熱點(diǎn)21天文學(xué)上的“潮汐瓦解事件”(解析版)-備戰(zhàn)2023年中考英語(yǔ)熱點(diǎn)話題解讀關(guān)鍵能力(題型)強(qiáng)化專練(通用版)

備戰(zhàn)2023年中考英語(yǔ)熱點(diǎn)話題解讀+關(guān)鍵能力(題型)強(qiáng)化專練熱點(diǎn)21天文學(xué)上的“潮汐瓦解事件”黑洞撕碎恒星潮汐瓦解事件再現(xiàn)科技日?qǐng)?bào)北京12月4日電(記者張夢(mèng)然)英國(guó)《自然》和《自然·天文學(xué)》雜志最近共同發(fā)表論文，報(bào)道了一次極其罕見(jiàn)的天文學(xué)奇觀——潮汐瓦解事件(TDE)的觀測(cè)結(jié)果，同時(shí)探測(cè)到有物質(zhì)噴流以接近光速的速度從黑洞中“飛奔”而出。潮汐瓦解事件是指當(dāng)一顆恒星被一顆特大質(zhì)量黑洞撕裂時(shí)釋放能量的過(guò)程。該發(fā)現(xiàn)將能提升人們對(duì)宇宙學(xué)距離的黑洞特性的理解。TDE使人們能研究特大質(zhì)量黑洞如何通過(guò)積聚(或吸積)物質(zhì)而生長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)一顆恒星受到來(lái)自黑洞的快速拉扯時(shí)，這顆恒星就會(huì)瓦解，其物質(zhì)會(huì)落在黑洞的吸積盤上。某些情況下，吸積的物質(zhì)會(huì)產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的物質(zhì)噴流，極少數(shù)情況下還會(huì)導(dǎo)致相對(duì)論性噴流的產(chǎn)生，其速度近乎于光速。但這類事件非常罕見(jiàn)，人們對(duì)此的了解也很少。而最新觀測(cè)結(jié)果增進(jìn)了人們對(duì)這類罕見(jiàn)事件的認(rèn)知。包括美國(guó)馬里蘭大學(xué)帕克分校、麻省理工學(xué)院科學(xué)家在內(nèi)的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)，此次報(bào)告了對(duì)名為AT2022cmc信號(hào)的探測(cè)結(jié)果：這是一次釋放巨大能量的天文事件。觀測(cè)結(jié)果來(lái)自使用光學(xué)波段和其他波段的多臺(tái)望遠(yuǎn)鏡，顯示該信號(hào)與恒星在距離特大質(zhì)量黑洞過(guò)近時(shí)因劇烈瓦解釋放明亮噴流而產(chǎn)生的輻射是一致的。這些結(jié)果，尤其是對(duì)X射線波長(zhǎng)的觀測(cè)，顯示有極強(qiáng)的能量參與其中，而亮度的快速變化和整個(gè)事件的持久性，正是罕見(jiàn)的相對(duì)論性噴射TDE的標(biāo)志。這類事件迄今只報(bào)道過(guò)4例，此為其中1例。盡管大部分探測(cè)到的TDE都源于附近宇宙，這次事件卻來(lái)自一個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的、距離我們約有124億光年的星系，之所以能從地球看見(jiàn)，是因?yàn)樗５牧炼?。通過(guò)模擬該事件，麻省理工的天文學(xué)家們更傾向于認(rèn)為，有一個(gè)與太陽(yáng)體積和質(zhì)量差不多的恒星被一個(gè)相對(duì)低質(zhì)量的黑洞瓦解吞噬。馬里蘭大學(xué)帕克分校團(tuán)隊(duì)則總結(jié)道，他們的研究結(jié)果證實(shí)了約有1%的TDE有相對(duì)論性噴流，驗(yàn)證了之前對(duì)這類事件罕見(jiàn)程度的預(yù)測(cè)。[來(lái)源|光明網(wǎng)]附：宇宙中“沉睡巨人”的吐息——潮汐瓦解事件潮汐瓦解事件（TidalDisruptionEvents，簡(jiǎn)稱TDE）是發(fā)生在宇宙中的一種高能爆發(fā)現(xiàn)象，即恒星距離星系中心超大質(zhì)量黑洞過(guò)近，其受到的潮汐力超過(guò)自引力，從而被潮汐力撕裂的事件。TDE發(fā)生后，被瓦解的部分恒星物質(zhì)被黑洞束縛并最終吸積，其過(guò)程中會(huì)形成吸積盤并伴隨極強(qiáng)的X射線或光學(xué)輻射，部分事件甚至產(chǎn)生相對(duì)論性噴流（例如SwiftJ1644+57）。宇宙中，大部分超大質(zhì)量黑洞處于“休眠”狀態(tài)而難以被觀測(cè)。而TDE產(chǎn)生的劇烈耀發(fā)可以點(diǎn)亮隱藏在寧?kù)o星系中心的超大質(zhì)量黑洞及中等質(zhì)量黑洞，因此是尋找并統(tǒng)計(jì)星系中心黑洞的重要途徑。此外，TDE不僅可以幫助理解黑洞自旋及黑洞的質(zhì)量增長(zhǎng)與演化過(guò)程，其極端水平的吸積和多樣的吸積盤演化過(guò)程也為人們研究黑洞周圍吸積與噴流物理提供了珍貴的條件。因此，潮汐瓦解事件是理想的天體物理實(shí)驗(yàn)室，是天文學(xué)研究的重要課題。[來(lái)源|華中科技大學(xué)天文學(xué)系]一、閱讀理解1Astronomy（天文學(xué)）istheoldestscienceknowntomen.Thousandsofyearsago,menlookedatthestarsandwonderedabouttheheavens（蒼穹）.TheGreeksstudiedastronomyover2,000yearsago.Theycouldseethesize,colorandbrightnessofastar.Theycouldseeitsplaceinthesky.Theywatchedthestarsmoveastheseasonschanged.ButtheGreekshadnotoolstohelpthemstudytheheavens.Eachnewtooladdedtothefieldofastronomyhelpedmenreachoutintospace.Untilthereweretelescopes,mendidnotknowmuchaboutthemoon.TheydidnotknowthattheplanetcalledSaturn（土星）hadringsaroundit.Theirsightwassolimitedthattheycouldnotseealltheplanets.Intheearly1700speoplethoughttherewereonlysixplanets.Pluto（冥王星）,thelastofthenineplanenetstobediscoveredwasnotseenuntil1930.Beforethespectroscopes（分光鏡）,mendidn’tknowwhatkindofgaswasinthesunorotherstars.Withoutradiotelescopes（射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡）,wedidnotknowthatradionoisecamefarfromspace.Today,astronomyisagrowingscience.Wehavelearnedmoreinthepastfiftyyearsthaninthewholehistoryofastronomy.1.Over2,000yearsago,________couldseethesize,colorandbrightnessofastar.A.theChinese B.theGreeks C.theAmericans D.theRussians2.WhentheGreekswatchedthestars,theycould_________.A.knowwhatthestarsweremadeofB.notseetheirplacesintheskyC.helpthemselvesstudytheheavensD.watchthestarsmoveastheseasonschanged3.Untiltherewere

