(完整版)胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章試題

(完整版)胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章試題(完整版)胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章試題/(完整版)胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章試題胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章測(cè)試題一胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章測(cè)試題Chapter1IntroductionstoLinguisticsI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman __________A.contact B.communication C.relation D.communityWhichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.tree B.typewriter C.crash D.bang3. Thefunctionofthesentence “Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade. . ”isA.interrogative B.directive C.informative D.performativeInChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（歲歲）安全”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?A.Interpersonal B.Emotive C.Performative D.Recreational5.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.Transferability B.Duality C.Displacement D.Arbitrariness6.Studythefollowing dialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage? —Aniceday,isn ’tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.Emotive B.Phatic C.Performative D.Interpersonal7.__________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser knowledgeoftherules’sofhislanguageinutterances.A.Performance B.Competence C.Langue D.ParoleWhenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.A.culturaltransmission B.productivity C.displacement D.duality9. __________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.A.PsycholinguisticsB.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.Sociolinguistics D.Appliedlinguistics10.__________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.Linguistictheory B.PracticallinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics D.ComparativelinguisticsDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’timesisanexampleofthe1胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章測(cè)試題一diachronicstudyoflanguage.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.Fillintheblanks.(10%)Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__________communication.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis________.24.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.30. LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure ’slangueandChomsky ’s__________IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)DesignfeatureDisplacementCompetenceSynchroniclinguisticsAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?（南開(kāi)大學(xué)，2004）Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?（北京第二外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)，2004）VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?（青島大海大學(xué)，1999）Key:Chapter1[Inthereferencekeys,Iwon’tgiveexamplesorfurtheranalysis.Thatseemstoomuchworkforme.Therefore,thiskeyisonlyforreference.Inordertoanswerthiskindofquestion,youneedmoreexamples.Soyoushouldreadthetextbookcarefully–.icywarmtea]I.1~5BACCC 6~10BACAC II. 11~15FFTFF 16~20FFFFFIII. 21.verbal22.productivity/creativity 23.metalingualfunction 24.yo-he-ho25.scientific26.descriptive27.speech28.diachroniclinguistic29.langue 30.competenceIV.31.Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.33.Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowleherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerally2胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章測(cè)試題一unconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.35.Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI. 37. Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.Chapter2SpeechSoundsI.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationD.voice2.Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morpheme3.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemesD.allophones4.Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________.A.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvulaThediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.A.wideB.closingC.narrowD.centering6.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophones7.Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A.AcousticphoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsD.Noneoftheabove8.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?A.[n]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]9.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.[i:]B.[u]C.[e]D.[i]10Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.ConsonantDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11. Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslarger3胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章測(cè)試題一thanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.Fillintheblanks.(20%)Consonantsoundscanbeeither_____or______,whileallvowelsoundsare__________Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__________.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__________andthelips.Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe__________towhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout__________.Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating__________.InEnglishthereareanumberof__________,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.___referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.__________isthesmallestlinguisticunit.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe__________comingfromthelungs.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31.Soundassimilation32.Suprasegmentalfeature33.Complementarydistribution34.DistinctivefeaturesAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whatisacousticphonetics?（中國(guó)人民大學(xué)，2003）Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?（南開(kāi)大學(xué)，2004）VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37. Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowing phoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.(1) voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop (2) lowfrontvowel(3)lateralliquid (4)velarnasal (5) voicedinterdentalfricative答案Chapter2 I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABB II. 11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFF4胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章測(cè)試題一III. 21.voiced,voiceless,voiced 22.friction 23.tongue 24.height 25.obstruction 26.minimalpairs27.diphthongs 28.Co-articulation29.Phonemes 30.airstreamIV.31.Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.35.Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.VI.37.Omit.Chapter3LexicoChoosethebestanswer.(20%)1Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.A.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwords2.Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivational3.Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six4.InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.infixesD.stems5.Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________.A.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixC.infixD.back-formation__________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.affixationB.back-formationC.insertionD.addition7.ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________.A.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blending8.Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________.A.blendingB.clippingC.back-formationD.acronymyThestemofdisagreementsis__________.5胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章測(cè)試題一A.agreement B.agree C.disagree D.disagreement10.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________.A.lexeme B.phoneme C.morpheme D.allomorphDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III. Fillintheblanks.(20%)An__________ispronouncedletterbyletter,whilean_______ispronouncedasawordLexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith__________.Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:_______,_______and__________Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot__________.Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto__________class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto__________class.__________isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.__________isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe__________level.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda__________,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda__________.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:__________and__________.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31. Blending 32. Allomorph 33. Closed-classword 34.MorphologicalruleAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?（廈門(mén)WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武漢III(1)acronyma.foe(2)freemorphemeb.subconscious(3)derivationalmorphemec.UNESCO(4)inflectionalmorphemed.overwhelmed(5)prefixe.calculationKey:Chapter3I.1~5AACBB6~10BCADBII.11~15FTFTT16~20FTFFFIII.21.initialism,acronym22.vocabulary23.solid,hyphenated,open24.morpheme6胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章測(cè)試題一25.close,open 26.back-formation 27.conversion 28.morpheme29.derivative,compound30.affix,boundrootIV.31.Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.V.Omit.VI.37.(1)c(2)a(3)e(4)d(5)bChapter4SyntaxChoosethebestanswer.(20%)Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinear B.onlyhierarchical C.complex D.bothlinearandhierarchicalThesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.large B.small C.finite D.infiniteThe________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexical B.morphological C.linguistic D.combinationalAsentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammati¬calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.right B.wrong C.grammatical D.ungrammaticalA__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinator B.particle C.preposition D.subordinatorPhrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursive B.grammatical C.social D.functionalPhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordshowpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesalloftheabove.Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________.A.thecity B.Rome C.city D.thecityRomeThephrase“ontheshelfbelongs”to__________construction.A.endocentric B.exocentric C.subordinate D.coordinateThesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.is”a__________sentence.A.simple B.coordinate C.compound D.complexDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguistic7胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章測(cè)試題一competence.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)A__________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.A__________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.A__________maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled__________.A__________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledan__________clause.Majorlexicalcategoriesare__________categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.__________conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.__________aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.Thetheoryof__________conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31. Syntax 32. ICanalysis 33. Hierarchicalstructure 34. TracetheoryAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?（武漢大學(xué)，2004）36.Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofICa（北京第二外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)，2004）8胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章測(cè)試題一VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.Key:Chapter4 I. 1~5DCDDD 6~10ADDBA II.11~15TTTTF 16~20FTFTTIII.21.simple 22.sentence23.subject 24.predicate 25.complex 26.embedded27.open 28.Adjacency29.Parameters 30.CaseIV.31.Syntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.ICanalysis:Immediateconstituentanalysis,ICanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups(phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.Hierarchicalstructure:Itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNP,VPandPP.Tracetheory:Afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbeatraceleftintheoriginalposition.ThisisthenotiontraceinT-Ggrammar.It’ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationmaycomefromthesurfacestructure.E.g.ThepassiveDamsarebuiltbybeavers.differsfromtheactiveBeaversbuiltdams.inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.IfweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasDamsarebuilttbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.Tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid.35.Anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.Atypicalexampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.Theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.Prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.36.(1)more|beautifulflowers (2)morebeautiful|flowersChapter5Meaning I. Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1. Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.A.Plato B.Bloomfield C.GeoffreyLeech D.Firth“WeshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeepsThis.statement”represeA.theconceptualistview B.contexutalismC.thenamingtheor D.behaviorismWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.“CanIborrowyourbike?”_______“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswith B.isinconsistentwith C.entails D.presupposes5. ___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaning9胡壯麟《語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》分章測(cè)試題一components,calledsemanticfeatures.A.PredicationanalysisB.ComponentialanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis6. “Alive”and “dead”are .A.gradableantonymsB.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD.Noneoftheabove7._________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.Reference B.Concept C.Semantics D.Sense8.___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.Polysemy B.Synonymy C.Homonymy D.HyponymyWordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonyms B.polysemies C.hyponyms D.synonyms10. Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.grammaticalrules B.selectionalrestrictions C.semanticrules D.semanticfeaturesDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEn