歷年專業(yè)八級翻譯真題及答案

英語專業(yè)八級翻譯2021/5/91(1):C－E【1996】近讀報紙，對國內(nèi)名片和請柬的議論頗多，于是想起客居巴黎時經(jīng)常見到的法國人手中的名片和請柬，隨筆記下來，似乎不無借鑒之處。在巴黎，名目繁多的酒會、冷餐會是廣交朋友的好機(jī)會。在這種場合陌生人相識，如果是亞洲人，他們往往開口之前先畢恭畢敬地用雙手把自己的名片呈遞給對方，這好像是不可缺少的禮節(jié)。然而，法國人一般卻都不大主動遞送名片，雙方見面寒喧幾句甚至海闊天空地聊一番也就各自走開。只有當(dāng)雙方談話投機(jī)，希望繼續(xù)交往時，才會主動掏出名片。二話不說先遞名片反倒有些勉強。法國人的名片講究樸素大方，印制精美，但很少有鑲金邊兒的，閃光多色的或帶香味兒的，名片上的字體纖細(xì)秀麗，本人的名字也不過分突出，整張紙片上空白很大，毫無擁擠不堪的感覺。2021/5/92Keyto(1):C-E【1996】Inreadingrecentnewspapers,IhavecometofindthatpeopleinChinahavebecomemoreandmoreinterestedindiscussingaboutnamecardsandinvitationletters.ThishastriggeredmyreminiscencesofthenamecardsandinvitationlettersoftheFrenchpeoplethatIsawwhenIwasresidinginParis.Inwritingdownthoserandomreminiscences,Ibelievethattheymightprovidesomeusefulinformationforustolearnfrom.

InParis,allthewinepartiesandbuffetreceptionsheldonvariousoccasionsprovideoptimumopportunitiestomakefriendswithallvarietiesofpeople.Whenencounteringastrangeronsuchanoccasion,anAsianwouldinvariablyhandoverhisnamecardtothenewly-metstrangerwithfullreverence,withbothofhishands,evenbeforehestartstoconversewiththestranger.Suchanactseemstohavebecomeanindispensableritual(formality/etiquette).Bycontrast,anaverageFrenchmanseldomtakestheinitiativeto(offersto/volunteersto)presenthisnamecard.Instead,hewouldsimplywalkawayafteranexchangeofroutinegreetingsorevensomeaimless(random/casual)chat.Onlywhenbothsidesbecomedeeplyengrossed(engaged/involved)intheirconversationandhavetheintentiontomakefurtheracquaintancewitheachotherwouldtheyoffertogivetheirnamecards.ItwouldseemsomehowbizarreifaFrenchpersonoffershisnamecardwithoutsayinganythingtothestrangerinthefirstplace.

TheFrenchtendtotakeextraordinaryprecautiontomaketheirnamecardssimpleyetelegant.Exquisitelydesignedandprinted,theirnamecardsareseldomgolden-framed,orcolorfullyshiny,ortintedwithfragrantsmells.Thelettersasappearontheirnamecardstendtobediminutivebutbeautiful,notallowingthenameofthecard-bearertobeoverlyprominent/salient.Theentirecardcontainsmuchemptyspace,impartingnosenseofover-crowdedness.2021/5/93(2)E-C【1996】Fourmonthsbeforetheelectionday,fivemengatheredinasmallconferenceroomattheReagan-Bushheadquartersandreviewedanoversizecalendarthatmarkedtheremainingdaysofthe1984presidentialcampaign.ItwasthelastSaturdayinJuneandatteno‘clockinthemorningtherestoftheofficewaspracticallydeserted.Evenso,themenkeptthedoorshutandthedrapescarefullydrawn.Thethreeprincipalsandtheirtwodeputieshadcomefromaroundthecountryforacriticalmeeting.TheiraimwastodeviseastrategythatwouldguaranteeRonaldReagan’sresoundingreelectiontoasecondtermintheWhiteHouse.

