翻譯理論與實踐基礎(chǔ)知識

./WheelchairAccessible/ForDisabledOnly殘疾人廁所AutomaticFlush免沖式廁所SensorTap伸手出水FlushafterUse請便后沖洗/來也匆匆,去也沖沖Toilet/Washroom/Restroom公共廁所Caution:WetFloor小心滑倒GentleReminder溫馨提示DrinkingWater取水處DoNotLeaveYourBelongingsbehind請你帶好隨身物品KeepofftheGrass少一個腳印,多一份綠色DriveSlowly高高興興上班去,平平安安回家來Lookoutforcomingtraffic!別往火坑里跳〔交通安全20%Off八折優(yōu)惠BeverageNotIncluded酒水另付donotknowtheirABC他們目不識丁2.Ifthepublicofficialsofhigherauthoritiesresorttobribery,thoseoflowerauthoritieswillfollow.Thisiscalled"Fishbeginstostinkatthehead."[譯文]上級公務(wù)員行受賄,下級公務(wù)員也會效仿。這叫"上行下效"。3.Onlytheknifecansavehim.[譯文]"只有外科手術(shù)才能救他。"4.WhenIamDead,MyDearest<C.G.Rossetti>Ishallnotseetheshadows,<a>我不會重見那蔭影,Ishallnotfeeltherain;<b>我不會感覺雨天來臨；Ishallnothearthenightingale<C>我不會聽見那夜鶯,Singonasifinpain<b>一聲聲仿佛哀鳴。〔虞美譯5.TheGoldenSunset<H.W.LongFellow>Theseaisbutanothersky,茫茫然蒼天如大海,Theskyaseaaswell,浩浩然大海似蒼天；Andwhichisearthandwhichisheaven,何處天上？何處人間Theeyecanscarcelytell.俗眼豈能分辨？！〔梁譯CriterionofTranslation1.YanFu’s<1853-1921>TriplePrincipleofTranslation<faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance>Hisfaithfulnessmeansthatthetranslatedtextshouldbefaithfultotheoriginaltext.Hisexpressivenessmeansthatthetranslatedtextshouldbeexpressiveandcoherentandtheversionshouldbesmooth,andeasytoreadandunderstand.Hiselegancedemandsthatthetranslatedtextshouldbeexquisiteandthatitsstyleoughttobeverygraceful.2.LiuZhongde’sTriplePrinciplefortranslation<faithfulness,expressivenessandcloseness>信于容〔tobefaithfultothecontentoftheoriginal達(dá)如其分〔tobeasexpressiveastheoriginal切合風(fēng)格〔tobeasclosetotheoriginalstyleaspossible3.LuXun<1881-1936>:faithfulness〔信,smoothness〔順凡是翻譯,必須兼顧兩面,一則當(dāng)然力求其易解,一則保存原作的風(fēng)姿。Translationmustaimattwothings:tobereadilyunderstoodandtokeepthefullflavouroftheoriginalwork.4.Fulei<傅雷1908-1966>：resemblanceinspirit<神似>,所求的不在形似,而在神似。Whatisreqiredislikenessinspiritratherthanlikenessinformorapprarance.5.QianZhongshu<錢鐘書1910-1997>：sublimation<化境>文學(xué)翻譯的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是"化"Thesupremecriterionofliterarytranslationisthetransmigrationofsouls.Translationisatransmissionfromsourcetotargetlanguage,arepresentationoftheoriginalcontentandideasinthetargetlanguage.翻譯是一種雙語藝術(shù),源語言和目標(biāo)語言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換,即用目標(biāo)語再現(xiàn)源語的思想和容。翻譯導(dǎo)論英漢語言結(jié)構(gòu)對比和翻譯中的轉(zhuǎn)換被動與主動增詞和減詞詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換名詞性從句譯法正反譯法長句的譯法文化與翻譯Hewasnothingifnotahypocrite.譯文：他不是偽君子才怪呢？1.It'smoreapoemthanapicture.與其說那是一幅畫,不如說那是一首詩。2.Hedrankhimselfoutofthebestlines.他借酒寫得好詩句。3.Hepretendstobeasmodestasanything.他裝得極為謙虛。4.Firegoeswhereveritcan,butitpreferstofollowadraft.火是無孔不入的,可是它更愛竄入通風(fēng)的地方。1.Shecouldn‘thavecomeatabettertime.她來得正是時候。2.Shehasbeenawidowonlysixmonths.她的丈夫去世至今不過半年。3.Ibelievethespeechwasneedlesslystubborn.我認(rèn)為那篇講話口氣強(qiáng)硬,大可不必。4.TheEnglishmanfeelsnolessdeeplythananyothernationality.英國人同其他民族一樣,也有豐富的感情。5.Fromaphysicalstandpoint,thereoughttobeasmanycoloursastherearedifferentwavelengths.從物理學(xué)的觀點來看,不同的波長有多少種,顏色就有多少種。"無為"=toletthingstaketheirowncourseSL:戰(zhàn)士們坐成個"品"字型。TL:Thesoldierssattherefacingeachother.SL:結(jié)婚的事情八字還沒一撇呢！