長篇閱讀-匹配

How

to

Make

Attractive

and

Effective

PowerPointPresentations

A)

Microsoft

PowerPoint

has

dramatically

changedthe

way

in

which

academic

and

businesspresentations

are

made.

This

article

outlines

few

tipson

making

more

effective

and

attractive

PowerPointpresentations.

The

Text

B)

Keep

the

wording

clear

and

simple.

Use

active,

visual

language.

Cut

unnecessarywords—a

good

rule

of

thumb

is

to

cut

paragraphs

down

to

sentences,

sentences

into

phrases,and

phrases

into

key

words.Limit

the

number

of

words

and

lines

per

slide.

Try

the

Rule

ofFive-five

words

per

line,

five

lines

per

slide.

If

too

much

text

appears

on

one

slide,

use

theAutoFit

feature

to

split

it

between

two

slides.

Click

within

the

placeholder

to

display

the

AutoFitOptions

button

(its

symbol

is

two

horizontal

lines

with

arrows

above

and

below),

then

click

onthe

button

and

choose

Split

Text

between

Two

Slides

from

the

submenu.

C)

Font

size

for

titles

should

be

at

least

36

to

40,

while

the

text

body

should

not

be

smallerthan

24.Use

only

two

font

styles

per

slide—one

for

the

title

and

the

other

for

the

text.

Choosetwo

fonts

that

visually

contrast

with

each

other.

Garamond

Medium

Condensed

and

Impact

aregood

for

titles,

while

Garamond

or

Tempus

Sans

can

be

used

for

the

text

body.

D)

Embed

the

fonts

in

your

presentation,

if

you

are

not

sure

whether

the

fonts

used

inthe

presentation

are

present

in

the

computer

that

will

be

used

for

the

presentation.

Toembed

the

fonts:(1)

On

the

File

menu,

click

Save

As.(2)

On

the

toolbar,

click

Tools,

click

SaveOptions,

select

the

Embed

TrueType

Fonts

check

box,

and

then

select

Embed

characters

in

useonly.

E)

Use

colors

sparingly;

two

to

three

at

most.

You

may

use

one

color

for

all

the

titles

andanother

for

the

text

body.

Be

consistent

from

slide

to

slide.

Choose

a

font

color

thatcontrasts

well

with

the

background.

F)

Capitalizing

the

first

letter

of

each

word

is

good

for

the

title

of

slides

and

suggests

amore

formal

situation

than

having

just

the

first

letter

of

the

first

word

capitalized.

In

bullet

pointlines,

capitalize

the

first

word

and

no

other

words

unless

they

normally

appear

capped.

Upperand

lower

case

lettering

is

more

readable

than

all

capital

letters.

Moreover,

current

stylesindicate

that

using

all

capital

letters

means

you

are

shouting.

If

you

have

text

that

is

in

thewrong

case,

select

the

text,

and

then

click

Shift+F3

until

it

changes

to

the

case

style

that

youlike.

Clicking

Shift+F3

toggles

the

text

case

between

ALL

CAPS,

lower

case,

and

Initial

Capitalstyles.

G)

Use

bold

or

italic

typeface

for

emphasis.

Avoid

underlining,

it

clutters

up

thepresentation.Don’t

center

bulleted

lists

or

text.

It

is

confusing

to

read.

Left

align

unless

youhave

a

good

reason

not

to.

Run

“spell

check”

on

your

show

when

finished.

The

Background

H)

Keep

the

background

consistent.

Simple,

light

textured

backgrounds

work

well.Complicated

textures

make

the

content

hard

to

read.

If

you

are

planning

to

use

many

clips

inyour

slides,

select

a

white

background.

If

the

venue

of

your

presentation

is

not

adequatelylight-proof,

select

a

dark-colored

background

and

use

any

light

color

for

text.

Minimize

the

useof

“bells

and

whistles”

such

as

sound

effects,“flying

words”

and

multiple

transitions.

Don’t

usered

in

any

fonts

or

backgrounds.