Itshouldhavebeeneasy.Thesewerebattle-testedveteranswithlongtiestoReaganandevenlongeronestotheRepublicanparty,menwhounderstoodpresidentialpoliticsaswellasanyinthecountry.Thebackdropofthecampaignwashospitable,withlotsofgoodnewstoworkwith:Americawasatpeace,andthenation'seconomy,akeyfactorinanyelection,wasreboundingvigorouslyafterrecession.Furthermore,thecampaignitselfwaslavishlyfinanced,withplentyofmoneyforatopflightstaff,travel,andtelevisioncommercials.And,mostimportant,theircandidatewasRonaldReagan,apresidentoftremendouspersonalpopularityanddazzlingcommunicationskills.ReaganhassucceededmorethananypresidentsinceJohn.F.KennedyinprojectingabroadvisionofAmerica-anationofrenewedmilitarystrength,individualinitiative,andsmallerfederalgovernment.2021/5/94Keyto(2):E-C【1996】－1這應(yīng)該不是件難事。這都是些跟著里根多年、久經(jīng)沙場的老將，他們跟共和黨則有更深厚的淵源，是這個國家里最熟悉總統(tǒng)政治的人。競選的背景也很有利，也很多好消息可供炒作。例如，美國上下一片和平，美國經(jīng)濟(jì)這一競選要素也在經(jīng)過一段時間的衰退之后開始強勁反彈。此外，這次競選本身得到了慷慨資助，因此有充裕的資用于組織一流的競選班子、支付巡回演講和電視廣告的費用。而最重要的一點是，他們的候選人是羅納德·里根，他可是位極具個人魅力和溝通技巧的總統(tǒng)。自約翰·F·肯尼迪總統(tǒng)以來，里根是最成功地勾勒出美國藍(lán)圖的總統(tǒng)：一個軍事力量復(fù)興、富有個人進(jìn)取心、聯(lián)邦政府得以精簡的國家。2021/5/95Keyto(2):E-C【1996】－2在離選舉日還有四個月的時間，有五個人聚集在里根－布什總部的一個小型會議室里，翻著看一張碩大無比的日歷，日歷上清晰地標(biāo)識出了1984年總統(tǒng)競選剩下的日子。這是六月份的最后一個星期六的上午10時，整幢辦公樓的其他部分幾近人去樓空。即便如此，這幾個人仍將大門緊閉，小心翼翼地拉下窗簾。三個主要人物及其二個副手從美國的不同地方匯聚在一起，召開一個殊為重要的會議。他們的目標(biāo)是構(gòu)思出一種策略，來確保里根能再次當(dāng)選，在第二任期內(nèi)再度入主白宮。要謀求再次當(dāng)選理應(yīng)輕而易舉。這是一些久經(jīng)沙場的退伍老兵，與里根有著千絲萬縷的漫長聯(lián)系，與共和黨的聯(lián)系甚至更為久遠(yuǎn)。這些人深諳總統(tǒng)政治，一如他們熟知這個國家中的所有政治事務(wù)那樣。競選的背景十分宜人，可供大做文章的好消息俯拾皆是：美國正置身于太平盛世之中；作為選舉的一個關(guān)鍵因素，整個國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)在步出蕭條期之后正強勁反彈。此外，競選本身所籌得的款項更是不計其數(shù)。用于支付一流水平的競爭班子工作人員工資、進(jìn)行巡回造勢、以及制作播放電視廣告的錢款綽綽有余。最為重要的是，他們所推介的總統(tǒng)候選人是羅納爾德·

里根（RonaldReagan），一位風(fēng)度翩翩，魅力無窮，又極具迷人溝通技巧的執(zhí)政總統(tǒng)。與約翰·F·肯尼迪（JohnF.Kennedy）以來的任何一位歷屆總統(tǒng)相比，里根更成功地勾勒出了一幅廣闊的關(guān)于美國未來的前景--美國將成了一個重振軍事雄風(fēng)、民眾富于個人進(jìn)取心、聯(lián)邦政府更加精簡高效的國家。2021/5/96(3):C-E【1997】來美國求學(xué)的中國學(xué)生與其他亞裔學(xué)生一樣，大多非常刻苦勤奮，周末也往往會抽出一天甚至兩天的時間去實驗室加班，因而比起美國學(xué)生來，成果出得較多。我的導(dǎo)師是亞裔人，嗜煙好酒，脾氣暴躁。但他十分欣賞亞裔學(xué)生勤奮與扎實的基礎(chǔ)知識，也特別了解亞裔學(xué)生的心理。因此，在他實驗室所招的學(xué)生中，除有一名來自德國外，其余5位均是亞裔學(xué)生。他干脆在實驗室的門上貼一醒目招牌："本室助研必須每周工作7天，早10時至晚12時，工作時間必須全力以赴。"這位導(dǎo)師的嚴(yán)格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所呆的3年半中，共有14位學(xué)生被招進(jìn)他的實驗室，最后博士畢業(yè)的只剩下5人。1990年夏天，我不顧別人勸阻，硬著頭皮接受了導(dǎo)師的資助，從此開始了艱難的求學(xué)旅程。2021/5/97Keyto(3):C-E【1997】LikestudentsfromotherAsiancountriesandregions,mostChinesestudentswhocometopursuefurthereducationintheUnitedStatesworkontheirstudiesmostdiligentlyandassiduously.Evenonweekends,theywouldfrequentlyspendoneday,oreventwodays,toworkovertimeintheirlaboratories.Therefore,comparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,theyaremoreacademicallyfruitful.Mysupervisor(advisor/tutor)isofAsianoriginwhoisaddictedtoalcoholsandcigarettes,withasharp(anirritable)temper.Nevertheless,hehighlyappreciatestheindustryandthesolidfoundationalknowledgeofAsianstudentsandhasaparticularlykeeninsightintothepsychologyofAsianstudents.Hence,ofallthestudentsrecruitedbyhislaboratory,exceptforoneGerman,therestfivewereallfromAsia.Heevenputastrikingnoticeonthedoorofhislab,whichread,"Alltheresearchassistantsofthislaboratoryarerequiredtowork7daysaweek,from10AMto12PM.Nothingbutworkduringtheworkinghours."Thissupervisorisreputedontheentirecampusforhisseverityandharshness.Inthecourseofthe3andhalfyearsthatIstayedthere,atotalof14studentswererecruitedintohislaboratoryandonly5ofthemstayedonuntiltheygraduatedwiththeirPh.D.degrees.Inthesummerof1990,ignoringtheremonstrations(admonishments/dissuasions)fromothers,Iacceptedmysupervisor'ssponsorshipandembarkedonthedifficultjourneyofacademicpursuit(undertakingfurtherstudiesintheUnitedStates).2021/5/98(4)E-C【1997】Operaisexpensive:thatmuchisinevitable.Butexpensivethingsarenotinevitablytheprovinceoftherichunlessweabdicatesociety'spowerofchoice.Wecanchoosetomakeopera,andotherexpensiveformsofculture,accessibletothosewhocannotindividuallypayforit.Thequestionis:whyshouldwe?Nobodydeniestheimperativesoffood,shelter,defense,healthandeducation.Buteveninaprehistoriccave,mankindstretchedoutahandnotjusttoeat,drinkorfight,butalsotodraw.Theimpulsetowardsculture,thedesiretoexpressandexploretheworldthroughimaginationandrepresentationisfundamental.InEurope,thisdesirehasfoundfulfillmentinthemasterpiecesofourmusic,art,literatureandtheatre.Thesemasterpiecesarethetouchstonesforallourefforts;theyarethetouchstonesforthepossibilitiestowhichhumanthoughtandimaginationmayaspire;theycarrythemostprofoundmessagesthatcanbesentfromonehumantoanother.2021/5/99Keyto(4):E-C【1997】聆聽歌劇，無疑昂貴至極。但是，昂貴的事物并非必定屬于富人的范疇，除非我們放棄社會的選擇權(quán)。我們可以選擇去使歌劇以及其他某些昂貴的文化形式也能為那些不具備個人支付能力的人所享受。但問題是，我們有必要這么做嗎？沒人會否認(rèn)食物、居所、防護(hù)、健康與教育的不可或缺性。但即便是在史前時代的洞穴中，人類伸出手來，早就不單純是為了吃、喝或搏殺，而且亦進(jìn)行繪畫創(chuàng)作。人類對于文化的沖動，通過形象思維和再現(xiàn)手段來表現(xiàn)并探索世界的欲望，乃亙古有之。在歐洲，這一欲望在我們的音樂、藝術(shù)、文學(xué)和戲劇杰作中尋找到了其實現(xiàn)形式。這些杰作構(gòu)成了我們?nèi)颗Φ脑嚱鹗Ｗ鳛樵嚱鹗?，它們能衡量出人類的思想和想象力所可能企及的程度。它們攜帶著最寓意深刻的主題，可在人類彼此間相互傳遞。2021/5/910(5)C-E【1998】1997年2月24日我們代表團(tuán)下榻日月潭中信大飯店，送走了最后一批客人，已是次日凌晨3點了。我躺在床上久久不能入睡，披衣走到窗前，往外看去，只見四周峰巒疊翠，湖面波光粼粼。望著臺灣這僅有的景色如畫的天然湖泊，我想了許多，許多……這次到臺灣訪問交流，雖然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，訪了舊友，交了新知，大家走到一起，談?wù)摰囊粋€重要話題就是中華民族在21世紀(jì)的強盛。雖然祖國大陸、臺灣的青年生活在不同的社會環(huán)境中，有著各自不同的生活經(jīng)歷，但大家的內(nèi)心都深深銘刻著中華文化優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)的印記，都擁有著振興中華民族的共同理想。在世紀(jì)之交的偉大時代，我們的祖國正在走向繁榮富強，海峽兩岸人民也將加強交流，共同推進(jìn)祖國統(tǒng)一大業(yè)的早日完成。世紀(jì)之交的寶貴機(jī)遇和巨大挑戰(zhàn)將青年推到了歷史前臺?？缡兰o(jì)青年一代應(yīng)該用什么樣的姿態(tài)迎接充滿希望的新世紀(jì)，這是我們必須回答的問題。日月潭水波不興，仿佛與我一同在思索……

2021/5/911Keyto(5):C-E【1998】ThecurrentvisittoTaiwanforexchange,briefandcursoryasitis,hasenabledustoseemanyplaces,tovisitoldfriendswhilemakingnewacquaintances.Wheneverpeoplegathertogether,animportanttopicofdiscussionhasbeenhowtheChinesenationcanbecomeprosperousandpowerfulinthe21stcentury.AlthoughtheyoungpeopleontheMainlandandinTaiwanliveindifferentsocialcontexts(environments/milieus),withtheirindividuallydifferentexperiencesoflife,intheinnermostrecessesoftheirheartsarewroughtanindeliblemarkbythefinetraditionsoftheChineseculture.TheyallcherishthesameidealtorejuvenatetheChinesenation(TheysharethesameidealtorejuvenatetheChinesenation).Inthisgreatepochattheturnofthecentury,ourmotherlandisdevelopingtowardgreaterprosperityandpowerfulness.PeopleacrosstheTaiwanStraitsareboundtostrengthentheirexchangesandwillmutuallypromotetheearliestpossibleachievementofthegreatcauseofreunificationofthemotherland.Thepreciousopportunitiesandthetremendouschallengesattheturnofthecenturyhavepushedtheyoungpeopletotheforeground(forefront)ofthehistoricalarena(stage).Atthistransitionalphasebetweenthetwomillennia,inwhatwaytheyounggenerationshouldembracetheforthcomingnewcenturyrepletewithhopesisaquestiontowhichwehavetoseekananswer.