TL:Thereisalongwaytogobeforegettingmarried./Thereislittlehopeofmarriage./Itistooearlytotalkaboutmarriage.SL:HeknowsthesubjectfromAtoZ.TL:他對這個主題了如指掌。SL:Sheisacat.TL:她是個惡毒的女人。SL:這對年輕夫婦并不般配,一個是西施,一個是飛。TL:Thisyoungcoupleisnotwellmatched,oneisaXiShi—afamousChinesebeauty,whiletheotherisaZhangFei—awell-knownill-temperedbrute.SL:"在中國,新婚夫婦是不會把梨分開,一人吃一半的,誰想剛結(jié)婚就離婚呢?"TL:"InChina,nonewly-marriedcouplewillcutapearsothateachcaneatonepart.Whowantstodivorcesoonafterthewedding?""TheChinesewords‘pear’and‘divorce’havethesamepronunciation.TranslationStrategies1.LiteralandliberaltranslationLiteral~:anadequaterepresentationoftheoriginal/keepingagreementwiththesequenceofvocabulary/grammaticalstructure/rhetoricaldevice完整表述原文容,并與原文在詞序、語法結(jié)構(gòu)及修辭技巧等方面基本保持一致。papertiger/onecountry,twosystems/tofishintroubledwater渾水摸魚/gentlemen’sagreement/bearmedtoteeth/crocodile’stears/JudasKissLiberal~:justtheopposite,don’tadherestrictlytotheformorwordorderoftheoriginal在忠實與原文容的前提下不拘泥于形式和詞序等?！?Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?你以為我是幼稚好欺負(fù)的嗎？〔2Theylovetoboast,thoughoftenwithtongueincheek.<=Theylovetobrag,thoughtheyoftendosoinsincerelyorironically.>他們喜歡自吹自擂,盡管通常只是說說罷了?！?"Howloyalisthatman?"heaskedaWhiteHousestafferaboutapotentialhand.Liberaltranslation:在起用某人以前,他向一個白宮人員探詢,"此人在忠誠方面怎么樣？"Littlefishdoesnoteatbigfish意譯：胳膊擰不過大腿天有不測風(fēng)云,人有旦夕禍福意譯：Theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable2．歸化與異化〔domestication/adaptationandforeignization/alienationWhileliteraltranslationandliberaltranslationmainlydealwithlinguisticreproduction,foreignizingtranslationanddomesticatingtranslationareconcernedmorewithcultural,linguisticandaestheticconsiderations.1totakeFrenchleave"不辭而別"2Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?你以為我是好欺負(fù)的？"Domestication"meansbringingtheforeigncultureclosertothereaderinthetargetculture,makingthetextrecognizableandfamiliar.〔1小的扣緊,大的放松,池子里捕魚,太湖里放生。譯文：Fussyabouttrifles,carelessaboutbigthings.Pennywise,poundfoolish.<2>A:Whyistheriverrich?甲：為什么說河水富有？B:Becauseithastwobanks.乙：因為它年年有魚呀。例如："Eachofushashiscarrotandstick.Inmycase,thestickismyslackeningphysicalcondition,whichkeepsmefrombeatingopponentsattenniswhomIoverwhelmedtwoyearsago.Mycarrotistowin.<C.Tucker:FearofDeath>"[譯文]我們?nèi)巳硕加凶约旱膲毫蛣恿Α＞臀叶?這壓力就是我日趨衰弱的身體狀況,兩年前還是我手下敗將的網(wǎng)球?qū)κ?現(xiàn)在卻打不過了。我的動力就是想贏球。<3>IlovemylovewithanE,becauseshe’senticing;IhateherwithanE,becauseshe’sengaged;Ittookhertothesignoftheexquisite,andtreatedherwithanelopement;hername’sEmily,andshelivesintheEast.——Dickens:DavidCopperfield我愛我的愛,因為她長得實在招人愛。我恨我的愛,因為她不回報我的愛。我?guī)е綊熘∈幾诱信频囊患?和她談情說愛。我請她看一出潛逃私奔,為的是我和她能長久你親我愛。她的名字叫愛彌麗,她的家住在愛仁里。ThefirsttimeIsawher,halfofmylifeago,shenearlytookmybreathaway.[譯文]那還是半輩子前的事,我第一次看見她,她差一點把我的魂都勾走了。Mymaternalgrandfaher,itistrue,wascutoffinthelowerofhisyouthattheageofsixty-seven,butmyotherthreegrandparentsalllivedtobeovereighty.不錯,我的外祖父英年早逝,當(dāng)時只有67歲,但是我的祖父,祖母和外祖母可都活到了80開外。"Foreignization"meanstakingthereaderovertotheforeignculture,makinghimorherseetheculturalandlinguisticdifference.ItgivesmegreatpleasuretoseeChinesechildrenshootinguplikespringsprouts,fullofvitalityandenergy.