中西海洋文明史 課件 Chapter 5 Chinese and Western Maritime Rights and Interests

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/MaritimeTheoriesFisheriesRightsAreMaritimeRightsBuildingofMaritimePowerhouseMaritimeCommunitywithaSharedFuture01

/MaritimeTheoriesChineseMaritimeTheoriesTime:ChinesemaritimetheorybegantodevelopduringtheQingDynasty.Background:AsChina'sterritorialwatersandfisherieswereconstantlyinvadedbyWesternpowers,China'sfisheriesmanagementwasrepeatedlyfrustrated.CoreContent:Maritimerightsextendtotheboundaryoftheterritorialsea.01

/ChineseMaritimeTheoriesFisheriesRights/Fisheryrightisabasicelementandamainformofmaritimerights.Atthesametime,fisheryplaysanirreplaceableroleinsafeguardingnationalmaritimerightsandinterests.Undertheurgingofthetimes,Chinaisdevelopingtowardsthedirectionofbuildingamaritimepower.BuildingofMaritimePowerhouseMaritimeCommunitywithaSharedFutureGlobaloceangovernancehasbecomeakeyareaofconcernfortheinternationalcommunity.Therefore,theconceptof"maritimecommunitywithasharedfuture"proposedbyherwillhelpmankindachievepoliticalpeace,militarysecurity,economicdevelopment,environmentalprotectionandculturalprosperityintheoceanfield.WesternMaritimeTheoriesInMareLiberum,GrotiusproposedthetheoryoffreedomoftheseatorefutethemaritimesovereigntyofSpainandPortugal.Thistheoryreceivedalotofcriticismwhenitwasfirstproposedbecauseitwasagainsttheinterestsofothercountries.Butaftermorethan400yearsofdevelopment,theprincipleoffreedomoftheseasproposedbyGrotiushasbecomethebasisofthemodernlawofthesea.Mahan’sTheoryofSeaPowerMahansawtheseaasabattlegroundbetweeninternationalstruggles,andforhim,thepoweroftheseadeterminedanation'sgreatnessinworldpolitics.HistheorywasaninspirationtoBritish,GermanandJapanesemilitarists.JulianCorbett’sTheoryofSeaPowerJulianCorbett’sTheoryofSeaPowerfocusesontheimportanceofseacontrolandpowerprojectionatsea.Itemphasizesthatmaritimestrengthiscrucialforprotectingnationalinterests,whilealsohighlightingtheneedforabalancedapproachcombiningmilitary,diplomatic,andeconomiccapabilities.02

/SeaBattlesBattleofNoryangPointTime:BattleofNoryangPointwasanavalbattlethattookplaceduringtheJapaneseinvasionofKoreain1598.Defination:ItwasadecisivebattlebetweentheKoreanandJapanesefleets.SupportedbytheMingNavy,theKoreansledasuccessfulcounterattackthateventuallypromptedthewithdrawalofJapaneseforcesfromKorea.Meaning:ThisbattlewasacompletetriumphfortheSino-Koreanalliedforces,andalsoplayedacrucialroleintheestablishmentofa200-yearpeaceinKoreaafterthewar.Chineseseabattles02

/Sino-JapaneseWarTime:TheSino-JapaneseWarreferstoJapan'swarofaggressionagainstChinaandKoreainthe19thcentury.Through:TheSino-JapaneseWarincludedseveralimportantnavalbattles,themostfamousofwhichweretheBattleoftheYellowSeaandtheBattleofWeihai.End:TheSino-JapaneseWarendedwiththedefeatofChinaandthetotalannihilationoftheBeiyangNavy.BattleoftheNanshaIslandsThebattleintheSpratlyIslands,alsoknownasthe3.14orChiguaJiao

Conflict,wasanarmedclashbetweenthenaviesofChinaandVietnam.Inthiswar,Chinaasserteditsterritorialsovereigntywithadvancedweaponsandnavalpower.TheBattleofLepantoHistoryofWesternSeaBattles02

/WesternseabattlesGreco-PersianWarsTime:TheGreco-PersianWarswereaseriesofconflictsin480BCE.End:FoughtoverterritorialcontrolandGreekautonomy,ultimatelyresultinginGreekvictoryandpreservingGreekcivilization'sindependenceTheBattleofLepantoTime:TheBattleofLepantotookplaceonOctober7,1571.