2021/5/912(6)E-C【1998】TospeakofAmericanliterature,then,isnottoassertthatitiscompletelyunlikethatofEurope.Broadlyspeaking,AmericaandEuropehavekeptstep.Atanygivenmomentthetravelercouldfindexamplesinbothofthesamearchitecture,thesamestylesindress,thesamebooksontheshelves.IdeashavecrossedtheAtlanticasfreelyasmenandmerchandise,thoughsometimesmoreslowly.WhenIrefertoAmericanhabit,thoughts,etc.,Iintendsomesortofqualificationtoprecedetheword,forfrequentlythedifferencebetweenAmericaandEurope(especiallyEngland)willbeoneofdegree,sometimesonlyofasmalldegree.Theamountofdivergenceisasubtleaffair,liabletoperplextheEnglishmanwhenhelooksatAmerica.Heislookingatacountrywhichinimportantsensesgrewoutofhisown,whichinseveralwaysstillresembleshisown—andwhichisyetaforeigncountry.Thereareoddoverlappingsandabruptunfamiliarities;kinshipyieldstoasuddenalienation,aswhenwehailapersonacrossthestreet,onlytodiscoverfromhisblankresponsethatwehavemistakenastrangerforafriend.

2021/5/913Keyto(6):E-C【1998】那么，要談?wù)撁绹膶W(xué)，倒并非意欲斷言，它與歐洲文學(xué)全然大相徑庭。廣而言之，美國與歐洲一直同步發(fā)展，協(xié)調(diào)一致。在任何一個特定的時刻，旅行者在兩地均能目睹同一樣式的建筑實例，相同款式的服飾，書架上相同的書籍。在大西洋兩岸，思想如同人員與貨物往來一樣自由交流，盡管有時會略顯遲緩。當(dāng)我提及美國式的習(xí)慣、思想等概念時，我意欲在“美國式的”這一詞匯之前加上某種限定，因為歐美（尤其是英美）之間的差異往往只是程度上的差異而已，并且有時候僅僅只是微乎其微的一點程度差異而已。差異的多寡是件極為微妙的事務(wù)，這極容易使一個英國人在審視美國時大惑不解。他所審視的那個國家，從某些重要的意義上來說，誕生于他自己的國家，并在某些方面仍與他自己的國家相差無幾——然而，它卻實實在在是一個異邦。兩者間存在著某些古怪的交替重迭，以及令人甚感突兀的陌生感；親緣關(guān)系已讓位于一種突如其來的異化與疏遠(yuǎn)，這種情景仿佛就像我們隔著馬路向另一個人打招呼，結(jié)果卻從這個人漠無表情的反應(yīng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們原來竟將一個陌生人誤認(rèn)為我們的熟人。2021/5/914(7)C-E【1999】加拿大的溫哥華1986年剛剛度過百歲生日，但城市的發(fā)展令世界矚目。以港立市，以港興市，是許多港口城市生存發(fā)展的道路。經(jīng)過百年開發(fā)建設(shè)，有著天然不凍良港的溫哥華，成為舉世聞名的港口城市，同亞洲、大洋洲、歐洲、拉丁美洲均有定期班輪，年貨物吞吐量達(dá)到8，000萬噸，全市就業(yè)人口中有三分之一從事貿(mào)易與運輸行業(yè)。溫哥華（Vancouver）的輝煌是溫哥華人智慧和勤奮的結(jié)晶，其中包括多民族的貢獻(xiàn)。加拿大地廣人稀，國土面積比中國還大，人口卻不足3000萬。吸收外來移民，是加拿大長期奉行的國策?？梢哉f，加拿大除了印第安人外，無一不是外來移民，不同的只是時間長短而已。溫哥華則更是世界上屈指可數(shù)的多民族城市?，F(xiàn)今180萬溫哥華居民中，有一半不是在本地出生的，每4個居民中就有一個是亞洲人。而25萬華人對溫哥華的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型起著決定性的作用。他們其中有一半是近5年才來到溫哥華地區(qū)的，使溫哥華成為亞洲以外最大的中國人聚居地。

2021/5/915Keyto(7):C-E【1999】－1ThegloryofVancouverhasbeenachievedthroughthewisdomandtheindustryoftheVancouverpeople,includingthecontributionsofmanyethnicgroups.Canada,sparselypopulated,hasaterritorylarger

thanthatofChina,butitspopulationisonlylessthan30million.Consequently,toattractingimmigrantsfromothercountrieshasbecomeanationalpolicylongpracticed/followed/cherishedbyCanada.AllCanadiansexcepttheAmericanIndians,sotospeak,areforeignimmigrants,differingonlyinthelengthoftimetheyhavesettledinCanada.Vancouver,inparticular,isoneofthefewmostcelebratedmulti-ethniccitiesintheworld.Amongthe1.8millionVancouverresidents,halfofthemarenon-nativesandoneoutofeveryfourresidentsisfromAsia.The250,000ChinesetherehaveplayedadecisiveroleinthetransformationofVancouver'seconomy.HalfofthemhavecometosettleinVancouver