________,menknewverylittleaboutthemoon.A.telescopes B.spectroscopesC.radiotelescopes D.spaceships4.Peopledidn’tknowaboutPlutountil________.A.the1700s B.2,000yearsago C.1930 D.thousandsofyearsago5._________,peoplebegantodoresearchonastronomy.A.Fiftyyearsago B.Ninetyyearsago C.Intheearly1700s D.Over2,000yearsago【答案】1.B

2.D

3.A

4.C

5.D【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了天文學(xué)的發(fā)展過(guò)程。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“TheGreeksstudiedastronomyover2,000yearsago.Theycouldseethesize,colorandbrightnessofastar.”可知，在兩千年前，希臘人能看到星星的大小顏色和亮度，故選B。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Theywatchedthestarsmoveastheseasonschanged.”可知，隨著季節(jié)的改變，他們能看到星星在移動(dòng)，故選D。3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第二句“Untilthereweretelescopes,mandidnotknowmuchaboutthemoon,”判斷出在telescopes出現(xiàn)之前，人們對(duì)月球了解很少，故選A。4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Pluto,thelastofthenineplanetstobediscovered,wasnotseenuntil1930”可知，直到1930年人們才開(kāi)始發(fā)現(xiàn)冥王星，故選C。5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“TheGreeksstudiedastronomyover2,000yearsago.”可知，希臘人在兩千年前就研究天文學(xué)了，故選D。2Livingthingshavealifecycle.Theyareborn,grow,anddie.Eventhoughstarsarenotlivingthings,theydohavealifecycle.Astarisborninacloudofdustandgas.Ayoungstarisblueandveryhot.Amiddle-agedstarisyellow.Itcoolsandbecomesaredgiant.Finally,thestarexplodes.Thelightofastartellsastronomersmanythingsaboutthestar.AnnieJumpCannonwasanAmericanastronomerwhocarefullyclassified（分級(jí)）starsbylookingattheirlight.AnnieJumpCannonwasbornin1863.Hermothertaughtherabouttheconstellations（星座）whenshewasagirl.Anniewasinterestedinstudyingthestarswhenshegrewup.Butnotmanywomenwenttocollegeinthosedays.Also,Anniehadanillnessthatcausedherlostmostofherhearing.Butthesethingsdidn’tstopAnniefromearningtwocollegedegrees.CannonwashiredtoworkattheHarvardCollegeObservatory（天文臺(tái)）.Astronomersthereusedtelescopesandtookphotographsofthesky.Itwasanexcitingnewscience.Thelightfromeachstarpassedthroughaprism（棱鏡）inthetelescope.Aprismisapieceofcutglass.Lightpassingthroughaprismisseparatedintoarainbow.Cannonstudiedthephotosofeachbandofcolors.Almostallphotoswereblackandwhite.Shecouldnotseethecolors.Shecouldonlyseedifferentdarklines.Sheusedthemtoclassifystarsfromyoungerandveryhottoolderandcooler.AnnieJumpCannonclassifiedmorethan300,000stars!Herstarcatalogisstillusedbyastronomersallovertheworld.Duringherlifetime,Cannonreceivedmanyhonors.In1934,anawardwasnamedforher.TheAnnieJ.CannonAwardinAstronomyisgiveneveryyear.ItisgiventoawomanastronomerfromNorthAmerica.6.Aprismcan________.A.separatelightintocolors B.takeaphotographC.cutthroughglass D.telltheageofastar7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inthefourthparagraphreferto?A.Colors. B.Prisms. C.Photos. D.Darklines.8.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthedescriptiontoCannon?A.Shewasnearlydeaf. B.Sheknewaboutstars.C.Shedidn’tgotocollege. D.Sheworkedcarefully.9.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Areportonscience.B.Areportonastronomy.C.AnintroductiontoAnnieJumpCannon.D.Anintroductiontothedevelopmentofastronomy.【答案】6.A

