Stephensun,WattNewenergy：engineandmodifiedsteamengine動力機(jī)和改進(jìn)蒸汽機(jī)Characteristic：SteamageMajorinventions：SteamlocomotiveandJeannetextilemachine珍妮紡織機(jī)和蒸汽機(jī)車2023/10/261919TheprocessofrevolutionIn1733,themechanicKeayinventedthe“shuttle〞飛梭,greatlyimprovingthespeedoftheweaving,inshortsupply.In1765,Hargreavesinventedthe"Jeannetextilemachine"In1785,Wattinventedthemodifiedsteamengine改進(jìn)型蒸汽機(jī),humanenteredtheeraofsteamIn1807,AmericanFultoninventedasteampoweredsteamer

蒸汽汽船andtrailedsuccessfulIn1814,theBritishStephensuninventedthesteamlocomotive蒸汽機(jī)車In1825,Stephensundroveatrainwith34smallcarsandsuccessfullytestdriveBeforeandafter1840,theBritishlargemachineproductionbasicallyreplacedthetraditionalfactoryhandindustry，Theindustrialrevolutionbasicallycompleted2023/10/2620202023/10/262121SecondindustrialrevolutionTime：NineteenthCenturyseventy'sMajorcountries：America,Germany,Britain,France,Japan,Russia,etc.Relatedperson：SIEMENS,Edison,Baer,etc.Characteristic

：Electricalage2023/10/262222TheprocessofrevolutionIn1866,theGermanSIEMENSinventedthegenerator.Inthe80‘s,theGermanKarlFriedrich

Benz,successfullyproducedacardrivenbyanengine內(nèi)燃機(jī)驅(qū)動的汽車Inthe70's,BaerinventedthephoneInthe90‘sItalianMarconiinventedwirelesstelegraphy無線電報(bào)2023/10/2623232023/10/262424WhataretheIndustrialRevolutionconsequences？1.Replacedmanuallaborwithmachineproduction大機(jī)器生產(chǎn)代替手工勞動2.Createdtremendousproductivity創(chuàng)造了巨大的生產(chǎn)力3.LetBritainbecametheworld'sfactory2023/10/262525TwentiethCentury----

economicdeclineandEconomicadjustment2023/10/262626TheadjustmentandinterventionofgovernmenttoeconomyafterthewarTheoccurrenceofthegreatcrisisofthecapitalisminthe1930s，Marshalleconomictheorywashit〔Advocate“l(fā)aissez-faire〞主張自由放任〕，Keynesianism凱恩斯主義cameintobeing〔Advocatestateintervention〔主張國家干預(yù)〕.Thestatemonopolycapitalism國家壟斷資本主義wasgreatlydeveloped.2023/10/262727Between1950and1973,Britain’sGDPgrewatanaverageannualrateof3%.Growthwashamperedbychronicbalanceofpaymentdeficits.Theterm“Britaindisease〞英國病isnowusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdecline.2023/10/262828Theendof1973witnessedthefirstoilshock石油危機(jī).Asaresulttherateofinflationroseto16%in1974.Inthe1970samongthedevelopedcountriesBritainmaintainedthelowestgrowthrateandthehighestinflationrate.2023/10/262929Fivemajoreconomicdisastersofthe20thcentury2023/10/2630301.ComingofftheGoldStandardin1931

1931年，英國脫離金本位制度

WinstonChurchill溫士頓·丘吉爾duringhistimeaschancellorputBritainbackontheGoldStandardatitspre-warrateof$4.86againstthedollarwithdisastrousconsequences.TheeconomywasalreadystrugglingandreturningtotheGoldStandardmadeUKexportsuncompetitive.TheglobaldownturnfollowingtheWallStreetof1929(1929年華爾街金融危機(jī))deepenedtheslumpandmakeitimpossiblefortheminorityLabourgovernmentofRamsayMacDonaldtoholdtheline,despiteunpopularwelfarecuts.LeavingtheGoldStandardforgoodhelpedtheeconomyrecoverinthe1930sbutsplittheLabourparty.2023/10/2631312.Thedevaluationof1949