It

is

an

emotionally

overwhelming

color

that

is

difficult

to

seeand

read.

The

Clips

I)

Animations

are

best

used

subtly;

too

much

flash

and

motion

can

distract

and

annoyviewers.

Do

not

rely

too

heavily

on

those

images

that

were

originally

loaded

on

your

computerwith

the

rest

of

Office.

You

can

easily

find

appropriate

clips

on

any

topic

through

GoogleImages.

While

searching

for

images,

do

not

use

long

search

phrases

as

is

usually

done

whilesearching

the

web-use

specific

words.

J)

When

importing

pictures,

make

sure

that

they

are

smaller

than

two

megabytes

and

are

ina

.jpg

format.

Larger

files

can

slow

down

your

show.

Keep

graphs,

charts

and

diagrams

simple,if

possible.

Use

bar

graphs

and

pie

charts

instead

of

tables

of

data.

The

audience

can

thenimmediately

pick

up

the

relationships.

The

Presentation

K)

If

you

want

your

presentation

to

directly

open

in

the

slide

show

view,

save

it

as

a

slideshow

file

using

the

following

steps.

Open

the

presentation

you

want

to

save

as

a

slide

show.On

the

File

menu,

click

Save

As.

In

the

Save

as

type

list,

click

PowerPoint

Show.

Your

slideshow

file

will

be

saved

with

a

ppt

file

extension.

When

you

double-click

on

this

file,

it

willautomatically

start

your

presentation

in

slide

show

view.

When

you’re

done,

PowerPointautomatically

closes

and

you

return

to

the

desktop.

If

you

want

to

edit

the

slide

show

file,you

can

always

open

it

from

PowerPoint

by

clicking

Open

on

the

File

menu.

L)

Look

at

the

audience,

not

at

the

slides,

whenever

possible.

If

using

a

laser

pointer,

don’tmove

it

too

fast.

For

example,

if

circling

a

number

on

the

slide,

do

it

slowly.

Never

point

thelaser

at

the

audience.

Black

out

the

screen

(use

“B”

on

the

keyboard)

after

the

point

has

beenmade,

to

put

the

focus

on

you.

Press

the

key

again

to

continue

your

presentation.

M)

You

can

use

the

shortcut

command

[Ctrl]P

to

access

the

Pen

tool

during

a

slide

show.Click

with

your

mouse

and

drag

to

use

the

Pen

tool

to

draw

during

your

slide

show.

To

eraseeverything

you’ve

drawn,

press

the

E

key.

To

turn

off

the

Pen

tool,

press

[Esc]

once.

Miscellaneous

N)

Master

Slide

Set-Up:

The

“master

slide”

will

allow

you

to

make

changes

that

are

reflectedon

every

slide

in

your

presentation.

You

can

change

fonts,

colors,

backgrounds,

headers,

andfooters

at

the

“master

slide”

level.

First,

go

to

the

“View”

menu.

Pull

down

the

“Master”

menu.Select

the

“slide

master”

menu.

You

may

now

make

changes

at

this

level

that

meet

yourpresentation

needs.1.

The

ways

in

which

academic

and

business

presentations

are

made

have

been

changedby

Microsoft

PowerPoint.

2.

When

making

the

PowerPoint,

the

wording

of

the

text

should

not

be

complicated.

3.

In

each

slide,

the

font

styles

for

the

title

and

the

text

should

contrast

with

each

other.

4.

A

more

formal

situation

is

capitalizing

the

first

letter

of

the

first

word.

5.

Centering

bulleted

lists

or

text

can

not

help

to

read.

6.

Sound

effects

should

be

used

as

less

frequently

as

possible.

7.

When

importing

pictures,

make

sure

that

they

are

smaller

than

two

megabytes.

8.

When

making

the

presentation,

you

should

look

at

the

audience

as

possible

as

you

can.

9.

Pressing

the

E

key

can

help

you

to

erase

everything

you've

drawn.

10.