7.D

8.C

9.C【解析】本文主要介紹了天文學(xué)家AnnieJumpCannon以及她是如何分類星星的。6.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Lightpassingthroughaprismisseparatedintoarainbow.”可知，棱鏡把光分離成彩虹，彩虹是各種顏色的。故選A。7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Shecouldonlyseedifferentdarklines.Sheusedthemtoclassifystarsfromyoungerandveryhottoolderandcooler.”可知，她只能看到不同的暗線，用不同的暗線分類星星，“them”指代“暗線”。故選D。8.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“Butnotmanywomenwenttocollegeinthosedays.Also,Anniehadanillnessthatcausedherlostmostofherhearing.Butthesethingsdidn’tstopAnniefromearningtwocollegedegrees.”可知，Cannon不僅上了大學(xué)，而且還獲得了學(xué)位。故選C。9.主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了天文學(xué)家AnnieJumpCannon以及她是如何分類星星的，因此，本文是對(duì)AnnieJumpCannon的介紹。故選C。3Areyoucuriousoflookingupatthestarsandwonderingifthere’sintelligentlifeoutthere?SoisFive-hundred-meterApertureSphericalTelescope(FAST,500米口徑球面射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡),China’smega-science(大科學(xué))projectandtheworld’slargestsingle-dishradiotelescope.OnApril28,FAST,nicknamed“China’sEyeofHeaven”,

embarkedon

itssearchforextraterrestrialintelligence(ET,外星生物).Asthenewswentviral(走紅)onsocialnetworkingsites,someonecommentedsaying:“Donotanswer!Donotanswer!DonotAnswer!”ItseemsthatTheThree-BodyProblem(《三體》),asciencefictionnovelbyChineseauthorLiuCixin,hasinfluencedmindssodeeplythatpeopleareworriedaboutthepossibilityoftheEarthbeinginvaded(入侵)byanadvancedextraterrestrialcivilization.Thatworryis,atleastfornow,unnecessary.Ofthe1,800planetsthathavebeendiscovered,lessthan20arecapableofsupportinglife,andthenearestamongthem,Gliese581,is20.4light-yearsaway.AccordingtoRobinHanson’sGreatFiltertheory,thereislessthanaoneinamillionchanceofanyextraterrestriallifeformevolving(進(jìn)化)intohigherintelligenceoracivilization.AndsincetheirdistancefromChinacouldevenbemillionsorbillionsoflight-yearsaway,iftheytravelatthespeedoflight,itwouldtakethematleastmillionsofyearstoreachus.However,thatdoesnotmeanFAST’sjobismeaningless.Asmankind’smostsensitive(敏感的)radiotelescope,FASTcanbestcollectsignalsfromtheuniverse.Researcherscandistinguishevena4Hzdifferenceinthesignalsreceived,meaningitcanbestdistinguishbetweenmanmadeandET-madesignals.Eventhesignalsfromanon-ETcivilizationareuseful,becausetheymightcontainsomehiddeninformationleadingtothediscoveryofnewstarsorplanets.WithFASTjoiningthecause,mankindcanbrowse(搜索)theuniversemoredeeplythaneverbeforeandincreaseknowledgeabouttheuniverse.AndwhateveritachievesisthebestevidenceofChina’sadvancedtechnologyinastronomy(天文學(xué))andthestudyoftheuniverse.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“embarkedon”inParagraph2probablymean?A.ended B.began C.released D.continued11.Whatdoesthe“Donotanswer!”commentshow?A.ThepopularityofLiuCixin’sbook.B.ExcitementatthenewsaboutFAST.C.PeopleworryingaboutbeingattackedbyETs.D.Theinfluenceofsciencefictionnovelsonpeople.12.WhatdoParagraphs5-6wanttotellus?A.Whatmakesaplanetsuitableforintelligentlife.B.Peopletendtoworrymuchmorethantheyneedto.C.ExtraterrestriallifeformswillnotthreatenlifeonEarth.D.Thereisaslightpossibilitythatanextraterrestrialcivilizationexists.13.Whatisthemainideaofthelasttwoparagraphs?A.TheimportanceofFAST’sjob.B.HowFASTdistinguishesbetweensignalsitcollects.C.HowtheFASTradiotelescopeworks.D.China’sadvancedtechnologyinastronomy.【答案】10.B