overthepastfiveyearsonly,renderingVancouverthelargestareaoutsideAsiawheretheChineseinhabit.2021/5/916Keyto(7):C-E【1999】－2In1986,Vancouver,Canada,justmarkeditscentennialanniversary,buttheachievementsmadebythecityinitsurbandevelopmenthavealreadycapturedworldwideattention.Tobuildupacityandmodelitseconomyonthebasisofaharboristheusualpracticethatportcitiesresorttofortheirexistenceanddevelopment.Afteracentury'sconstructionanddevelopment,Vancouver,whichboastsofanaturally-formedice-freeharbor,hasbecomeaninternationallycelebratedportcity,operatingregularoceanlinerswithAsia,Oceania,EuropeandLatinAmerica.Itsannualcargo-handlingcapacityreaches80milliontons,withonethirdofthecity'semployedpopulationengagedintradeandtransportationbusiness.ThegloriousachievementsofVancouveristhecrystallization(fruition)ofthewisdom(intelligence)andtheindustryoftheVancouverpeopleasawhole,includingthecontributionsmadebyadiversityofethnicminorities.Canadaisalargecountrywithasmallpopulation.AlthoughitsterritoryisbiggerthanthatofChina,itonlyhasapopulationoflessthan30millionpeople.Consequently,toattractandtoacceptforeignimmigrantshavebecomeanationalpolicylongobservedbyCanada.Itcanbesafelyassertedthat,exceptforIndians,allCanadiancitizensareforeignimmigrants,differingonlyinthelengthoftimetheyhavesettledinCanada.Vancouver,inparticular,isoneofthefewmostcelebratedmulti-ethniccitiesintheworld.Atpresent,amongthe1.8millionVancouverresidents,halfofthemarenotnative-bornandoneoutofeveryfourresidentsisfromAsia.The250,000ChinesetherehaveplayedadecisiveroleinfacilitatingthetransformationoftheVancouvereconomy.HalfofthemhavecometosettleinVancouveronlyoverthepastfiveyears,makingVancouverthelargestareaoutsideAsiawheretheChineseconcentrate.2021/5/917(8)E-C【1999】Insomesocietiespeoplewantchildrenforwhatmightbecalledfamilialreasons:toextendthefamilylineorthefamilyname,topropitiatetheancestors;toenabletheproperfunctioningofreligiousritualsinvolvingthefamily.Suchreasonsmayseemthininthemodern,secularizedsocietybuttheyhavebeenandarepowerfulindeedinotherplaces.

Inaddition,oneclassoffamilyreasonssharesaborderwiththefollowingcategory,namely,havingchildreninordertomaintainorimproveamarriage:toholdthehusbandoroccupythewife;torepairorrejuvenatethemarriage;toincreasethenumberofchildrenontheassumptionthatfamilyhappinessliesthatway.Thepointisunderlinedbyitsconverse:insomesocietiesthefailuretobearchildren(ormales)isathreattothemarriageandareadycausefordivorce.

Beyondallthatistheprofoundsignificanceofchildrentotheveryinstitutionofthefamilyitself.Tomanypeople,husbandandwifealonedonotseemaproperfamily-theyneedchildrentoenrichthecircle,tovalidateitsfamilycharacter,togathertheredemptiveinfluenceofoffspring.Childrenneedthefamily,butthefamilyseemsalsotoneedchildren,asthesocialinstitutionuniquelyavailable,atleastinprinciple,forsecurity,comfort,assurance,anddirectioninachanging,oftenhostile,world.Tomostpeople,suchahomebase,intheliteralsense,needsmorethanonepersonforsustenanceandingenerationalextension.