End:ItwasanavalbattlefoughtintheMediterraneanSea,haltingOttomanexpansionintheMediterraneanandpreservingEuropeandominanceintheregionTheBattleofLepantoHistoryofWesternSeaBattles02

/WesternseabattlestheBattleofTrafalgarTime:TheBattleofTrafalgaroccurredonOctober21,1805,duringtheNapoleonicWars.End:IteffectivelyendingNapoleon'splansforaninvasionofBritainandestablishingBritishnavalsupremacyforthefollowingcentury.TheBattleofMidwayTime:TheBattleofMidwaytookplacefromJune4to7,1942,duringWorldWarII.End:TheUSNavy'ssuccessfuldefenseofMidwayIslandresultedinadecisivevictory,cripplingJapan'snavalpowerandturningthetideofthewarinthePacificInshort,thehistoryofWesternnavalwarfareislongandcomplicated.FromthenavalbattlesbetweentheancientGreeksandPersianstothedecisivenavalbattlesofWorldWarII,navalwarfarehasplayedakeyroleinshapingthecourseofhistory.Thesebattlesexemplifiedtheimportanceofnavalwarfareandprovedthatthecapabilitiesoftheseaarecrucialtothesuccessofanymilitaryoperation.TheFirstSeaBattleinHistoryTime:TheBattleofSalamisisanavalbattlethatoccurredbetweentheGreekcity-statesandthePersianEmpireunderKingXerxesin480BCE.StrategicPositioning:Greekcity-statesluredthePersianfleetintothenarrowstraitsofSalamis.NavalEngagement:OutnumberedGreeksusedsuperiormaneuverabilityandtactics,damagingthePersianfleet.GreekVictory:ThebattlehaltedthePersianadvance,boostingGreekmoraleanddiminishingPersiannavalpower,shapingtheoutcomeoftheGreco-PersianWarsTheLargestSeaBattleinHistoryTime:

TheBattleofLeyteGulf,foughtfromOctober23to26,1944,duringWorldWarII,wasthelargestnavalbattleinhistory.Meaning:

First,itmarkedthebeginningoftheendoftheJapanesenavalwar.Second,theBattleofLeyteGulfwasimportanttotheUnitedStatesbecauseitenabledthemtoestablishairandnavalsuperiorityinthePacific.Finally,theBattleofLeyteGulfwasimportantbecauseitwasamajorboosttoAmericanmorale.End:

TheUSvictorysecuredtheAllies'controlofthePacificandmarkedasignificantturningpointinthewar.03

/MaritimePartnershipandDevelopment

EarlySeaTrektotheWestbyZhengHeFrom1405to1433,ZhengHemadesevenvoyagestotheWesternseas,reachingasfarasSoutheastAsia,India,theArabianPeninsulaandEastAfrica.Duringthevoyage,ZhengHe'sfleetclearedtheseaofrobbersandremovedthethreatfromthewatersofSoutheastAsia.ZhengHe'svoyageswereoneofthegreatestmaritimeexpeditionsofhistime,increasingChina'smilitaryandpoliticalinfluenceoverdistantlands.ChineseMaritimeDevelopment03

Foryears,therehasbeenadisputebetweenChinaandSouthKoreaoverthedemarcationofthesouthernwatersoftheYellowSeaandthenorthernwatersoftheEastChinaSea.Until2015,thetwocountriesactivelynegotiatedtoresolvetheissueofexclusiveeconomiczoneownershipandexchangedviewsoncooperation.ConsultationonMaritimeBoundaryDelimitationbetweenChinaandtheROKTheMaritimeSilkRoadoriginatedintheShangandZhouDynastiesandwasfirstmentionedbyFrenchorientalistCharvanesin1913.OnOctober3,2013,Chinaputforwardtheproposalofjointlybuildingthe21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad.Itseekstopromoteeconomicintegration,regionaldevelopment,andmutualbenefits,fosteringclosertiesamongparticipatingnations.The21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoadMagellan’sCircumnavigationoftheEarthTime:From1519to1522,FerdinandMagellanledthefirstsuccessfulcircumnavigationoftheglobe.Purpose:Inordertocompeteformaritimesupremacyandtraderoutes,Magellandecidedtogotoseatofindanewroutetotheeasttogether.End:AlthoughMagellandiedduringthejourney,hiscrewcompletedthevoyage,notonlyprovingthattheEarthisround,butpavingthewayforfutureexploration.WesternMaritimeDevelopmentTheCommonFisheriesPolicy(CFP)isacomprehensiveframeworkenactedbytheEuropeanUnion(EU)tomanageandregulatefisherieswithinitsmemberstates.Establishedin1983,theCFPaimstoensuresustainablefishingpractices,preservefishstocks,andpromoteeconomicviabilityforfishingcomm