11.B

12.C

13.A【解析】這篇文章主要介紹中國(guó)”天眼”開(kāi)始探索宇宙，它發(fā)揮的作用以及人們不必為外星生命而擔(dān)憂。10.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段“OnApril28,FAST,nicknamed“China’sEyeofHeaven”,

embarkedon

itssearchforextraterrestrialintelligence(ET,外星生物)在4月28日，綽號(hào)‘中國(guó)天眼’開(kāi)始對(duì)外星生物搜索”可知embarked應(yīng)該是開(kāi)始的意思，故選B。11.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Asthenewswentviral(走紅)onsocialnetworkingsites,someonecommentedsaying:“Donotanswer!Donotanswer!DonotAnswer!當(dāng)這個(gè)消息走紅網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)，一些人評(píng)論說(shuō)：‘不要回答！’‘不要回答！’”可知人們聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息是興奮的，故選B。12.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段“Thatworryis,atleastfornow,unnecessary這種擔(dān)心，至少現(xiàn)在時(shí)沒(méi)必要的”和第六段“AndsincetheirdistancefromChinacouldevenbemillionsorbillionsoflight-yearsaway,iftheytravelatthespeedoflight,itwouldtakethematleastmillionsofyearstoreachus而且它們離中國(guó)的距離甚至是數(shù)百萬(wàn)或數(shù)十億光年遠(yuǎn)，如果它們以光速旅行，它將至少花費(fèi)數(shù)百萬(wàn)年的時(shí)間到達(dá)我們這里”告訴人們沒(méi)有必要擔(dān)心外星文明威脅地球，它離我們十分遙遠(yuǎn)，故選C。13.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第七段“Asmankind’smostsensitive(敏感的)radiotelescope,FASTcanbestcollectsignalsfromtheuniverse作為人類最敏感的射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡，F(xiàn)AST能夠最好地接收宇宙信號(hào)”和第八段“AndwhateveritachievesisthebestevidenceofChina’sadvancedtechnologyinastronomy(天文學(xué))andthestudyoftheuniverse而且無(wú)論如何這是中國(guó)先進(jìn)天文學(xué)和宇宙研究技術(shù)的最好證明”可知后面兩段講了FAST在探索宇宙中的作用和對(duì)中國(guó)的意義，故選A。4OnDec.25,2021,anewageofspacesciencestartedwhenNASAsetuptheJamesWebbSpaceTelescope(望遠(yuǎn)鏡).Itwillchangeourunderstandingofspace.AccordingtoNASA,Webbistheworld’slargestandmostpowerfultelescope.TheoldHubbleSpaceTelescopemostlyseeswhatwesee-light,ButWebbseesinfrared(紅外線的)light,whichisinvisibletothehumaneye.Itcanmakenewdiscoveriesbyexaminingstarsinsidethosedustclouds.Itwillbeableto“l(fā)ookat’”thefirstlightaftertheBigBang(宇宙大爆炸)whichcreatedouruniverse,aswellashowyoungstarsgrow.Webb“sees”byusingmirrorstocollectinfraredlightfromtheuniverse.Thebiggerthemirroris,themoredetailsitcansee.Thetelescopeisastallasathree-storybuildingandasbigasatenniscourt.issobigthatithastofolditsmirrorstofitinsidetherocket,Onceinorbit(軌道),theywillunfold,creatingonelargemirror.Thetelescopeflew29daystoreachitsorbit,whichismorethanonemillionkilometersawayfromtheearth.Aftersixmonths,itsentbackitsfirstpicture.Thebuildingofthetelescopestartedin2004.About40millionhoursofwork,thousandsofscientistsfrom14countries,10billiondollarsand1heavy-liftrocketmadeitallpossible.Nowit’sreadytohelpusanswerkeyquestions,suchaswherewecamefromandwhetherwe’realoneintheuniverse.14.Whatdoestheword“visible”meaninParagraph2?A.Thatcanbeseen. B.Thatcanbedependedon.C.Thatisnotright. D.Thatisgoodenoughtobeeaten.15.WhatcantheJamesWebbSpaceTelescopedoaccordingtothetext?

