(2.3)-第3章 計算機系統(tǒng)大學(xué)計算機

Computersystem章名：3.1Theworkingprincipleofacomputer3.2Thecompositionofacomputersystem3.3Microcomputersystem3.4Theoperatingsystem12343.5Commoncomputerapplications5Computersareamazingdevices,However,howthisgreatdesigncameintobeingandhowitoperatedanddevelopedinaccordancewiththeprinciplesareallimportantknowledgethatweshouldknowandlearn.Inthischapter,wewilllearntheprinciplesoftheoperationofcomputersystems.3.1Theworkingprincipleofacomputer

VonNeumannsystemIn1946,Hungarian-AmericanmathematicianVonNeumanndevelopedabasicvisionofwhatacomputershouldbemadeofandhowitshouldwork.Itformedthebasicmethodoftransformingasetofmathematicalprocessesintoacomputerinstructionlanguage.AccordingtoVonNeumannarchitecture,acomputermusthavethefollowingfunctions:Sendingtherequiredprogramsanddatatothecomputer.Havinglong-termmemoryofprogram,data,intermediateresultsandfinalresults.Performingavarietyofarithmetic,logicaloperationsanddatatransferandotherdataprocessing.Controllingtheprogramdirection,andaccordingtotheinstructionstocontrolthecoordinationofallpartsofthemachine.Outputtheprocessingresultstotheuserasrequired.

VonNeumannsystemTodothis,acomputermusthavefivebasiccomponents：AninputdeviceforinputdataandprogramsMemorystorageforprogramsanddataAnarithmeticunitthatperformsdataprocessingAcontrollerthatcontrolstheexecutionofaprogramAnoutputdevicethatoutputsprocessingresults

VonNeumannsystemInputdeviceOutputdeviceArithmeticunitMemoryControllerProgram+dataprocessingresultsflowofdataflowofcontrolCPU3.2ThecompositionofacomputersystemComputerhardwaresystemAcollectionofallthephysicalcomponentsofacomputer.Usuallythesecomponentsarecomposedofcircuits(electroniccomponents),mechanicalandotherphysicalcomponents,whichcanbeseenandtouched,sotheyareknownas"hardware",whichisthebasisofallwork.ComputersoftwaresystemItReferstotheasystemwhichiscomposedofsystemsoftware,supportingsoftwareandapplicationsoftware.Itisanimportantpartofthecomputersystem.3.2Thecompositionofacomputersystem3.3MicrocomputerSystemMicrocomputerIsacomputerwithamicroprocessorasitsCPU.Ingeneral,amicrocomputeristhesizethatmakesiteasytofitonmostdesktops.Anothercommonfeatureofthesecomputersisthattheytakeupverylittlephysicalspace.Mostofthedevicesusedinamicrocomputeraretightlymountedinaseparatecase,butsomedevicesmaybeconnectedoutsidethecaseforshortdistances,suchasmonitors,keyboards,mice,andsoon.

Desktopcomputers,laptops,tablets,aarealltheexamplesofmicrocomputers.3.3.2Compositionofamicrocomputersystem

Inappearance,themicrocomputerconsistsofthemaincaseandexternalequipment.ThemainframemainlyincludesCPU,internalstorage,motherboard,harddiskdrive,cd-ROMdrive,variousexpansioncards,cables,powersupply,etcPeripheraldevicesincludemouse,keyboard,etc.Themaincaseofthemicrocomputer,asshownbelow3.3.3BasicconfigurationofamicrocomputermotherboardinternalstoragepowersupplyCPU3.3.3Basicconfigurationofamicrocomputerharddisk

graphicscardaudiocard3.3.3BasicconfigurationofamicrocomputernetworkcardCD-ROMdrive3.3.3Basicconfigurationofamicrocomputerdisplay(monitor)3.3.3Basicconfigurationofamicrocomputerkeyboard3.3.3Basicconfigurationofamicrocomputermouse3.3.3Basicconfigurationofamicrocomputerprinter3Dprintersandtheirproducts3.3.3Basicconfigurationofamicrocomputerscannerportablestoragedevice3.3.3BasicconfigurationofamicrocomputersmartphonetabletPC(tabletpersonalcomputer)3.3.3Basicconfigurationofamicrocomputer3.3.4MobileintelligentterminalproductsIntelligentvehicleterminalWearableintelligentdevices3.3.4Mobileintelligentterminalproducts

OperatingSystem,(OS)referstothecollectionofprogramsthatcontrolandmanagethehardwareandsoftwareresourcesoftheentirecomputersystem,andreasonablyorganizeandscheduletheworkofthecomputerandtheallocationofresources,soastoprovideusersandothersoftwarewithconvenientinterfacesandenvironments.