2021/5/918Keyto(8):E-C【1999】在某些社會中，人們希望擁有孩子是出于所謂的家庭原因：傳宗接代，光宗耀祖，博取祖輩的歡心，使那些涉及到整個家族的宗教儀式得以發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的作用。此類原因在現(xiàn)代世俗化的社會中似顯蒼白，但它們在其他地方曾一度構(gòu)成并確實仍在構(gòu)成強有力的理由。此外，有一類家庭原因與下列類別不無共通之處，這便是：生兒育女是為著維系或改善婚姻：能拴住丈夫或者使妻子不致于無所事事；修復(fù)婚姻或為婚姻注入新的活力；多子多孫，以為家庭幸福，惟系于此。這一點更可因其相反情形而得以凸現(xiàn)：在某些社會中，無法生兒育女（或無法生育男孩）于婚姻而言可構(gòu)成一種威脅，并可作為離婚的一個順理成章的（或現(xiàn)成的）緣由。除了所有這一切以外，還有一個原因，那就是后代對于家庭這一體制本身所具有的深遠(yuǎn)意義。對許多人來說，夫婦兩人尚不足以構(gòu)成一個真正意義上的家庭--夫妻需要孩子來豐富其兩人小天地，賦予該小天地以真正意義上的家庭性質(zhì)，并從子孫后代身上獲取某種回報。孩子需要家庭，但家庭似乎也需要孩子。作為一種社會體制，家庭以其特有的方式，至少從原則上說，可在一個變幻莫測、常常是充滿敵意的世界中讓人從中獲取某種安全、慰藉、保障，以及價值取向。于大多數(shù)人而言，這樣的一個家庭基礎(chǔ)，即使從其表層意義上來講，也需要不至一個人來維持其存在，并使其世代相傳，生生不息。2021/5/919(7)C-E徐霞客一生周游考察了16個省，足跡幾乎遍及全國。他在考察的過程中，從來不盲目迷信書本上的結(jié)論。他發(fā)現(xiàn)前人研究地理的記載有許多不很可靠的地方。為了進(jìn)行真實細(xì)致的考察，他很少乘車坐船，幾乎全靠雙腳翻山越嶺，長途跋涉；為了弄清大自然的真相，他總是挑選道路艱險的山區(qū)，人煙稀少的森林進(jìn)行考察，發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多奇山秀景；他常常選擇不同的時間和季節(jié)，多次重游各地名山，反復(fù)觀察變換的奇景。2021/5/920Keyto(7):C-EDuringhislifetime,XuXiaketraveledaroundandconductedsurveysin16provinces.Helefthisfootstepsinvirtuallyeverypartofthecountry.Intheprocessofconductinghissurveysandinvestigations,hewouldneverblindlyembracetheconclusionsrecordedinpreviousdocuments.Instead,hediscoveredthatthedocumentationsmadebyhispredecessorsintheirgeographicalstudieswerenotquitereliableinmanyaspects.Inordertoensurethathisreconnaissancewererealanddetailed,heseldomtraveledbyshiporbywagon.Heclimbedovermountainsandhillsandtraveledlongdistancesalmostentirelyonfoot.Inordertodevelopatruepictureofthenaturalworld,hemadeitapointofundertakinghisexpeditionsinthosemountainareaswhereroadsweredifficulttotravelandinthosewoodsthatweresparselypopulated.Inthiswayhediscoveredmanymarvelousmountainsandbeautifulscenes.Hefrequentlychosedifferenttimesandseasonsoftheyeartomakerepeatedvisitstothefamousmountainsacrossthecountrysothathecouldmakerepeatedobservationsoftheirwonderfulscenerythatkeptchangingallyearround.2021/5/921(8)E-CThethirty-seconddayoutofBombaybeganinauspiciously.Inthemorningaseasmashedoneofthegalleydoors.Wedashedinthroughlotsofsteamandfoundthecookverywetandindignantwiththeship:"She'sgettingworseeveryday.She'stryingtodrownmeinfrontofmyownstove!"Hewasveryangry.Wepacifiedhim,andthecarpenter,thoughwashedawaytwicefromthere,managedtorepairthedoor.Throughthataccidentourdinnerwasnotreadytilllate,butitdidn'tmatterintheendbecauseKnowles,whowenttofetchit,gotknockeddownbyaseaandthedinnerwentovertheside.Theship'scaptain,lookingmorehardandthin-lippedthanever,wouldnotnoticethattheship,askedtodotoomuch,appearedtoloseheartaltogetherforthefirsttimesinceweknewher.2021/5/922Keyto(8):E-C出孟買灣之后的第32天開始就透著些許的不祥。清晨，海浪先是將一扇船門砸壞。我們冒著濃濃的霧氣沖了進(jìn)去，發(fā)現(xiàn)廚師渾身濕透，正在對這條船大發(fā)牢騷。“它變得一天比一天不中用了。它愣是要想法子把我淹死在這爐灶前?！彼@得異常的憤怒。我們設(shè)法讓他平靜下來，而木工盡管被海水沖走過兩次，但還是努力把門修好。由于發(fā)生了這一變故，我們的晚飯直到很晚才弄好，但這一點最終也變得無關(guān)緊要，因為前去廚房端飯菜的Knowles被洶涌的波濤掀倒在地，飯菜順著船舷全都撒入海中。船長臉上的表情變得愈發(fā)嚴(yán)峻，雙唇緊咬。他全然沒能意識到，整條船由于被要求去完成許多它力所不能及的任務(wù)，打從我們認(rèn)識它以來，首次出現(xiàn)了力不從心的跡象。2021/5/923(9)C-E近代的上海，十里洋場，自開埠以來，固然有許多辛酸的不平等的血淚史，固然有許多污泥濁水，這里被稱為是"冒險家的樂園"，這里有鴉片，有蕩婦，有賭棍，使人紙醉金迷，乃至使人墮落。可是，上海這座近代大城市卻更有它的另一面，它有活力、它聰慧、革新、進(jìn)取，它敢于擔(dān)風(fēng)險，有競爭意識及機(jī)制，這種城市意識或風(fēng)格，使人奮發(fā)，跟上時代，走向進(jìn)步。