我非常高興地看到華裔小孩象豆芽一樣冒出來,充滿生機(jī)和活力。Itisassignificantasagameofcricket.a.這件事如同吃飯一樣重要?！舱疹欁g文讀者,改換形象b.這件事如同板球賽一樣重要?！灿丝釔郯迩騝.這件事非常重要。5.ExtraordinaryCola.Extraordinarychoice.非?？蓸?非常選擇。6.OfallTVbrandswechoosetobuyJinxing.TobuyJinxingmeanstobuysatisfaction.買電視就要買金星,買金星就是買放心。7.WithasinglecopyofTheGlobeinhand,youcanenjoyawideviewoftheworld.一冊在手,縱覽全球.<《全球雜志》8.HenaninChinathecradleofChinesemartialarts.中國功夫的搖籃。1.Thinkagain.ThinkCanon.<CanonCamera>夢寐以佳能。2.Alliswellthatendswell.<adforacigarettebrand>煙蒂好,煙就好?！睧ndsCigarette>3.GoodTotheLastDrop.滴滴香濃,回味無窮。4.AppleThinksDifferent.<AppleComputer>蘋果電腦,不同凡"想"。1/However,factsspeaklouderthaneloquenceandthetruthwillprevailintheend.但是,事實勝于雄辯,水落自然石出。2/Aftershewasmarriedtheystillkeptitup.Thearrangedmarriagewasthecauseofthis;shecan’tbeblamed.后來出嫁了,兩個人還藕斷絲連,這只能怪包辦婚姻,不能怪她。3.What’sdoneisdone,andcan’tbeundone.木已成舟,也只好如此了。4.Thisonlyaddedfueltotheflamesofherangerandshesaidatonce…她聽了這話,像是火上加油,立刻說……5.Ifyouwanttokillasnake,youmustfirsthititontheheadandifyouwanttocatchabandofrobbersyoumustfirstcatchtheirleader.打蛇先打頭,擒賊先擒王。6.Enmitybetweenhusbandandwifedoesn’tlastthenight.夫妻無隔夜之仇。7.TheEastwindprevailsovertheWestwind./TheEastwindsubduestheWestwind.東風(fēng)壓倒西風(fēng)。8.Althoughyoumayescortaguestathousandmiles,yetthepartingmustcomeatlast.送君千里,終有一別。

9.Fameisasfataltomenasfatteningtopigs.人怕出名豬怕壯。1>Ithasmadetheheadlinesthatthepresident’swifethreatenedherhusbandswithpublicexposure.[譯文]總統(tǒng)夫人說要公開揭發(fā)丈夫,這件事成了頭條新聞。2>Heoftentalkshorse.[譯文]她常吹牛。3>Theylingeredlongoverhisletter.[譯文]他們反復(fù)看了他的來信。4>Betweenourselves,Idon’tthinkmuchofhim.[譯文]咱們私下里說說,我看那人不怎么樣。5>Onlyaveryslightandveryscatteringripplesofhalf-heartedhand-clappinggreetedhim.[譯文]歡迎他的只有幾下半聲不響的、七零八落的、虛情假意的掌聲。8>Withdetermination,withluck,andwiththehelpfromlotsofgoodpeople,Iwasabletorisefromtheashes.[譯文]憑著我的決心,我的運氣,還有許多善良人們的幫助,我終于獲得了新生。Theprocessoftranslationisroughlydividedintothreesteps:1.comprehensionoftheSLT;2.reproductionofSLTinTLT;3.revision.<1>InthisbookhepresentshisherowithanArab’svoiceandnotwiththeusualWesternvoice.他以阿拉伯人的口吻,而不是以西方人常用的腔調(diào)來介紹他書中的主人公。<2>FranzBoaswasaspecialistinAmericanIndianlanguages.弗蘭茲博厄斯是一位美洲印第安人語言專家。<3>Iwantedtobeaman,andamanIam.[譯文]我立志想做個真正的人；我現(xiàn)在終于成了一個真正的人?！?developahabit養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣developnaturalresources開發(fā)自然資源developaninterest產(chǎn)生興趣developanillness染病developafilm沖洗膠卷developabase開辟一個基地developamethod研究出一種方法developheavyindustry發(fā)展重工業(yè)asophisticatedman老于事故的asophisticatedwoman狡黠的asophisticatedcolumnist老練的asophisticatedelectronicdevice高度精密的asophisticatedweapon尖端的TheFourTigers四小龍Brownlionbattery白象電池blacktea紅茶brownsugar紅糖brownbreadrestroom廁所distributeleaflets發(fā)傳單generateelectricity發(fā)電haveafever發(fā)燒tremble/shiver發(fā)抖getmad/crazy發(fā)瘋deliveraspeech發(fā)言publish發(fā)表paysalary/wages發(fā)工資WhenFridaycame,Jackwillgooutdrinkingwithhisfriends.每當(dāng)周五發(fā)薪日到來,杰克就會與朋友出去喝酒。What’sbeendonecan’tbeundone.It’sagoodthingthough,thisboystudieswell.木已成舟罷!好在這個子弟會讀書。South Africanleopard-spotpolicycameunderfierceblackfire南非實行的"豹斑"式的種族隔離政策受到了黑人的猛烈抨擊SheisasfairasHelen.她美如西施。<3>Theyaretalkingturkeys.他們在坦率地交談。<4>Heisemployedinwateringthegarden.