①Seeinfraredlight.②Exploredustclouds.③Exploreblackholes.④Findhowyoungstarsgrow.A.①②④ B.①③④ C.②③④ D.①②③16.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“It”inParagraph3referto?A.TheBigBang. B.Thelight.C.Theuniverse. D.Thetelescope.17.WhendidWebbstartsendingpicturestotheearthafterreachingitsorbit?A.After29days. B.Afteramonth.C.Afterfivemonths. D.Aftersixmonths.18.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?A. B.C. D.【答案】14.A

15.A

16.D

17.D

18.C【解析】這篇短文主要介紹了迄今為止建造的體積最大也是最強(qiáng)大的太空科學(xué)望遠(yuǎn)鏡——韋伯。14.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段“TheoldHubbleSpaceTelescopemostlyseeswhatwesee-light,ButWebbseesinfrared(紅外線的)light,whichisinvisibletothehumaneye.”可知，但韋伯看到的是紅外線，人眼看不見(jiàn)的光。可知，visible是invisible的反義詞，”，意思是“可見(jiàn)的”。故選A。15.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“ButWebbseesinfraredlight,whichisinvisibletothehumaneye.Itcanmakenewdiscoveriesbyexaminingstarsinsidethosedustclouds.Itwillbeableto‘lookat’thefirstlightaftertheBigBangwhichcreatedouruniverse,aswellashowyoungstarsgrow.”可知，但是韋伯看到紅外光，這是人眼看不見(jiàn)的。它可以通過(guò)檢查那些塵埃云中的恒星來(lái)做出新的發(fā)現(xiàn)。它將能夠“看到”創(chuàng)造我們宇宙的大爆炸之后的第一道光，以及年輕的恒星如何成長(zhǎng)?？芍?，①②④符合題意。故選A。16.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段“Thetelescopeisastallasathree-storybuildingandasbigasatenniscourt.Itissobigthatithastofolditsmirrorstofitinsidetherocket.”可知，望遠(yuǎn)鏡有三層樓那么高，有網(wǎng)球場(chǎng)那么大。它大得把鏡子折疊起來(lái)才能裝進(jìn)火箭里?？芍?，it指的是望遠(yuǎn)鏡。故選D。17.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Aftersixmonths,itsentbackitsfirstpicture.”可知，韋伯到達(dá)地球軌道后六個(gè)月開(kāi)始向地球發(fā)送圖片。故選D。18.文章結(jié)構(gòu)題。根據(jù)第一段“OnDec.25,2021,anewageofspacesciencestartedwhenNASAsetuptheJamesWebbSpaceTelescope.”(2021年12月25日，NASA建造了詹姆斯韋伯太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡,開(kāi)啟了太空科學(xué)的新時(shí)代。)；第二段“AccordingtoNASA,Webbistheworld’slargestandmostpowerfultelescope.”(據(jù)美國(guó)宇航局稱，韋伯望遠(yuǎn)鏡是世界上最大、最強(qiáng)大的望遠(yuǎn)鏡。)’’第三段“Webb‘sees’byusingmirrorstocollectinfraredlightfromtheuniverse.”(韋伯通過(guò)使用鏡子收集來(lái)自宇宙的紅外光來(lái)“看到”。)；第四段“Thetelescopeflew29daystoreachitsorbit,whichismorethanonemillionkilometersawayfromtheearth.Aftersixmonths,itsentbackitsfirstpicture.”(望遠(yuǎn)鏡飛行了29天才到達(dá)距離地球超過(guò)100萬(wàn)公里的軌道。六個(gè)月后，它發(fā)回了第一張照片。)；第五段“Thebuildingofthetelescopestartedin2004.”(望遠(yuǎn)鏡的建造始于2004年。)；第六段“Nowit’sreadytohelpusanswerkeyquestions,suchaswherewecamefromandwhetherwe’realoneintheuniverse.”(現(xiàn)在它已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好幫助我們回答關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題，例如我們來(lái)自哪里以及我們?cè)谟钪嬷惺欠窆陋?dú)。)可知，第一段講述了NASA建造了詹姆斯韋伯太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡；第二、三、四、五段分別講述了韋伯望遠(yuǎn)鏡的功能、通過(guò)鏡子收集紅外光，望遠(yuǎn)鏡到達(dá)軌道后六個(gè)月后返回照片以及望遠(yuǎn)鏡的建造，第六段講述了望遠(yuǎn)鏡現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好回答問(wèn)題。本文的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)如C項(xiàng)所示。故選C。5Youmightask,“Wherewilltheuniversego?Willitevercometoanend?”Scientistshavebeenthinkingaboutthesequestions.However,it’shardtoknowwhatwillhappen.Afterall,theuniverseissobig.Still,scientistshavemadesomeguessesaboutthefateoftheuniverse.AsUSpoetRobertFrostoncewrote,“Somesaytheworldwillendinfire,somesayinice.”Inthe1800s,thestudyofheatshowedthattheuniversemightsomedayexperience“heatdeath”.Ouruniverse“runs”properlybecauseoftemperaturedifferences.It’skindoflikehowacarengineisabletorunbecauseit’shotterinsidetheenginethanoutsidetheengine.Butiftemperaturesbecomethesameeverywhereintheuniverse,certainenergyprocesseswillstopworkingandtheuniversewilldie.Willtheuniversecontinuetoexpand?Andwhatwillhappennext?Herearesomerelatedtheories.TheBigRip(大撕裂)

Weknowthatouruniverseisexpanding.Darkenergycausesittoexpandfasterandfaster.Thistheorysuggeststhatthisexpansionwillcontinueforever.Finally,theexpansion’sspeedwillbecomesogreatthateverythingintheuniversewillberippedapart.TheBigFreeze(大凍結(jié))