2021/5/924Keyto(9):C-EInthecontemporaryperiod,Shanghaiasametropolisinfestedbyforeignadventurershasindeedrecorded,sincetheopeningofitscommercialport,abitter,blood-and-tearhistoryofmanymiseriesandinequalities.ReferredtoastheParadiseofAdventurers,Shanghaiwasindeedhometo"humansludgeandfilth"whereonecouldfindopium,dissolutewomenandgamblers.Itwasaplacethatmadepeopleindulgeinluxuryanddissipationandgiventosensuouspleasures,eveninducingpeopletobecomedegenerate.However,thereisadifferentandmoreimportantpictureofShanghaiasamodernmetropolis.Ithasbeenfullofvitalityandvigor,displayingitsuniqueintelligenceandwisdom,characterizedbyaninnovativeandenterprisingspirit.Ithasthecouragetoassumerisksandisinpossessionofboththeawarenessandthemechanismofcompetition.Suchametropolitanmentalityorstyleinspiresitsresidents,encouragingthemtokeepabreastwiththechangingepochsandtomakeeffortstowardgreaterprogress.2021/5/925(10)C-E約翰·施特勞斯的故居在一條大街上，是一座沿街的粉紅色的四層樓老公寓房子。施特勞斯曾住在這座房子二層樓上的兩套房間里，于1886年末到1867年初在這里譜寫了《藍(lán)色的多瑙河》這支名曲。那時他已經(jīng)42歲了，在維也納音樂界中負(fù)有盛名，但只是在這支樂曲問世以后，才奠定了他"圓舞曲之王"的地位。這座房子距多瑙河不遠(yuǎn)，步行約半個多小時，當(dāng)時還是一片大森林，施特勞斯常常穿過森林到河邊去散步，現(xiàn)在房屋已鱗次櫛比，成為熱鬧的大街了。2021/5/926Keyto(10):C-ETheformerresidenceofJohnStraussissituatedonabigstreet,insideanoldpink-coloredfour-storyapartmentbuildingalongthestreet.Strausslivedintwosuitesonthesecondfloorofthisbuildinginwhichhecomposedfromtheendof1866tothebeginningof1867thefamousTheBlueDanubeWaltz.Atthattimehewasalready42yearsoldandenjoyedahighreputationwithinthemusicalcircleofVienna.However,itwasnotuntilthecompositionofthismelodythathebecamefirmlyestablishedastheKingofWaltz.ThehouseinwhichhelivedwasnotfarawayfromtheDanubeRiver,whichwaswithinthereachofhalfanhour'swalk.Atthattime,therewasahugeforestbetweentheriverandhishouseandStrausswouldfrequentlygothroughtheforesttohaveawalkbythesideoftheriver.Nowtheforesthasbeenreplacedbyrowsandrowsofdenselyadjacenthousesandbuildings,turningtheplaceintonoisystreets.2021/5/927（11）C-E中國將堅定不移地奉行獨立自主的和平外交政策，繼續(xù)加強同發(fā)展中國家的團(tuán)結(jié)合作，同它們一道維護(hù)發(fā)展中國家正當(dāng)合理的權(quán)益。同時，我們要進(jìn)一步致力于穩(wěn)定周邊、鞏固睦鄰友好。我們還將不斷地充實與各個大國已經(jīng)建立或正在建立的未來關(guān)系框架的內(nèi)涵。我們將更積極地參與國際事務(wù)和各種多邊外交活動，堅決反對霸權(quán)主義、強權(quán)政治，推動在世界上建立公平合理、平等互利的國際政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序。2021/5/928Keyto(11):C-EChinawillunswervinglyobservetheindependentandpeacefulforeignpolicy.Itwillcontinuetoreinforceitssolidarityandcooperationwiththedevelopingcountriesintheworldand,togetherwiththem,tosafeguardthejustandreasonablerightsofthedevelopingcountries.Atthesametime,wewillbefurthercommittedtostabilizingourperipheralareasandtoconsolidatingtheharmoniousfriendshipwithourneighboringcountries.Wewillalsomakecontinuedeffortstoenrichtheimplicationsoftheframeworkofthefuturerelationsthathavebeenestablishedorthatarebeingestablishedwithallthemajorcountriesoftheworld.Wewilltakemorepositivestepstoparticipateininternationalaffairsandinvariouskindsofmultilateraldiplomaticactivities.Chinawillremainfirminitsoppositiontohegemonism,powerpoliticsandwillendeavortopromotetheestablishmentofanewinternationalpoliticalandeconomicorderthatisfair,reasonable,equalandreciprocallybeneficial.2021/5/929(12