In

order

to

meet

your

presentation

needs,

you

can

make

changes

at

the

“slidemaster”

level.Part

Ⅲ

Reading

Comprehension

(40

minutes)Section

B（原快速閱讀理解調(diào)整為長篇閱讀理解，篇章長度和難度不變。篇章后附有10個句子，每句一題。每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出與每句所含信息相匹配的段落。）

Directions:

In

this

section,

you

are

going

to

read

a

passage

with

ten

statements

attached

to

it.Each

statement

contains

information

given

in

one

of

the

paragraphs.

Identify

the

paragraphfrom

which

the

information

is

derived.

You

may

choose

a

paragraph

more

than

once.

Eachparagraph

is

marked

with

a

letter.

Answer

the

questions

by

marking

the

corresponding

letter

onAnswer

Sheet

2.

Daylight

Saving

Time

(DST)

How

and

When

Did

Daylight

Saving

Time

Start?

[A]

Benjamin

Franklin—of

“early

to

bed

and

early

to

rise”

fame—was

apparently

the

first

personto

suggest

the

concept

of

daylight

savings.

While

serving

as

U.S.

ambassador

to

France

inParis,

Franklin

wrote

of

being

awakened

at

6

a.m.

and

realizing,

to

his

surprise,

that

the

sun

would

rise

far

earlier

than

heusually

did.

Imagine

the

resources

that

might

be

saved

if

he

and

others

rose

before

noon

and

burned

less

midnightoil,

Franklin,

tongue

half

in

cheek,

wrote

to

a

newspaper.

[B]

It

wasn’t

until

World

War

I

that

daylight

savings

were

realized

on

a

grand

scale.

Germanywas

the

first

state

to

adopt

the

time

changes,

to

reduce

artificial

lighting

and

thereby

savecoal

for

the

war

effort.

Friends

and

foes

soon

followed

suit.

In

the

U.S.

a

federal

lawstandardized

the

yearly

start

and

end

of

daylight

saving

time

in

1918—for

the

states

that

choseto

observe

it.

[C]

During

World

War

II

the

U.S.

made

daylight

saving

time

mandatory^強制的)for

the

wholecountry,

as

a

way

to

save

wartime

resources.

Between

February

9,1942,

and

September

30,1945,

the

government

took

it

a

step

further.

During

this

period

daylight

saving

time

wasobserved

year-round,

essentially

making

it

the

new

standard

time,

if

only

for

a

few

years.

Manyyears

later,

the

Energy

Policy

Act

of

2005

was

enacted,

mandating

a

controversial

month-longextension

of

daylight

saving

time,

starting

in

2007.

Daylight

Saving

Time:

Energy

Saver

or

Just

Time

Suck?

[D]

In

recent

years

several

studies

have

suggested

that

daylight

saving

time

doesn’t

actuallysave

energy—and

might

even

result

in

a

net

loss.

Environmental

economist

Hendrik

Wolff,

ofthe

University

of

Washington,

co-authored

a

paper

that

studied

Australian

power-use

datawhen

parts

of

the

country

extended

daylight

saving

time

for

the

2000

Sydney

Olympics

andothers

did

not.

The

researchers

found

that

the

practice

reduced

lighting

and

electricityconsumption

in

the

evening

but

increased

energy

use

in

the

now

dark

mornings—wiping

out

theevening

gains.

That’s

because

the

extra

hour

that

daylight

saving

time

adds

in

the

evening

is

ahotter

hour.“So

if

people

get

home

an

hour

earlier

in

a

warmer

house,

they

turn

on

their

airconditioning,”

the

University

of

Washington’s

Wolff

said.

[E]

But

other

studies

do

show

energy

gains.

In

an

October

2008

daylight

saving

time

report

toCongress,

mandated

by

the

same

2005

energy

act

that

extended

daylight

saving

time,

theU.S.

Department

of

Energy

asserted

that

springing

forward

does

save

energy.

Extendeddaylight

saving

time

saved

1.3

terawatt

(太瓦)hours

of

electricity.