Astheuniverseexpands,galaxies,starsandplanetswillpullawayfromeachother.LightfromstarswillnolongerreachtheEarth.Thiswillmaketheuniversecolder.Finally,thetemperatureoftheuniversewillreachabsolutezero.Allmovementstopsatthistemperature.TheBigCrunch(大崩墜)

Thistheoryisdifferentfromtheothertwo.Insteadofexpandingforever,itsuggeststhatthemassoftheuniversewillreversetheexpansion.Then,likeastarthatgrowstoolarge,theuniversewillcollapseinonitself,maybecreatinganewcondition.19.TheUSpoetRobertFrost’swordsmean________.A.it’sinterestingtopredictthefutureB.it’shardtopredictthefutureC.thefuturewillendinfireD.thefuturewillendinice20.FromParagraph3,weknow________.A.theEarthmightbecomehotterandhotterB.theEarth’senergyprocessesaredifferentfromthecar’sC.theuniversewillbesuretoexpandinthefutureD.theuniverse“runs”properlybecauseithasthesametemperature21.Whenwesaytheuniversewillcontinuetoexpandforever.Everythingintheuniversewillberippedapart,thetheoryiscalled________.A.theBigRip B.theBigFreeze C.theBigCrunch D.theBigBang22.Themeaningoftheunderlinedword“collapse”issimilarto“________”.A.speedup B.flyup C.setdown D.falldown23.WhichofthefollowingisRIGHTaccordingtothepassage?A.ThetheoryoftheBigCrunchisofferedbyscientistsfromtheus.B.Humansdidn’tstarttostudytheuniverseuntilthe1800s.C.Lightfromstarswon’tgettotheEarthwhentheuniverseexpands.D.Whentheuniversegetshot,itwillbecomeveryactive.【答案】19.B

20.A

21.A

22.D

23.C【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了大撕裂、大凍結(jié)、大崩墜理論等知識(shí)。19.推理判斷題。根據(jù)“AsUSpoetRobertFrostoncewrote,“Somesaytheworldwillendinfire,somesayinice.””可推斷，RobertFrost認(rèn)為人們對(duì)未來(lái)世界不太確定，由此推斷，他認(rèn)為未來(lái)很難預(yù)測(cè)。故選B。20.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Inthe1800s,thestudyofheatshowedthattheuniversemightsomedayexperience“heatdeath”.”以及本段內(nèi)容可知，在十九世紀(jì)，對(duì)熱的研究表明宇宙可能某天會(huì)體驗(yàn)“熱死亡”，由此可知，未來(lái)的地球可能會(huì)越來(lái)越熱。故選A。21.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Finally,theexpansion’sspeedwillbecomesogreatthateverythingintheuniversewillberippedapart.”可知，當(dāng)我們說(shuō)宇宙將永遠(yuǎn)繼續(xù)膨脹。宇宙中的一切都會(huì)被撕裂，這一理論被叫作“大撕裂”理論。故選A。22.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)“TheBigCrunch”和“Then,likeastarthatgrowstoolarge,theuniversewillcollapseinonitself,maybecreatinganewcondition.”可知，劃線詞所在段落講述的是“大崩墜”理論，由此推斷“collapse”的意思是“倒下、坍塌”，相當(dāng)于“falldown”。故選D。23.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Astheuniverseexpands,galaxies,starsandplanetswillpullawayfromeachother.LightfromstarswillnolongerreachtheEarth.”可知，當(dāng)宇宙膨脹時(shí)，恒星發(fā)出的光無(wú)法到達(dá)地球。故選C。6StephenHawkingwasaBritishscientist.ManypeoplethinkhewasthegreatestscientistafterAlbertEinstein.OnMarch14,2018,Hawkingdiedattheageof76inCambridge,UK.Asascientist,Hawkingwasmostfamousforstudyingblackholes.HethoughtthattheuniversestartedwiththeBigBang（大爆炸）andwouldendbybeingdestroyedbyblackholes.Blackholessuckupeverythingaroundthem—evenlight.Buthealsobelievedthatblackholeswoulddisappearoneday.Hawking’sstudieschangedhowpeoplelookattheuniverse.Healsowrotebookstohelppeopleunderstandtheuniverse.ABriefHistoryofTime（《時(shí)間簡(jiǎn)史》）ishismostpopularbook.However,peopleadmireHawkingnotonlybecauseofhisdiscoveries,butalsobecauseofhisstrongwill.Hawkinghadaseriousillnessthatstartedwhenhewas21.Hecouldnotwalkortalk.Forsometimehehadnowaytotalkwithothersexceptbyblinking（眨眼）.Later,hewasableto“speak”byusingacomputerizedvoice（電腦語(yǔ)音）.However,hisillnessdidn’tstophimfromlivingameaningfullife.Hetraveledaroundtheworld.Hewrotebooks.HeevenappearedonTVshows.Ashischildrensaidafterhisdeath,Hawking’sworksandlegacywillliveonformanyyears.24.WhichofthefollowingaboutHawkingisRIGHT?A.Helearnedhowtotalkandwalkattheageof21.B.Hetalkedwithothersbyblinkingforsometime.C.Heinventedacomputerizedvoice.D.Hedreamedoftravelingaroundtheworld.25.Theexpression“suckup”inParagraph2probablymeans________.A.comeout B.takein C.movearound D.giveout26.WhatcanwelearnfromHawking?A.Howtochangetheuniverse.B.Howtobecomeagreatscientist.C.Howtodealwithseriousillnesses.D.Howtolivewithastrongwill.27.Themainpurposeofthispassageisto________.A.askpeopletodoresearchontheuniverseB.tellpeoplehowseriousStephenHawking’sillnesswasC.encouragepeopletoreadABriefHistoryofTimeD.describeStephenHawking’sachievements【答案】24.B

25.B

26.D

27.D【解析】本文介紹了科學(xué)家史蒂芬霍金的科研成果及他與病魔搏斗的精神。24.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Forsometimehehadnowaytotalkwithothersexceptbyblinking（眨眼）.”可知，有一段時(shí)間他通過(guò)眨眼和別人說(shuō)話。故選B。25.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)“Blackholessuckupeverythingaroundthem—evenlight.”黑洞會(huì)_______周圍的一切，甚至光。由上下文的意思及所給的選項(xiàng)的意思分析可知，此處的suckup應(yīng)該是“吸收”的意思，與短語(yǔ)takein意思相同。故選B。26.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“However,peopleadmireHawkingnotonlybecauseofhisdiscoveries,butalsobecauseofhisstrongwill.”可知，我們能從霍金身上學(xué)到如何以堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志生活。故選D。27.寫作目的。根據(jù)“ManypeoplethinkhewasthegreatestscientistafterAlbertEinstein.”及全文的介紹可知，這篇文章的主要目的是描述史蒂芬霍金的成就。故選D。7TheBigBangtheoryoffersusanansweraboutwheretheuniversecamefrom.Butafterlearningaboutit,youmightask,“Wherewilltheuniversego?Willitevercometoanend?”Scientistshavebeenthinkingaboutthesequestions.However,it’shardtoknowwhatwillhappen.Afterall,theuniverseissobig.Still,scientistshavemadesomeguessesabouttheendingoftheuniverse.Inthe1800s,thestudyofheatshowedthattheuniversemightsomedayexperience“heatdeath”.Ouruniverse“runs”wellbecauseoftemperaturedifferences.It’skindoflikehowacarengineisabletorunbecauseit’shotterinsidethanoutside.Butiftemperaturesbecomethesameeverywhereintheuniverse,theuniversewilldie.Willtheuniversecontinuetoexpand?Andwhatwilltheendingoftheuniversebelike?Scientistsgaveussomerelatedtheories.Weknowthatouruniverseisexpanding.Darkenergycausesittoexpandfasterandfaster.Thetheory,TheBigRip,suggeststhatthischangewillcontinueforever.Eventually,thefasterandfasterchangewillmakeeverythingintheuniverseberipped.Astheuniverseexpands,galaxies,starsandplanetswillpullawayfromeachother.LightfromstarswillnolongerreachEarth.Thiswillmaketheuniversecolder.Finally,thetemperatureoftheuniversewillreachabsolutezero.Allmovementstopsatthistemperature.ThisiscalledTheBigFreeze.TheBigCrunchisdifferentfromtheothertwo.Insteadofexpandingforever,itsuggeststhattheuniverseisheavyenoughtostoptheexpansion.Then,likeastarthatgrowstoolarge,theuniversewillcollapseinonitself,maybecreatinganewsingularity.28.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheguessabouttheendingoftheuniverse?A.TheBigCrunch. B.TheBigRip. C.TheBigFreeze. D.TheBigBang.29.AccordingtoParagraph3,whatmaytheunderlinedwordexpandmean?A.Beingwarm. B.Beingcool. C.Beinglarge. D.Beingsmall.30.Whatdoscientiststhinkabouttheuniverseaccordingtothepassage?A.Theuniversewillsurelycometoanendoneday.B.Maybetheuniversewon’texpandallthetimebecauseofitsweight.C.Keepingthetemperaturesallthesamecanmaketheuniverselivelonger.D.Theuniverseexpandssofastthateverythinginitwillsticktogetherlikeglue.【答案】28.D