1949年，英鎊大幅貶值Britainpaidahigheconomicpriceforvictoryinthesecondworldwar.Thecountrywasflatbrokeanditsindustrialbase,batteredbysixyearsofconflict,neededtobeconvertedbackintocivilianuse.TheAttleegovernment(艾德禮政府)negotiatedaloanwiththeAmericans,butwasforcedbyWashingtontomakesterlingconvertiblewiththedollarinreturn.BritainwasunabletocompetewiththemuchmoreproductiveUSeconomy,andthisresultedfirstinthecrisisof1947,followedbythedevaluationofthepoundfrom$4.03to$2.80twoyearslater.Labourwonageneralelectionin1950,butonlyjust,andwasoustedfrompowerin1951.2023/10/2632323.Thedevaluationof19671967年英鎊再次貶值TheUKperformedlesswellthanitsmainrivalsintheso-calledGoldenAgeofthe1950sand1960s.Growthwasstrongandjobsplentiful,butBritainfoundithardtocompetewiththeUnitedStates,FranceandGermany.TheLabourgovernmentofHaroldWilson(哈羅德·威爾遜)cametopowerin1964withanambitiousNationalPlandesignedtoaccelerateBritain'sgrowthrate,butmadetheblueprintstillbornbyrefusingtodevaluethepoundimmediately.Instead,Wilsonandhischancellor,JamesCallaghan(威爾遜和首相詹姆斯·卡拉漢),imposedausteritymeasurestokeepthepound'sexchangerateat$2.80beforegivingupthefightinNovember1967.Consumersweresqueezedsothatresourcescouldbedivertedtoexports,andWilson–tohissurprise–lostthe1970election.2023/10/2633334.TheIMFcomestotown

國際貨幣基金組織援助Inthemid-1970s,Britainsufferedanumberofunpleasanteconomicshocks.TedHeath's(泰德·希思)1970-74Conservativegovernmenthadcausedindustrialchaosandleftofficewiththecountryonathree-dayweekandinflationarypressurerising.Wilson'ssecondspellinDowningStreetsawtheadventofstagflation–risingunemploymentandinflationthatreachedapost-warhighofmorethan25%.WilsonhandedoverthereinstoCallaghan(卡拉漢)inMarch1976andthescorchingsummerthatfollowedsawpressuremountingonsterling,eventhoughitwasbynowafloatingcurrency.Eventually,theUKhadtoswallowapackageofspendingcutstosecurealoanfromtheIMF.Callaghanlostpower,narrowly,toMargaretThatcher(格麗特·撒切爾)in1979,butthehumiliationoftheIMFbailouthauntedLabourformorethan15years.2023/10/2634345.BlackWednesday.黑色星期三ThestainoftheIMFwasonlyremovedfromLabourwhentheConservatives〔保守黨〕sufferedadisasterofequalmagnitude:theinabilityoftheUKtocontinuewithitsmembershipoftheExchangeRateMechanisminthefaceofwaveafterwaveofspeculativesellingofthepound.Inmanyoftheothercrisesofthe20thcentury,theConservativeswerefortunatethattheyhadleftofficebeforethefullextentoftheireconomicblundershadbeenexposed.Thatwastruein1931,1967and1976,whenLabourhadarotteninheritance.In1992,however,theConservatives'luckranout.BlackWednesdaywasfollowedin1997bythebiggestelectoraldefeatsufferedbythepartyin150years.2023/10/263535ThefeatureineconomyoftheUK----privatization(私有化〕

MainpointA.SocialsituationbeforetheprogramB.PrivatizationprogramwascarriedoutC.Theresultoftheprogram2023/10/2636361.Beforetheprivatizationpolicy…..(before1979)Manyenterprisesandbusinesswerestate-owned國有,suchassteel鋼,telecom,gas,aerospace航空航天工業(yè)，bankofEngland,oilbusiness,transportservice……2023/10/263737However,problemsappeared…..a.Greatlosses(虧損〕b.Highcostofproductionc.Highratesofinflation(通貨膨脹〕d.Lowlaborproductivity(勞動生產(chǎn)率〕〔thelaborproductivitywas40%lowerthanitwasinprivateenterprisethen)e.Slowgrowthineconomy…

Atthattime,awomancameontothestage,whichbroughtaturningpointintheUK’shistory.2023/10/263838steeltelecomTheywerestate-owned2023/10/263939MargaretHildaThatcher