他忙于澆花園。<1>JohnisnowwithhisparentsinNewYork;itisthreeyearssincehewasahighschoolteacherinWashington.約翰現(xiàn)在同父母一起住在紐約；他不在華盛頓當(dāng)中學(xué)教師已有三年了。<2>Shedidn’tattendthemeetingbecauseshewantedto.她去開會并不是她自己想去?！?Thiswasthelastplacethecolonialistswouldleave,foritlayrichesandnaturalresourcesthere.這是殖義者最不愿意離開的地方,因為那里蘊藏著財富和自然資源。<4>IamsorryIwasalittleshortwithyoujustnow.Idon'tfeelmyselftoday.剛才對你態(tài)度不好,我很抱歉。今天我身體有點不舒服。<5>Onthedrunkenoccasioninquestion,Iwasinsufferableaboutlikingyou,andnotlikingyou.Iwishyouwouldforgetit.那一次喝得酩酊大醉的時候,我說了喜歡你不喜歡你的一番話,讓你受不了,希望你忘了它吧。<6>Heatehissavoury,andhurriedthemaidasshesweptthecrumbs.[譯文]他吃完最后的一道消食小吃,在女傭人打掃碎屑時,催她快一點。<7>Derekfancieshimselfasaladies'man,buthespendstoomuchtimeadmiringhimselfinthemirrorformyliking.[譯文]德里克自以為是個討女人喜歡的人,可是我不喜歡他花那么多的時間在鏡子面前自我欣賞。1.Mydelegationisnotsatisfiedthatthecasehasyetbeenmadeforconveningsuchabroadconference.我方代表團(tuán)認(rèn)為,還沒有人提出充分理由說明應(yīng)召開如此廣泛的會議。2.Thenationalizedindustrieshavebeenspoon-fedforsolongthattheydon'tcarewhethertheygivevalueformoney,ormakeaprofitorloss.一些國有行業(yè)長期受到優(yōu)厚待遇,他們不在乎錢花得是不是值得,也不在乎盈利或虧損。3.Heisajovialgiant,withahugeappetiteforfood,drinkandwomen.他生性樂觀,身材魁梧,貪食、貪杯又貪色Somepeoplesayfearandcautionarenowapartoftheirdailyroutine.有人說,現(xiàn)在總是提心吊膽地過日子。Sheisvaluableacquisitionofthecompany.她是這家公司不可多得的人才。Itwouldbeimpossibleforustosupplythissmall,quantityinmaterialsofvaryingdesignsandcolors,withoutconsiderablyraisingprices.如不做適當(dāng)提價,要本公司供應(yīng)這種量少且花色各異的料子,實在難以辦到。Afterall,alllivingcreatureslivebyfeedingonsomethingelse,whetheritbeplantoranimal,deadoralive.所有活著的生物畢竟都是靠吃別的東西來生存的,不論這些東西是植物還是動物,是死的還是活的。[例1]Intheevening,afterthebanquets,theconcerts,andthetabletennisexhibitions,hewouldworkonthedraftingofthefinalcommuniqué.[譯文]他經(jīng)常晚上出席宴席,參加音樂會,觀賞乒乓球表演之后,還須草擬最后公報。<Amplification>[例2]Therewerenospeeches,noforeigndiplomats.no"ordinaryChinese"withpaperflagsandbouquetsofflowers.[譯文]沒有人發(fā)表演說,沒有各國外交官到場,也沒有"普通中國人"舉著紙旗和花束的場面。<Amplification>[例3]Thegardenwasaparadiseonearth,withmorefoodandclothesthancouldbeconsumedandmoremoneythancouldbespent.<Omission>[譯文]花園里面是人間的樂園,有的是吃不了的大米白面,穿不完的綾羅綢緞,花不完的金銀財寶。[例4]Peoplebegandrinkingintheirhomesbecause,after1920,thatwastheonlylegalplacetheycoulddrink.1920年禁酒法案開始實施以后,人們開始在自己家里喝酒,因為那是他們可以喝酒的惟一合法場所。[例1]Keepyourshirton,we’velotsoftimetogettothestation.別著急,我們趕到車站去還有充裕的時間。[例3]Fivedecadeshavepassedsincetheylefttheirhometown.他們離開家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)50年了。[例4]ShewillbebackinthelasttendaysofJune.她得在6月下旬回來。[例5]Theirproductiondoubledinthefirstquarteroftheyear.第一季度里他們的生產(chǎn)翻了一番。[例6]Noonebelievesthatheisalreadyoverseventyyearsold.沒人相信他已年過古稀。[例6]Ifyoudislikethecold,youcanvisitKunminginsouthChina.冬季您如果怕冷的話可以到。[例7]Thevillagerssincerelyinvitedmetotheweddingfeast.老鄉(xiāng)們熱情地邀請我去喝喜酒。[例1]Distancefromtheeventshouldmakethememorieslesspainful.[譯文]時過境遷,痛苦的往事自然在記憶中淡漠。[例2]Itwasanelderlywoman,tallandshapelystill,thoughwitheredbytime,onwhomhiseyesfellwhenhestoppedandturned.[譯文]他站住,轉(zhuǎn)過身來,定睛一看,是個年邁婦女,個子很高,依然一副好身材,雖然受歲月折磨而顯得憔悴。[例3]Beforewecanlearntoappreciatethosedifferentfromus,wemustopenourheartstotolerance.我們要心胸開闊,善于忍讓,才能學(xué)會正確評價與自己不同的人。