英語(yǔ)科普類“閱讀理解”試題目解析下學(xué)期

科普類“閱讀理解”試題解析縱觀2006年全國(guó)部分地區(qū)的中考英語(yǔ)試題,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)科普類“閱讀理解”題愈來(lái)愈受到命題者的青睞?而科普類文章往往具有跨學(xué)科?行文邏輯性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn),要求考生能從文章的整體邏輯以及重要細(xì)節(jié)上全面把握?但有些考生面對(duì)此類試題,常常表現(xiàn)出一種恐懼感,甚至覺(jué)得無(wú)從下手?鑒于此,筆者現(xiàn)以2006年全國(guó)部分地區(qū)中考英語(yǔ)科普類“閱讀理解”試題為例,對(duì)這類試題的特點(diǎn)及解題技巧淺析如下:【試題特點(diǎn)】①注重學(xué)科滲透,行文邏輯性強(qiáng),內(nèi)容抽象?②貼近學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)?生活實(shí)際,有利于激發(fā)學(xué)生的思維,對(duì)選拔優(yōu)秀考生有一定的作用?③能全面地考查學(xué)生的綜合閱讀能力和運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)去分析?解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力?【解題技巧】對(duì)于科普類文章,筆者認(rèn)為最有效的解題方法便是“通讀全文→瀏覽題目→再次閱讀文章,篩選信息,從而確定答案”?通讀全文旨在把握文章中心和文章脈絡(luò),簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō),就是要弄明白文章的大意是什么以及文章是如何展開(kāi)的?瀏覽題目的目的就是要總結(jié)和把握命題人命題的角度和意圖?簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō),就是要弄清題目究竟是在考查文章的細(xì)節(jié)還是對(duì)文章進(jìn)行推理,是考查哪些細(xì)節(jié),又是如何考查的等等?再次閱讀文章,篩選信息,從而確定答案,就是在對(duì)文章大意?文章脈絡(luò)以及命題角度有了相應(yīng)的了解之后,帶著問(wèn)題再讀文章?在再次閱讀文章的過(guò)程中,要利用上下文語(yǔ)境,準(zhǔn)確地捕捉與問(wèn)題相關(guān)的信息點(diǎn),這也是解題的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)(技巧提示:可在相應(yīng)位置上做出簡(jiǎn)單標(biāo)記,以便檢查時(shí)目標(biāo)明確)?最后總結(jié)以上所有信息,確定答案?下面以2006年部分地區(qū)中考英語(yǔ)試題為例,對(duì)上述的解題技巧作一全面的分析:【試題精選1】(杭州市)Youhaveoftenlookedintoamirror,ofcourse.Butyouhaven’tseentherealpictureofyourfaceyet.Andwhycouldn’tyouseeit?Whenyoulookintoamirror,youdon’tseeyourfaceasotherpeopleseeit.Youseeareversedpicture.Ifyoucloseyourlefteye,yourpictureclosesitsrighteye.Ifyoutouchyourrightearwithyourrighthand,yourpicturetouchesitsleftearwithitslefthand.Ifyouhavetwosmallmirrors,youcanseeyourfaceasyourfriendsseeit.Youholdthetwomirrorsatrightangles(角度)toeachotherandlookintothem.Aftersomepracticeyouwillbeabletoseetherealpictureofyourface.Nowcloseyourlefteyeandyourpictureclosesitslefteye，too.Touchyourrightearwithyourrighthandandyourpicturetouchesitsrightearwithitsrighthand!Thishappensbecauseeachmirrorreflected(反射)thepictureintheothermirror.Soyouseeareversedpictureofareversedpicture,which,ofcourse,isthesameastherealpicture.1.Whenyoulookintoamirror,youcouldn’tsee________.A.thepictureofyourselfB.yourfaceasothersseeitC.thepictureofyourfaceD.thepictureofyoureyes2.Whatdoestheword“reversed”meaninthispassage?A.暫存的.B.相反的.C.模擬的.D.虛擬的.3.Accordingtothefirstparagraphofthepassage,ifyoucloseyourlefteye,yourpictureinthemirror________.A.closesitsrighteyeB.closesitslefteyeC.touchesitsrightearD.touchesitsleftear4.Whichofthefollowingpicturesisrightaccordingtothesecondparagraphofthepassage?M=mirrorP=person5.Wecanlearnsomethingabout________fromthepassage.A.bodylanguageB.PhysicalEducation(體育)C.opticalillusions(視錯(cuò)覺(jué))D.televisioninvention【答案與簡(jiǎn)析】按照“通讀全文→瀏覽題目→再次閱讀文章,篩選信息,從而確定答案”的解題思路簡(jiǎn)析如下:通覽全文可知,本文主要講述的是“關(guān)于平面鏡成像引起視錯(cuò)覺(jué)”的問(wèn)題?文章共分3小段,第一段是引出問(wèn)題,即引出在鏡中看到反像;第二段介紹一種成正像的方法;第三段簡(jiǎn)單分析原理?瀏覽題目可知,第1?3題是細(xì)節(jié)題,第2題是詞義推測(cè)題,第4題是推斷題,第5題是主旨?xì)w納題?