29.C

30.B【解析】大爆炸理論讓我們了解了宇宙的起源，但宇宙的終結(jié)呢，宇宙最終走向何處？這篇短文介紹了科學(xué)家們對(duì)宇宙終結(jié)做出的一些猜測(cè)。28.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)短文開(kāi)頭“TheBigBangtheoryoffersusanansweraboutwheretheuniversecamefrom.”可知，大爆炸理論告訴了我們宇宙的起源，不是關(guān)于宇宙的結(jié)束。故選D。29.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和短文第四段“Then,likeastarthatgrowstoolarge,theuniversewillcollapseinonitself”“就像變得太大的恒星……”可知，expand意為“變大”，故選C。30.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Insteadofexpandingforever,itsuggeststhattheuniverseisheavyenoughtostoptheexpansion.”：大崩墜的理論認(rèn)為，宇宙的重量會(huì)重到足以阻止膨脹，所以宇宙不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)膨脹。故選B。二、完形填空通讀下面短文，掌握其大意，然后在每小題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出一個(gè)最佳答案。WhenIwasachild,myfatherhelpedmefindmyinterestandmyjob.Hewould____31____metoartmuseums,givemebooksIcouldn’tunderstandatthattime,andletmeknowthattheworldisbig.WhenIbecame____32____inastronomy(天文學(xué))asateenager,heboughtmemyfirsttelescope(望遠(yuǎn)鏡).Hewouldgooutwithmeevenoncoldnightswhentheskywasvery____33____.Hewouldtellmesomethinglike“Sara,youmustgetajobwhereyouwillsupportyourselfandnot____34____anyman.”Hewouldsaythisalmostinanangry____35____,becausehe’dseeninhisownfamilythatwomenwouldjustgetmarried.Forsomereason,Ialwayslovedthestars.Ididn’treallypayattentiontoscienceatalluntilI____36____myjunioryearofhighschoolbecausemygradeswerealwaysgood.I____37____Iwasreallygoodatscience.Atabout16yearsold,IdecidedtobecomeascientistandtrymybesttoentertheuniversitysothatIcouldbea(n)____38____inthefuture.WhenItoldmyfather,hewasextremelypleased.Hesaid,“Dear,youcandowhatyouwanttodoandIwill____39____youallthetime.Ifeelhappytoknowthatyouwillbedifferentfromanyoneinourfamily.”Iwassothankfulforwhatmyfathersaid,notonlybecausehecouldsayyestomy____40____,butalsobecausehetaughtmetobeindependent.SoIcouldbewhoIamnow.31.A.carry B.take C.get D.create32.A.interested B.excited C.disappointed D.worried33.A.dark B.wide C.clear D.dirty34.A.lookafter B.careabout C.worryabout D.dependon35.A.face B.noise C.voice D.feeling36.A.remembered B.reached C.reminded D.returned37.A.realized B.happened C.hoped D.dreamed38.A.doctor B.driver C.astronaut D.engineer39.A.disagree B.support C.expect D.move40.A.discover B.answer C.ask D.choice【答案】31.B

32.A

33.C

34.D

35.C

36.B

37.A

38.C

39.B

40.D【解析】本文主要講述了作者從小受爸爸的影響，對(duì)科學(xué)產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣，以至于長(zhǎng)大后立志要成為一名宇航員的故事。31.句意：他會(huì)帶我去藝術(shù)博物館，給我看那時(shí)我還看不懂的書，讓我知道世界很大。carry攜帶；take帶著；get得到；create創(chuàng)造。根據(jù)“...metoartmuseums”可知，此處指帶我去藝術(shù)博物館。故選B。32.句意：當(dāng)十幾歲的我對(duì)天文學(xué)產(chǎn)生興趣時(shí)，他給我買了我的第一臺(tái)望遠(yuǎn)鏡。interested感興趣的；excited激動(dòng)的；disappointed失望的；worried擔(dān)心的。根據(jù)“heboughtmemyfirsttelescope(望遠(yuǎn)鏡)”可知，空處指我對(duì)天文學(xué)感興趣。故選A。33.句意：當(dāng)天空晴朗無(wú)云時(shí)，他甚至?xí)诤涞囊雇砗臀页鋈?。dark暗的；wide寬的；clear晴朗的；dirty臟的。根據(jù)“Hewouldgooutwithmeevenoncoldnightswhentheskywasvery”可知，此處指在晴朗的寒冷的夜晚出去。故選C。34.句意：他會(huì)告訴我類似這樣的話“薩拉，你一定要有一份可以支持你而不用靠任何人的工作?！眑ookafter照顧；careabout關(guān)心；worryabout擔(dān)心；dependon依靠。根據(jù)“whereyouwillsupportyourself”可知，爸爸希望薩拉的工作可以支持自己，不用依靠他人。故選D。35.句意：他用近乎生氣的聲音說(shuō)這句話，因?yàn)樗谧约旱募彝ダ锟吹脚藭?huì)結(jié)婚。face臉；noise噪音；voice聲音；feeling感覺(jué)。根據(jù)““Sara,youmustgetajobwhereyouwillsupportyourselfandnot...anyman.”Hewouldsaythisalmostinanangry”可知，這里指爸爸說(shuō)話的聲音。故選C。36.句意：直到我高三時(shí)我才真正重視科學(xué)，因?yàn)槲业某煽?jī)一直很好。remembered記??；reached到達(dá)；reminded提醒；returned返回。根據(jù)“myjunioryearofhighschool”可知，此處指我到高三。故選B。37.句意：我意識(shí)到我真的很擅長(zhǎng)科學(xué)。realized意識(shí)到；happened發(fā)生；hoped希望；dreamed夢(mèng)想。根據(jù)上文“Ididn’treallypaya