backandforthrightandleftagricultureandindustryelementaryandsecondaryschoolblackandbluefoodandclothingrichandpoorfleshandbloodlandandwatertrackandfieldsoonerorlaterweakandstrongfireandwaterironandsteeloldandnewyoungandoldWomanwithoutherman,isnothing.Woman!Withouther,manisnothing.Firstimpressionsareoftenlastingones.Indeed,ifyouplayyourcardsright,youcanenjoythebenefitsofwhatsociologistscallthe"haloeffect."Thismeansthatifyou'reviewedpositivelywithinthecriticalfirstfewminutes,thepersonyou'vemetwilllikelyassumeeverythingyoudoispositive.第一印象常常是持久的印象。的確,如果處理得當(dāng),你就能有幸獲得社會學(xué)家稱之為"光環(huán)效應(yīng)"帶來的種種好處。這就是說,要是在一開始關(guān)鍵的幾分鐘里你就給人留下好的印象,初遇者就可能認(rèn)為你辦的事件件都好。Howyoumoveandgesturewillgreatlyinfluenceaninterviewer'sfirstimpressionofyou.Inalandmarkstudyofcommunications,psychologistsdiscoveredthatsevenpercentofanymessageaboutourfeelingsandattitudescomesfromthewordsweuse,38percentfromourvoice,andastartling55percentfromourfacialexpressions.Infact,whenourfacialexpressionortoneofvoiceconflictswithourwords,thelistenerwilltypicallyputmoreweightonthenonverbalmessage.你的一舉一動都會大大影響你給面試者的第一印象。在有關(guān)人際交流的一項意義重大的研究中心理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),關(guān)于情感和態(tài)度的信息有7％來自我們的語言文字,有38％來自我們的語音,而驚人的是,竟有55％來自我們的面部表情。事實上,如果面部表情或說話語調(diào)與我們所說的話發(fā)生矛盾時,聽者通常會更加看重那些非語言信息。Tomakeyourfirstencounterapositiveone,startwithafirmhandshake.Iftheinterviewerdoesn'tinitiatethegesture,offeryourhandfirst.Wheneveryouhaveachoiceofseats,selectachairbesidehisorherdesk,asopposedtooneacrossfromit.Thatwaytherearenobarriersbetweenthetwoofyouandtheeffectissomewhatlessconfrontational.Ifyoumustsitfacingthedesk,shiftyourchairslightlyasyousitdown,orangleyourbodyinthechairsoyou'renotdirectlyinfrontofyourinterviewer.為了使第一次面試成功,一開始的握手要堅定有力。如果面試者沒有主動伸出手來,你就主動先把手伸出來。要是可以選擇座位的話,要坐在面試者桌子的側(cè)面,而不要坐在正對面。這樣坐法你們中間就沒有障礙了,而且在一定程度上起到減少對立的作用。如果你只能坐在桌子對面,那么坐的時候把椅子稍微挪一下或者把身體坐的角度偏一點,這樣你就不是正對著面試者了。Monitoryourbodylanguagetomakesureyoudon'tseemtoodesperateforthejob,ortooeagertoplease.KeepaPokerfaceinbusinesssituations.Inappropriatesmilingisthemostcommonexampleofanonverbalbehaviorthatundercutsverbalmessages--makingyouappearweakandunassertive.Goodeyecontactisalsoimportant.Onestudyfoundthatjobapplicantswhomakemoreeyecontactareperceivedasmorealert,dependable,confidentandresponsible.要注意你的形體語言,千萬不要表現(xiàn)得對這份工作迫不及待,也不要表現(xiàn)得急于討好別人。要保持一種辦理公事時一本正經(jīng)的神態(tài)。非語言行為可削弱語言信息的力量,從而使你顯得優(yōu)柔寡斷缺乏自信,而不合時宜的微笑就是一個最為常見的例子。良好的目光交流也非常重要。有一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多用目光進(jìn)行交流的求職者可給人以更為機(jī)警、可靠、自信、負(fù)責(zé)的印象。PartTwoComparativeStudiesofEnglishandChineseLanguages英漢語言特征對比英語重形合,漢語重意合HypotaxisandparataxisEnglishtendstobeahypotacticlanguage,whichusesalotofcomplexsentencestructuresandrelationsbetweenclausesmustbeexpressedbyconjunctionsorotherrelativewords．ChinesehasnorelativewordsandusesfewerconjunctionsthanEnglish.他不去我去.I’dliketogoifhewouldn’t.他不去我也去.I’dgothereevenifhewouldn’ttowithme.他不去我才去.I’dgothereonlyifhewon’t.人窮志短Whenamanispoorhisambitionisnotfar-reaching.<Povertystiflesambition.>人窮志不短.Thoughoneispoor,hehashighambition.人有臉,樹有皮.Thefaceisasimportanttoamanasthebarktoatree.人在陣地在。