That

figure

suggests

thatdaylight

saving

time

reduces

annual

U.S.

electricity

consumption

by

0.03

percent

and

overallenergy

consumption

by

0.02

percent.

While

those

percentages

seem

small,

they

couldrepresent

significant

savings

because

of

the

nation’s

enormous

total

energy

use.

[F]

What*s

more,

savings

in

some

regions

are

apparently

greater

than

in

others.

California,

forinstance,

appears

to

benefit

most

from

daylight

saving

time—perhaps

because

its

relativelymild

weather

encourages

people

to

stay

outdoors

later.

The

Energy

Department

report

foundthat

daylight

saving

time

resulted

in

an

energy

savings

of

one

percent

daily

in

the

state.

[G]

But

Wolff,

one

of

many

scholars

who

contributed

to

the

federal

report,

suggested

that

thenumbers

were

subject

to

statistical

variability

(變化)and

shouldn’t

be

taken

as

hard

facts.

Anddaylight

savings,

energy

gains

in

the

U.S.

largely

depend

on

your

location

in

relation

to

theMason-Dixon

Line,

Wolff

said.“The

North

might

be

a

slight

winner,

because

the

North

doesn’thave

as

much

air

conditioning,”

he

said.“But

the

South

is

a

definite

loser

in

terms

of

energyconsumption.

The

South

has

more

energy

consumption

under

daylight

saving.”

Daylight

Saving

Time:

Healthy

or

Harmful?

[H]

For

decades

advocates

of

daylight

savings

have

argued

that,

energy

savings

or

no,

daylightsaving

time

boosts

health

by

encouraging

active

lifestyles—a

claim

Wolff

and

colleagues

arecurrently

putting

to

the

test.“In

a

nationwide

American

time-use

study,

we’re

clearly

seeingthat,

at

the

time

of

daylight

saving

time

extension

in

the

spring,

television

watching

is

substantially

reduced

and

outdoor

behaviors

like

jogging,walking,

or

going

to

the

park

are

substantially

increased,”

Wolff

said.“That’s

remarkable,

because

of

course

thetotal

amount

of

daylight

in

a

given

day

is

the

same.”

[I]

But

others

warn

of

ill

effects.

Till

Roenneberg,

a

university

professor

in

Munich

(慕尼,黑),Germany,

said

his

studies

show

that

our

circadian

(生理節(jié)奏的)body

clocks—set

by

light

anddarkness—never

adjust

to

gaining

an

“extra”

hour

of

sunlight

to

the

end

of

the

day

duringdaylight

saving

time.

[J]

One

reason

so

many

people

in

the

developed

world

are

chronically

(長期地）overtired,

hesaid,

is

that

they

suffer

from

“social

jet

lag.”

In

other

words,

their

optimal

circadian

sleepperiods

don"t

accord

with

their

actual

sleep

schedules.

Shifting

daylight

from

morning

toevening

only

increases

this

lag,

he

said.“Light

doesn’t

do

the

same

things

to

the

body

in

themorning

and

the

evening.

More

light

in

the

morning

would

advance

the

body

clock,

and

thatwould

be

good.

But

more

light

in

the

evening

would

even

further

delay

the

body

clock.”

[K]

Other

research

hints

at

even

more

serious

health

risks.

A

2008

study

concluded

that,

atleast

in

Sweden,

heart

attack

risks

go

up

in

the

days

just

after

the

spring

time

change.“Themost

likely

explanation

to

our

findings

is

disturbed

sleep

and

disruption

of

biologicalrhythms,”

One

expert

told

National

Geographic

News

via

email.

Daylight

Savings!

Lovers

and

Haters

[L]

With

verdicts

(定論)on

the

benefits,

or

costs,

of

daylight

savings

so

split,

it

may

be

nosurprise

that

the

yearly

time

changes

inspire

polarized

reactions.

In

the

U.K.,

for

instance,

theLighter

Later

movement—part

of

10:10,

a

group

advocating

cutting

carbon

emissions—arguesfor

a

sort

of

extreme

daylight

savings.