)E-CThoughfondofmanyacquaintances,Idesireanintimacyonlywithafew.TheManinBlack,whomIhaveoftenmentioned,isonewhosefriendshipIcouldwishtoacquire,becausehepossessesmyesteem.Hismanners,itistrue,aretincturedwithsomestrangeinconsistencies,andhemaybejustlytermedahumoristinanationofhumorists.Thoughheisgenerouseventoprofusion,heaffectstobethoughtaprodigyofparsimonyandprudence;thoughhisconversationberepletewiththemostsordidandselfishmaxims,hisheartisdilatedwiththemostunboundedlove.Ihaveknownhimprofesshimselfaman-hater,whilehischeekwasglowingwithcompassion;and,whilehislooksweresoftenedintopity,Ihaveheardhimusethelanguageofthemostunboundedill-nature.Someaffecthumanityandtenderness,othersboastofhavingsuchdispositionsfromNature;butheistheonlymanIeverknewwhoseemedashamedofhisnaturalbenevolence.Hetakesasmuchpainstohidehisfeelings,asanyhypocritewouldtoconcealhisindifference;butoneveryunguardedmomentthemaskdropsoff,andrevealshimtothemostsuperficialobserver.2021/5/930Keyto(12):E-C盡管我喜歡廣交朋友，但我只愿與為數(shù)不多的幾人成為至交。我所提及的那位黑衣男士，就是那樣一個我希冀與其成為莫逆之交的人，因為他深得我的景仰。誠然，其行為舉止不乏某些怪異的出爾反爾，他全然可被稱為幽默家王國中的幽默大師。雖然他慷慨大方，乃至奢靡無度，但他仍假惺惺地希望人們將其視作節(jié)儉與審慎之奇才。盡管其言談之中滿是污穢和自私的格言，其內(nèi)心卻充盈著最博大無際的愛心。據(jù)我所知，他常宣稱自己是人類憎惡者；然而，他的臉龐上卻總漾溢著憐憫之情。雖然其神情會柔化為一片慈悲，我卻聽到過他使用最為惡劣的言辭，其惡劣程度可謂無以復(fù)加。有些人佯裝人道與柔情，也有一些人則夸耀說這樣的秉性乃天性使然。但在我所有認(rèn)識的人當(dāng)中，唯有他似乎羞恥于其與生俱有的慈悲之心。他會竭力掩飾其真情，一如任何一個偽君子會掩飾其冷漠那樣。然則，在每一個毫無防范的瞬間，那戴著的假面具便會脫落下來，使其畢露于哪怕是最為膚淺的觀察者。2021/5/931(13)E-CThemostsensiblepeopletobemetwithinsocietyaremenofbusinessandoftheworld,whoarguefromwhattheyseeandknow,insteadofspinningcobwebdistinctionsofwhatthingsoughttobe.Womenhaveoftenmoreofwhatiscalledgoodsensethanmen.Theyhavefewerpretensions;arelessimplicatedintheories;andjudgeofobjectsmorefromtheirimmediateandinvoluntaryimpressiononthemind,and,therefore,moretrulyandnaturally.Theycannotreasonwrong;fortheydonotreasonatall.Theydonotthinkorspeakbyrule;andtheyhaveingeneralmoreeloquenceandwitaswellassense,onthataccount.Bytheirwit,sense,andeloquencetogether,theygenerallycontrivetogoverntheirhusbands.Theirstyle,whentheywritetotheirfriends,isbetterthanthatofmostauthors.-Uneducatedpeoplehavemostexuberanceofinvention.2021/5/932Keyto(13):E-C在這個社會上，所能碰見的最為賢達(dá)的人士乃商人及飽經(jīng)世事滄桑者。其言談，其論點全然基于其所見所知，而不會去編織某些迂腐的區(qū)分，以設(shè)定事物理應(yīng)如何如何。女士們往往要比男士們更富于所謂的“見識”。她們不那么自命不凡，不那么慣于糾纏于理論，在對事物形成判斷時更多地憑藉這些事物在其頭腦中所烙下的直接和不自覺的印象，因而會來得更為真實，更為自然。她們絕不犯任何邏輯錯誤，因為她們從不進(jìn)行任何的邏輯推理。她們的所思所言決不受制于任何條條框框，正因為如此，總體而言她們不僅更具見識，而且更機(jī)智，更能言善辯。憑借其機(jī)智、其見識、其如簧巧舌這三件利器，她們大都會圖謀主宰她們的丈夫。她們在給朋友寫信時，其文筆之雅致與絕大多數(shù)作家相比均有過之而無不及。--未受教育者最富于創(chuàng)造。2021/5/933(14)C-E科學(xué)就是探求真理。在探求真理的過程中，人們對客觀規(guī)律的認(rèn)識要經(jīng)過艱苦曲折的過程。常常有這樣的情形：由于研究的角度不同，掌握資料的差異，認(rèn)識方法的不同，就會出現(xiàn)"橫看成嶺側(cè)成峰，遠(yuǎn)近高低各不同"的情況，以至引起學(xué)術(shù)上的爭論。因此，有作為的科學(xué)工作者都把反對的意見看作對自己的莫大的幫助，把對自己的批評當(dāng)作最珍貴的友誼。正如歌德所說，"我們贊同的東西使我們處之泰然，我們反對的東西才使我們的思想獲得豐產(chǎn)。"這都是因為，贊同的意見未必正確，反對的意見未必錯誤。退一步說，即使錯誤的反對意見，對自己的科學(xué)研究也是很有好處的。2021/5/934Keyto(14):C-ESciencemeanstheexplorationoftruth.Intheprocessofexploringtruth,peoplewillhavetoexperiencetremendoushardshipsanddifficultiesbeforetheycancometounderstandtheobjectivelaws.Itisoftenthecasethatthedifferencesintheresearchperspectives,thematerialsmastered,andthewaysofunderstandingwouldleadt