Thepositionwillnotbegivenupsolongaswearestillliving.人無遠(yuǎn)慮,Ifonehasnolong-termconsiderations,必有近憂。hewillfindtroubleathisdoorstep.病來如山倒,Sicknesscomeslikeanavalanche,病去如抽絲。butgoeslikereelingsilk.我來他已去。HehadleftwhenIarrived.他人老Althoughhehasagedphysically,心不老。heremainsyoungatheart.你再說一個字,我馬上走。Ifyoushouldsayonemoreword,Iwouldgoatonce.你死了,我去當(dāng)和尚。Ifyoushoulddie,Iwouldgoandbeamonk.2.英語的末端開放與漢語的首端開放English:right-extendingheavy-tailedlikeapeacockChinese:left-extendingheavy-headedlikealion他去年為完成一個項目在實驗室用計算機(jī)努力地干了十個月.Heworkedhardwithcomputersinthelabfortenmonthsinordertocompleteaprojectlastyear.那可能是一個地勢低洼,連綿數(shù)英里,人跡罕至,荒茫貧瘠的白色干沙漠.Itmaybealow-lyingaridstretchwithmilesofwhitesandybeach,andnosignofpeople,verybleachedandbarren.那個饑餓的,疲倦的,瞌睡的賣火柴的小女孩.thatlittlematchgirlwhowassohungry,tiredandspleepy.3.英語呈樹狀結(jié)構(gòu),漢語呈竹狀結(jié)構(gòu)Tree-likesentencestructurevs.bamboo-likesentencestructure我們過運河的時候,我女兒把她的名字和地址寫在一紙條上,將紙條塞進(jìn)一個瓶子,扔到海里。WhenweweretravellingacrosstheChannel,mydaughterthrewintotheseaabottleintowhichsheputapieceofpaperwithhernameonit.吉米?卡特是一家馬戲團(tuán)的老板。去年圣誕,他決定帶一些禮物去兒童醫(yī)院看孩子們。他扮成圣誕老人,由六個漂亮的姑娘陪著出發(fā)了。他騎著一頭叫"珍寶"的小象,沿大街走去。LastChristmas,acircusownerJimCaterdecidedtotakesomegiftstoaChildren'shospital.DressedupasFatherChristmas,hesetoutwithsixprettygirls.HewentdownthemainstreetbyridingababyelephantcalledJambo.圣伯納德大山口〔TheGreatSt.BernardPass連接著瑞士與意大利,海拔2,473米,是歐洲最高的山口。著名的圣伯納德修道院建于11世紀(jì),就位于離山口1英里遠(yuǎn)的地方。幾百年來,圣伯納德修道院的狗拯救了許多翻越這道山口的旅游者的生命。那些最先從亞洲引進(jìn)的狗,待人友好,早在羅馬時代就給人當(dāng)看門狗了。如今由于山里開挖了隧道,翻越山口已不那么危險了。但每年還是要派狗到雪山地里去幫助那些遇到困難的旅游者。ConnectingSwitzerlandtoItaly,theGreatSt.BernardPass,at2,473meters,isthehighestmountainpassinEurope.ThefamousmonasteryofSt.Bernard,whichwasfoundedineleventhcentury,liesaboutamileaway.Forhundredsofyears,St.BernarddogshavesavedthelivesoftravelerscrossingthedangerousPass.Thesefriendlydogs,whichwerefirstbroughtfromAsia,wereusedaswatchdogseveninRomantimes.Nowthatatunnelhasbeenbuiltthroughthemountains,thePassislessdangerous,buteachyear,thedogsarestillsentoutintothesnowwheneveratravelerisindifficulty.我們?yōu)榕囵B(yǎng)思維和訓(xùn)練而教數(shù)學(xué),這兩者都能擴(kuò)展思維,增強(qiáng)學(xué)生為社會作貢獻(xiàn)的能力;這是教育的終極目的。Weteachmathforthinkinganddiscipline,bothofwhichexpandthemindandincreasethestudents’abilitytofunctionasacontributingindividualinsociety:theultimategoalsofeducation.漢語中的從屬關(guān)系主要通過句子之間的部邏輯關(guān)系表達(dá)出來,而英語卻往往通過連詞等詞表達(dá)出來。燕子去了,有再來的時候；柳枯了,有再青的時候；桃花了,有再開的時候。但是,聰明的你,告訴我,我們的日子為什么一去不復(fù)返呢？Swallowsmayhavegone,butthere’satimeofreturn;willowtreesmayhavediedback,butthere’satimeofregreening;peachblossomsmayhavefallen,buttheywillbloomagain.Now,youthewise,tellme,whyshouldourdaysleaveus,nevertoreturn?播種時,必須注意把種子均勻散開,這樣種子在生長時就不過分擁擠,每粒種子就可以得到充足的、空氣、水分和養(yǎng)料。Whenseedsareplanted,careistakenthattheyarewellspreadout,sothattheplantsarenotcrowdedwhentheygrow.Thisensuresthateachseedobtainssufficientlight,air,waterandfood.工作日,全家都忙著干活,爸爸準(zhǔn)備備課筆記,撰寫專著與論文；媽媽退休了,主要忙于家務(wù),為全家準(zhǔn)備可口的飯菜,營造舒適的生活環(huán)境；我則積極準(zhǔn)備考博。一到周末,我們總喜歡坐汽車到附近鄉(xiāng)下去兜風(fēng)。