3.4

OperatingSystem

Operatingsystemisaplatformformanagingcomputerhardwareandsoftwareresources.Inthehistoryofpersonalcomputer,therehavebeenmanydifferentoperatingsystems.3.4

OperatingSystemAfteryearsofcompetition,themostcommonlyusedonesareasfollows:Windows,Unix,Linux,Mac,mobileoperatingsystemsThefollowingpagesdescribethedevelopmentprocessandfunctionalcharacteristicsoftheseoperatingsystems.3.4

OperatingSystemWindowsWindowsseriesisoneofthemostwidelyusedsystemsatpresent.ItisasoftwareproductdevelopedbyMicrosoft.Thesystemcanbeusedonbothlaptopsanddesktops.Windowsisthefirstgenerationofwindowingmulti-taskingsystemreleasedbyMicrosoftinNovember1985,whichmakesPCentertheso-calledGUI:GraphicUserInterfaceera.WindowsWindows1.0Windows3.0Windows95Windows98WindowsXPWindowsXPisthemostclassicversionoftheWindowsfamily.Windows7操作系統(tǒng)Windows7isanotherdesktopoperatingsystemwiththehighestshareafterXPWindows8Windows10操作系統(tǒng)Windows10isthelaststand-aloneversionofWindowsreleasedbyMicrosoftUNIXoperatingsystem,isapowerfulmulti-user,multi-taskoperatingsystem,supportavarietyofprocessorarchitectureUNIXUnix操作系統(tǒng)Unixisaprofessionalserveroperatingsystem.Serveroperatingsystemsgenerallydonothaveadedicatedgraphicalinterface.Bornin1991,LinuxisafreeandfreelydistributedUNIX-likeoperatingsystemthatrunsmajorUnixutilities,applications,andnetworkprotocols.Linux操作系統(tǒng)MacOS操作系統(tǒng)MacOSisagraphicaloperatingsystembasedontheUnixkernelthatrunsonApple'sMacintoshcomputers3.4.3OperatingsystemonsmartmobiledevicesSmartmobiledeviceshaveindependentoperatingsystemsandcanbelikecomputers.Userscaninstallapplicationsprovidedbythird-partyserviceprovidersbythemselves.

3.4.3智能移動設(shè)備上的操作系統(tǒng)IOS,whichisdevelopedbyApple,worksonavarietyofmobilesmartdevicesAndroidOS,whichisdesignedbyGoogle'sr&dteamThebiggestadvantageoftheAndroidplatformisitsopenness,whichallowsanymobileterminalmanufacturer,userandapplicationdevelopertolaunchapplicationswiththeirownfeatures3.4.3智能移動設(shè)備上的操作系統(tǒng)Computersoftwareisdividedintotwocategories:systemsoftwareandapplicationsoftware.Applicationsoftwareisthepartofsoftwareprovidedtomeettheapplicationneedsofusersindifferentfieldsanddifferentproblems.Itcanbroadentheapplicationfieldofcomputersystemandenlargethefunctionofhardware.3.5CommoncomputerapplicationsSystemtoolsoftwareFilecompressionmanagementsoftware,cancreateanduncompressRAR,ZIPandotherformatsofcompressedfilesItcaneasilyidentifytheauthenticityofcomputerhardware,testcomputerconfiguration,scanandrepairsystemvulnerabilities,optimizeandcleanthesystemWinRAR魯大師360軟件管家Thissoftwaresetsoftwaredownload,update,uninstall,optimizeinonetool.Comprehensivedetectionofcomputersoftwareproblemsandone-clickrepair。

OfficesoftwareOfficesoftwarereferstothesoftwarethatcanbeusedforwordprocessing,tablemaking,slidemaking,graphicimageprocessing,simpledatabaseprocessingandotheraspectsofwork.MicrosoftOffice365WPSOffice2019Internetsoftware360SecureBrowserAdual-corebrowserbasedonInternetExplorerandChrome.CanautomaticallyinterceptTrojan,fraud,onlinebankingcounterfeitingandothermaliciouswebsites.QQSupportonlinechat,videocall,pointtopointbreakpointcontinuefile,Sharedfile,networkharddisk,custompanel,mailboxandotherfunctions.百度網(wǎng)盤AcloudstorageservicelaunchedbyBaidu.Userswillbeabletouploadtheir