最后再次閱讀文章,篩選信息,從而確定答案:從文章第一段中“Whenyoulookintoamirror,youdon’tseeyourfaceasotherpeopleseeit”可知,第1題答案為B;從文章第一段最后兩句的解釋,尤其是left和right以及right和left的對(duì)應(yīng)現(xiàn)象可以推斷出劃線單詞的意思應(yīng)該為“相反的”,故第2題的答案為B;由第一段中“Ifyoucloseyourlefteye,yourpictureclosesitsrighteye”很容易確定第3題的答案為A;根據(jù)第二段的描述可知,兩個(gè)鏡子成直角(rightangles),人立于鏡前,由此可推斷出第4題的答案為B;通讀全文可知,本文主要闡述的是視錯(cuò)覺(jué)的問(wèn)題(即平面鏡成反像的問(wèn)題),故第5題的答案為C?【試題精選2】(安徽省)Canplantseatpeople?Probablynot,buttherearemanyplantsthateatmeat.Someofthemarebig.Andtheycaneatsmallanimals.Onefamousmeat-eatingplantistheVenusflytrap(捕蠅草).TheVenusflytrapisaverystrangeplant.ItgrowsindrypartsoftheUnitedStates.Itsleavesarelikethepagesofabook.Theycanopenandcloseveryquickly.Insidetheleaves,therearethreesmallhairs.Ifaflytouchesoneofthehairs,theleafclosesquickly.Theflycannotgetout.Inabouthalfanhour,theleafpressestheflyuntilitisdead.Then,theplantcoversthefly.Slowly,theplanteatsthefly.Whydoplantsdoit?Mostplantsgetwhattheyneedfromthesun,theair,andtheground.Insomeplaces,thegroundisverypoor.Itdoesn’thavealltheseimportantthings,especiallynitrogen(氮).Animalmeathasalotofnitrogen,sosomeplantseatmeattogetwhattheyneed.Let’shopethatsomeofthebiggerplantsdon’tgetthesameidea!1.TheVenusflytrapisakindof________.A.plantB.animalC.foodD.meat2.TheVenusflytrapgrowsin________.A.mostpartsoftheworldB.somepartsofAfricaC.drypartsoftheUnitedStatesD.wetpartsofEngland3.Fromthepassage,welearnthat________.A.allplantscaneatpeopleB.allplantscaneatanimalsC.someplantscaneatpeopleD.someplantscaneatanimals4.Theunderlinedword“presses”inthepassageprobablymeans“________”inChinese.A.擠壓B.關(guān)上C.打開(kāi)D.松開(kāi)5.Someplantseatanimalmeatbecause________.A.plantsaredangeroustoanimalsB.animalsaredangeroustoplantsC.plantswanttogetwhattheyneedfromanimalmeatD.plantswanttoprotectthemselvesagainstanimals【答案與簡(jiǎn)析】按照“通讀全文→瀏覽題目→再次閱讀文章,篩選信息,從而確定答案”的解題思路簡(jiǎn)析如下:通覽全文可知,本文主要介紹一種食肉植物捕蠅草?第一段引出說(shuō)明對(duì)象,第二段介紹捕蠅草的生理結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和捕食方法,第三段分析部分植物食肉的原因?瀏覽題目可知,第1?2題是細(xì)節(jié)題,第3?5題為推斷題,第四題為詞義推測(cè)題?再次閱讀文章,篩選信息,從而確定答案:由第一段可知捕蠅草是一種植物,故第1題的答案為A;第二段第二句話交代了捕蠅草生活在drypartsoftheUnitedStates,故第2題的答案為C;根據(jù)文章意思可知,只有部分植物食肉,故第3題的答案為D;根據(jù)上下文的意思推斷,press的意思應(yīng)該是“擠壓”,其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都與短文內(nèi)容不符,故第4題的答案為A;從文章最后一段分析植物食肉的原因可知,第5題答案為C?【真題訓(xùn)練1】(蘇州市)Foodislife;itgivesusthenourishment(營(yíng)養(yǎng))weneedtostayaliveandbehealthy.Usually,weeatbecausewearehungryorneedenergy.BrianWansink,aprofessor(教授)attheUniversityofIllinois,sayswealsoeatcertain(某種)foodsbecausetheymakeusfeelgood,andremindusofhappymemories.Wansinkcallsthiskindoffoodcomfortfood.Forsomepeople,icecreamisacomfortfood.Forothers,abowlofnoodlesmakesthemfeelgood.Howdoesafoodbecomecomfortfood?ProfessorWansinkbelievesthatweconnectfoodwithimportanttimes,feelings,andpeopleinourlives,“WhenIwasachild,mymothermadeadelicioussoup;Ilovedit.Now,IofteneatthissoupwhenIamtiredorworried,andithelpsmefeelbetter,”saysoneofWansink’sfriends.Domenandwomenchoosedifferentcomfortfoods?Wansink’sresearch(研究)attheUniversityofIllinoissays“yes”.Inhisstudy,thefavoritecomfortforbothmenandwomenwasicecream.Afterthis,menusuallypreferredhot,deliciousfoodslikesoupornoodles.Womenlikedsweetthingssuchaschocolateandcandies.Menandwomenliketoeatcomfortfoodswhentheyarehappy,butwomeneatthesefoodsmorewhentheyaresadorworried.1.Accordingtothepassage,akindoffoodthatmakesusfeelgoodiscalled________.A.fastfoodB.healthyfoodC.ChinesefoodD.comfortfood2.InWansink’sstudy,bothmenandwomenliketoeat________.A.soupB.icecreamC.noodlesD.chocolates3.Thepassageimplies(暗示)that________.A.menprobablyeatmorecomfortfoodsthanwomenB.womenusuallyeatcomfortfoodsonlywhentheyarehappyC.menusuallyeatcomfortfoodswhentheyaresadD.womenprobablyeatcomfortfoodsmoreoftenthanmen【真題訓(xùn)練2】(江蘇啟東中學(xué))Doyoufeelalittlesleepyafterlunch?Well,that’snormal.Yourbodynaturallyslowsdownthen.Whatshouldyoudoaboutit?Don’treachforacoffee!Instead,takeanap.Therearemanybenefits(好處)ofadailynap.Firstofall,youaremoreefficient(有效率)afternapping.Yourememberthingsbetterandmakefewermistakes.Also,youcanlearnthingsmoreeasilyaftertakinganap.A20-minutenapcanreduceinformationoverload.Itcanalsoreducestress.Finally,anapmayincreaseyourself-confidenceandmakeyoumorealert(靈活).Itmayevencheeryouup.But,therearesomesimplerulesyoushouldfollowabouttakinganap.First,takeanapinthemiddleoftheday,abouteighthoursafteryouwakeup.Otherwise,youmaydisturbyoursleep-wakepattern.Next,a20-minutenapisbest.Ifyousleeplonger,youmayfallintoadeepsleep.Afterwakingfromadeepsleep,youwillfeelworse.Also,youshouldsetanalarmclock.Thatway,youcanfullyrelaxduringyournap.Youwon’thavetokeeplookingattheclocksothatyoudon’toversleep.Now,thenexttimeyoufeelsleepyafterlunch,don’tgetstressed.Putyourheaddown,closeyoureyes,andhavefortywinks.4.Whatisagoodrulefortakinganap?A.Useanalarmclock.B.Napeighthoursafterwakingup.C.Sleepforabouthalfanhour.D.Alloftheabove.5.Accordingtothepassage,whatisNOTabenefitofnapping?A.Itmakesyoustronger.B.Itmakesyoufeelhappier.C.Itgivesyoumoreself-confidence.D.Itimprovesyourmemory.6.Whichmayhappenifanalarmclockisnotused?A.Youmayrelaxmore.B.Youmayfeeltoonervoustorelax.C.Youmayforgetanimportantmeeting.D.Youmaynotreduceyournappingtime.7.Inthelastparagraph,“havefortywinks”canbereplacedby“________”.A.doeye-protectionexercisesB.closeyoureyesforfortytimesC.haveashortsleepduringthedaytimeD.pretendtohaveaquicknapafterlunch【真題訓(xùn)練3】(資陽(yáng)市)HappyNewYears!TodayisMarch17th.Abouttwoandahalfmonthsago,Isaid“HappyNewYear!”tomanyofmyfriends.Aboutfiftydaysago,Isaidthesamethingtosomeotherfriends.Inaboutfourdays,I’llsaythesamewishestoyetanothergroupoffriends.I’lldothesamethinginJulyandalsoinSeptember.“Howcanthatbe?”youmightask(ifyou’refromWesternEuropeortheAmericas).“EveryoneknowsthatNewYear’sDayisinJanuary!”Infact,thedateofNewYear’sDaydependsonthecalendar(日歷)——andIhavefriendswhouseoneormoreoffivedifferentcalendarstokeeptrackofatleastpartoftheirlives:●January1st:NewYear’sDayontheWestern/internationalcalendar●InJanuaryorFebruary(in2006,January29th):NewYear’sDayontheChinesecalendar(China,Korea,andafewotherplaces)●March21st:NewYear’sDayonthetraditionalPersian(波斯)calendar●Mid-July(usuallythe16th):NewYear’sDayontheIslamic(穆斯林)calendar●September:NewYear’sDayonmostEasternOrthodoxChurch(東正教)calendars(CentralandEasternEurope)and,usually,ontheJewishcalendarAndthesearejusttheNewYear’sDaysthatIknowabout!Asamatteroffact,thereareprobablye