Onweekdays,ourwholefamilyisfullyengaged.Fathermakespreparationforhisclassesorwritingmonographsorresearchpapers;retired,motherismainlyengagedinhousework,preparingdeliciousfoodandmaintainingacomfortablelivingenvironmentforus.Iampreparingfortheph.Dentranceexamination.Assoonasweekendcomes,wewill,however,drivetothenearbycountryforanexcursion.4.英語多復(fù)合長句;漢語多簡單句Compoundsentencevs.SimplesentenceAswelivedneartheroad,weoftenhadthetravelerorstrangervisitustotasteourgooseberrywine,forwhichwehadgreatreputation,andIconfess,withtheveracityofanhistorian,thatIneverknewoneofthemtofindfaultwithit.我們就住在路邊.過路人或外鄉(xiāng)人常到我們家,嘗嘗我們家釀的酸果酒.這種酒很有名氣.我敢說,嘗過的人,從沒有挑剔過.我這話像歷史學(xué)家的話一樣靠得住.5.漢語話題-評論型,英語主語-謂語型Subject-Prominentlanguagevs.topicprominent<thought-pivot>languagefeature英語主語顯著與漢語話題顯著特點我們有一架古樂器,叫Clavichord。它是1923年德國造的。我們家擁有它已經(jīng)好多年了。我祖父是在1930年買下的?，F(xiàn)在我們把它擺在客廳里。但幾天前一個客人想用它彈爵士,結(jié)果把它給弄壞了。Wehaveanoldmusicalinstrument,aclavichord,whichwasmadeinGermanyin1681.Itiskeptinthelivingroom.Itbelongstoourfamilyforalongtimesinceitwasboughtbymygrandfathermanyyearsago.Recentlyitwasdamagedbyavisitor,whotriedtoplayjazzonit.他們從世博會籌到了一大筆錢,他們用這筆錢修建學(xué)校和博物館。AgreatsumofmoneyraisedfromtheExhibitionwasusedtobuildschoolsandmuseums.解決中國人的吃飯問題,任務(wù)艱巨,困難不少。Chinahashadgreatdifficultiesinsolvingherproblemwithfoodprovision.改革開放膽子要大一些,敢于試驗。Weshouldbebolderthanbeforeinconductingreformandopeningtotheoutsideandhavethecouragetoexperimen.食堂今天吃餃子。Jiaoziareservedinthecanteentoday.開汽車沒有方向盤不行。Youcan’trunacarwithoutthewheel.必須高速發(fā)展我國的計算機(jī)科學(xué)。Itisnecessarytodevelopourcomputerscienceathighspeed.目前正在研制一種新的建筑材料。Anewbuildingmaterialisbeingdevelopedatthepresenttime.接到你贈送給我的書,非常高興。Iwasverygladtohavereceivedthegift-bookfromyou.我的小子他很調(diào)皮。Mylittlegrandsonisverynaughty.那所房子你們早該修了。Youshouldhaverepairedthehouse.英語這門語言,學(xué)會它可不容易。ItisbynomeanseasytolearntheEnglishlanguage.這里建大橋,我看行不通。Idon’tthinkitworkabletobuildabridgehere.6.英語愛化零為整,漢語喜化整為零BreakingupthewholeintopartsVs.Assemblingthepartsintoawhole.Meanwhilehetookthemuttonoffthegridiron,andgravelyhandeditaround.Wealltooksome,butourappreciationofitwasgone,andwemerelymadeshowofeatingit.[譯文]這時候,他從烤架上拿了些羊肉,莊重地送到我們面前,我們各自取了一些,可是我們早已沒有了胃口,只不過做做樣子,裝吃罷了。7.英語愛用靜態(tài)詞,漢語常用動態(tài)詞Stativevs.DynamicWithabasketinherhand,shetrudgedupthealleytoherlodging.她手提籃子,拖著沉重的步伐,走過一條小巷子,來到了她的住處。我忘了帶鑰匙。

Iforgotmykey．

我倒了一杯茶給他喝。Iofferedhimacupoftea．他拿著槍,繞著屋子巡走。Hewalkedaroundthehousewithagun．他跳起來,連忙跑到浴室的鏡子前,拿掉了毛巾,細(xì)看他面頰上的傷口。Hejumpedupandhastenedtothemirrorinthebathroom,takingawaythetoweltoexaminethecutuponhischeek.Thedoctor’sextremelyquickarrivalanduncommonlycarefulexaminationofthepatientbroughtabouthisveryspeedyrecovery.醫(yī)生迅速到達(dá),并非常仔細(xì)地檢查了病人,因此病人很快就康復(fù)了。Oneafteranother,speakerscalledforthedownfallofimperialism,abolitionofexploitationofmanbyman,liberationoftheoppressedoftheworld.發(fā)言人一個接一個地發(fā)表意見,要打倒帝國主義,消滅人剝削人的制度,解放世界上一切被壓迫人民。8.英語語序變換多,漢語語序較固定ChineseOrderofLinguisticElementsareRelativelyfixedbutEnglishOrderareRelativelyflexible如主謂倒裝、賓語后置志同道合,友誼才會持久。Friendshipwilllastonlyifitisbasedonacommongoal.Onlyiffriendshipisbasedonacommongoal,itwilllast.天下雨,運動會延期了。Thesportsmeetwaspostponedbecauseofrain.Becauseofrain,thesportsmeetwaspostponed.9.英語多被動,漢語常用主動Passivevs.Active英語重物稱,常采用無生命詞匯作主語,所以多被動句,并且不指出動作的執(zhí)行者；漢語重人稱,習(xí)慣用表示人或物的詞匯作主語,大都以主動句的形式出現(xiàn)。