Bornin1925ThefirstfemaleprimeministerinUK’shistoryThefirstfemaleprimeministerinEurope2023/10/264040Shecarriedoutanextensiveprogramofprivatizationthroughoutthe1980s.Manystate-ownedenterprisesbecameprivatelyownedunderthispolicy.State-ownedprivatelyowned2023/10/264141TheneweconomicprogrammedadoptedbyMrs.Thatcherwasbasedonthenewclassicalschoolofthought新的古典思想學(xué)派理論.Privatizationderegulationandmarketliberalizationreplacedpricesandincomescontrolandstateinterventionism政府的干預(yù)主義.2023/10/264242State-ownedprivatelyownedMainreason1.Needsoftaxcuttopromoteeconomicdevelopmentandincreasetheefficiencyofcompany需要減稅促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)開展和提高企業(yè)的效率2.Difficultyinfinanceofthegovernment3.Otherpeoplethinkthatithadsomerelationwiththefightamongtheparties.2023/10/264343TheeffectofThatcherismTheBritisheconomygraduallyrestorevitality,basicrestrainthedeclineoftheeconomy,getridoftheimageofthe“sickmanofEurope〞“歐洲病夫〞(fromtheyearof1979to1989,Britain'seconomicgrowthratehasmorethantheGerman,French,Italian,andlatermorethanJapan,afterenteringthe1990s,theBritisheconomyisdoingbetter,thelevelofemploymentthanotherEuropeancountries,TheunemploymentrateismuchlowerthanGermanyandFrance,andtheinflationrateiswithin2.5%,andthefiscalpositionishealthierthanothermajorEuropeancountries.BritainjoinedtheEuropeancommunites歐洲共同體inJanuary1,1973.2023/10/264444Britishsocialsecuritysystem2023/10/264545In1601,“poorlaw〞濟(jì)貧法marksthepromulgationofBritainbegantoestablishthesocialsecuritysystemTheBeveridgereport貝弗里奇報(bào)告of1942laidtheideologicalfoundationfortheestablishmentoftheBritishwelfaresocialsecuritysystem.TheUnitedKingdompromulgatedthenationalinsurancelaw,theNationalHealthServiceAct,thefamilygrantslaw,thenationalreliefactandaseriesoflaws?國民保險(xiǎn)法?、?國民衛(wèi)生保健效勞法?、?家庭補(bǔ)助法?、?國民救濟(jì)法?等一系列法律2023/10/2646ThehistoryoftheUKwelfaresystemActfortheReliefofthePoor,1601?濟(jì)貧法?AmendmentofthePoorLaw,1834?新濟(jì)貧法?PensionsAct1908?養(yǎng)老金法案?ActfortheUnemployed,1934?失業(yè)法?Thefirst“welfarestate〞,1950Thehistoryofwelfaresystem2023/10/2647ThepresentoftheUKwelfaresystem1.Childrenandpregnant

womenwelfare2.Disabilityandsickbenefits3.Retirementbenefits4.Widowwelfare5.Unemploymentbenefits6.low-incomeearnerswelfare7SocialFund2023/10/2648Childrenandpregnant

womenwelfare

1)ChildBenefit〔兒童福利金〕2)Familyallowance〔家庭津貼〕

3)guardianallowance:〔監(jiān)護(hù)人津貼〕

4)Statutorypregnantemployeewages〔法定懷孕雇員工資〕

5)singleparentallowance〔單親津貼〕

6)Maternityallowance〔孕婦津貼〕

7)TheSocialFundMaternitysubsidiesgold〔社會基金孕婦補(bǔ)貼金〕

8)childsupport〔子女贍養(yǎng)費(fèi)〕2023/10/2649Bigfamily2023/10/2650Disabilityandsickbenefits1)Thecareallowance〔照料津貼)

2)accidentaldisabilitybenefits〔工作意外傷殘福利〕

3)disabilitylivingallowance〔傷殘生活津貼〕

4)DisabilityWorkingAllowance〔傷殘工作津貼〕

5)SevereDisabilityAllowance〔嚴(yán)重傷殘津貼〕

6)invalidcareallowance〔傷殘照料者津貼〕

7)shouldnotwork-relatedbenefits〔不宜工作福利〕

8)Statutorysickseriesoffourdaysormoreofthewage〔法定患病福利〕2023/10/2651Retirementbenefits

Basicretirementbenefits,morethantheretirementage,(femaleover60,male65)andinlinewiththeNationalInsuranceconditionst