First,

they

say,

move

standard

time

forward

an

hour,then

keep

observing

daylight

saving

time

as

usual—adding

two

hours

of

evening

daylight

towhat

we

currently

consider

standard

time.

The

folks

behind

Standardtime

.com,

on

the

otherhand,

want

to

abolish

daylight

saving

time

altogether,

calling

energy-efficiency

claims“unproven.”

[M]

National

telephone

surveys

by

Rasmussen

Reports

from

spring

2010

and

fall

2009

deliverthe

same

answer.

Most

people

just

“don’t

think

the

time

change

is

worth

the

hassle

(麻煩洽勺事）.”

Forty-seven

percent

agreed

with

that

statement,

while

only

40

percent

disagreed.

ButSeize

the

Daylight

author

David

Prerau

said

his

research

on

daylight

saving

time

suggests

mostpeople

are

fond

of

it.“I

think

if

you

ask

most

people

if

they

enjoy

having

an

extra

hour

ofdaylight

in

the

evening

eight

months

a

year,

the

response

would

be

pretty

positive.”

46.

Daylight

savings，energy

gains

might

be

various

due

to

different

climates.

47.

Disturbed

sleep

and

disruption

of

biological

rhythms

may

be

the

best

explanation

to

higherheart

attack

risks

in

the

days

after

the

spring

time

change.

48.

A

research

indicated

that

DST

might

not

save

energy

by

increasing

energy

use

in

the

darkmornings,

though

it

reduced

lighting

and

electricity

consumption

in

the

evening.

49.

Germany

took

the

lead

to

save

wartime

resources

by

adopting

the

time

changes

andreducing

artificial

lighting.

50.

A

university

professor

studied

the

effect

of

daylight

saving

time

and

sounded

the

alarm

ofits

negative

effects.

51.

Social

jet

lag

can

partly

account

for

people’s

chronic

fatigue

syndrome

in

developedcountries.

52.

The

figure

of

a

study

in

the

Part

Ⅲ

Reading

ComprehensionSection

D

46.[F]。題干意為，夏令時帶來的能源收益可能會因為不同的氣候而有差異。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞daylight

savings"

energy

gains,

various和different

climates。文章段落中，提到能源節(jié)約量與天氣有關(guān)的內(nèi)容在[F]段出現(xiàn)，該段前兩句提到，一些地區(qū)的節(jié)能量明顯比其他地區(qū)要大。例如，加利福尼亞州似乎是從夏令時中獲益最大的——可能是因為那里的氣候相對溫和，鼓勵人們在戶外待到更晚。由此可知，題干對原文進行了概括和同義改寫，故答案為[F]。

47.[K]。題干意為，睡眠障礙和生物節(jié)律紊亂可能是春季時間變化后心臟病發(fā)病率上升的最佳解釋。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞

disturbed

sleep

and

disruption

of

biological

rhythms,

explanation和higherheart

attack

risks。文章段落中，提及睡眠障礙和生物節(jié)律紊亂以及心臟病發(fā)病率上升的內(nèi)容在[K]段出現(xiàn)，該段第二句提到，2008年的一項研究總結(jié)道，至少在瑞典，在春季時間變化后不久，心臟病發(fā)病率就上升了……接著第三句引用了一位專家的話：“根據(jù)我們的調(diào)查結(jié)果，最合理的解釋是睡眠障礙及生物節(jié)奏紊亂。”由此可知，題干是對原文的同義改寫，故答案為[K]。

48.[D]。題干意為，一項研究表明，盡管實行夏令時能減少夜間照明及電量消耗，但卻因為增加了晨間的用電量而可能無法節(jié)約能源。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞increasing

energy

use

in

the

darkmornings和reduced

lighting

and

electricity

consumption

in

the

evening。文章段落中，提到了增加晨間的用電量和減少夜間照明及電量消耗的是[D]段，該段第三句提Sij,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)這種做法減少了夜間照明及電量消耗，但是卻增加了晨間