1>使語氣委婉,措辭禮貌.今天晚上七點鐘開教學(xué)會,全體教師務(wù)必參加.TherewillbeaTeachingSymposiumat7:00p.m.today.Allthefacultyisexpectedtoattend.請您不要在此抽煙.Youarenotsupposedtosmokeinhere.2>某些漢語句子可借助于英語的一些固定搭配或詞組來表達(dá).他堅持不懈地從事著科研工作.Hewasengagedinscientificresearchesperseveringly.Heperseveredinscientificresearches.3>漢語中含有被動意義的主動句.病人正在手術(shù)中.Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.這個問題必須馬上解決.Thisproblemhastobesolvedimmediately.10.英語重物稱;漢語重人稱.Impersonalvs.Personal<英語多用無靈句,漢語多用有靈句英語中有些句子常用不能施以動作或無生命〔inanimate的抽象名詞或代詞做主語,這種句子被稱為無靈句。漢語習(xí)慣于人稱化的表達(dá),常用有生命〔animate的代詞或名詞做句子主語,這種句型常被稱為無靈句。他進(jìn)門時帶進(jìn)一縷雪茄煙霧.Awaveofcigarsmokeaccompaniedhimin.〔1Whathappenedtoyourgrandpa?你爺爺出什么事了？〔2Anideasuddenlyoccurredtome.我突然想到了一個主意。〔3Itneveroccurredtomethathewouldhaveliedtome.我從來沒有想到他會對我撒謊?！?Fearofearthquakehauntedher.他擔(dān)心會發(fā)生地震?！?Theplanstrikesmeasridiculous.我覺得那項計劃很荒唐。〔6Hisabsenceofmindduringdrivingnearlycausedanaccident.他開車時心不在焉幾乎肇事?！?Thecoolmidnightairrestoredherspirits.午夜空氣涼爽,她又振作了精神?！?Thethickcarpetkilledthesoundofmyfootsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯上一點腳步聲也沒有。<9>Therehasbeenaladycallingyouseveraltimes.有位女士給你打來好幾次。Isupposethatifamanhasaconfusedmindhewillwriteinaconfusedway,ifhistemperiscapricioushisprosewillbefantastical,andifhehasaquick,dartingintelligencethatisremindedbythematterinhandofahundredthings,hewill,unlesshehasgreatself-control,loadhispageswithmetaphorandsimile.[譯文]我想,如果一個人思路不清,寫起文章來也會雜亂無章；如果他性情多變、喜怒無常,他的文章也會充滿奇思妙想；如果他思路敏捷,能由眼前之事聯(lián)想到上百件事,除非他有很強(qiáng)的自我約束力,他的文章就會滿篇是比喻聯(lián)想。Culturetohim,astotheOrientals,withwhomhelivedsomuchandsympathizedsodeeply,wasanaffairofthespiritandofmindnottobemeasuredbymaterialprogress,or,evenbythearts.[譯文]他心中的所謂文化,與人的精神心靈有關(guān),不能用物質(zhì)的豐富,甚至藝術(shù)文明來衡量。他跟人交往很久,也同情人；在人心目中,文化也是如此。WithAsia’seconomicmeltdownrattlingtheBeijingleadership,ZhuandhiscolleaguesnowhaveapowerfulargumentthatChinamustgetitsownhouseinordertopreventmeddlingbytheInternationalMonetaryFundorotheroutsiders.<China:ZhuisTakingaBroomtotheBureaucrats>[譯文]亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)出現(xiàn)的問題使領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層感到緊,朱镕基和其他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人現(xiàn)在更有理由相信,為了防止國際貨幣基金組織和其他的外部干涉,中國必須把自己的事情辦好。II英漢詞匯表達(dá)對比

DifferentiationsinEnglishandChineseDictions意義的分類外延意義denotativemeaning涵意義connotativemeaning風(fēng)格意義stylisticmeaning情感意義affectivemeaning聯(lián)想意義reflectivemeaning搭配意義collocativemeaning主題意義thematicmeaning1FullEquivalence〔完全對應(yīng)2PartialEquivalence〔不完全對應(yīng)playchess下棋；playtennis打網(wǎng)球;playfootball踢足球；playgames做游戲<2>cutwheat割麥子；cutcake切蛋糕;cutfinger–nails剪指甲<3>sufferastroke中風(fēng)；sufferdecay走向衰敗；sufferatradedeficit出現(xiàn)貿(mào)易逆差；sufferdiscrimination受歧視；sufferstomachtrouble患胃病<4>申請書LetterofApplication；報告書Report;協(xié)議書Agreement；白皮書WhiteBook<5>發(fā)傳單distributeleaflets發(fā)電generateelectricity發(fā)燒haveafever發(fā)抖tremble/shiver發(fā)言deliveraspeech發(fā)工資paysalary/wages發(fā)汗perspire<6>打蚊子killmosquito;打氣pumpair;打分score;打的takeataxi;打官getintoalawsuit;打鼓beatadrum;打毛衣knitasweater;打折扣sellatadi