社會工作專業(yè)英語 課件 chapter 7 Child Welfare Social Work、chapter 8 Social Work for the Aged

ChildWelfareSocialWorkChapter7ContentsI.DefinitionofChildWelfareSocialWorkII.TypesofChildWelfareSocialWorkersIII.WhatChildWelfareSocialWorkersDoIV.TheChallengesofChildWelfareSocialWorkV.WhyPeopleBecomeChildWelfareSocialWorkers【KeyPoints】要點1.Childwelfaresocialworkersprotectvulnerableyouthandhelpdisadvantagedfamiliesinmeetingtheneedsoftheirchildren.2.Whilechildwelfaresocialworkerscanprovidementalhealthcounselingandtherapy,theirmainroleisworkingasacarecoordinator[coordinator:n.協(xié)調(diào)人，統(tǒng)籌者]andanevaluatorofchildren’smental,emotional,academic,andsocialneeds.3.Childwelfaresocialworkisaverychallengingfieldthatcanbephysicallyand/oremotionallyexhausted.

[exhausted:adj.極其疲憊的；精疲力竭的]【Introduction】導(dǎo)言兒童社會工作就是社會工作者根據(jù)兒童的生理、心理特點和成長、發(fā)展的需要，以專業(yè)的價值為指導(dǎo)和科學(xué)的理論為基礎(chǔ)，充分運用社會工作的專業(yè)方法和技巧對兒童開展的助人服務(wù)活動，其目標(biāo)在于保護處于弱勢的青少年以及幫助弱勢家庭滿足其子女的需要。兒童社會工作有廣義和狹義之分：狹義的兒童社會工作是一種事后補救性工作，它以處于特殊困難境地的兒童為服務(wù)對象，多采取機構(gòu)服務(wù)的方式，救助和保護那些家庭或父母無力撫養(yǎng)的兒童或者有各種問題的兒童，如孤兒、殘疾兒、流浪兒、棄嬰、受虐兒童、情緒或行為偏差兒童等。廣義的兒童社會工作是指社會的方方面面為促進兒童健康成長所采取的一切措施，工作對象是所有兒童群體，在內(nèi)容上包括：文教、衛(wèi)生、醫(yī)療、保健、體育、娛樂、社區(qū)、家庭保障、兒童權(quán)益保護等方面，已逐漸成為兒童社會工作的發(fā)展方向。廣義的兒童社會工作和狹義的兒童社會工作兩者呈交叉關(guān)系。兒童福利社會工作者的具體職責(zé)取決于他們在機構(gòu)中擔(dān)任的是前端還是后端角色。I.DefinitionofChildWelfareSocialWorkChildwelfaresocialworkersaimtoprotectthevulnerableyouthaswellastheirfamiliesindisadvantagedpositions,includingimprovethefamilies’functionstomeettheirchildren’sneed.Someoftheircoreresponsibilitiesincluderespondingtocasesofchildabuseandneglect;removingchildrenfromoriginalfamilies(homesettings)whicharedangerousordonotmeetcertainstandards;workingwithchildrenandtheirfamiliesonareunification[reunification:n.重新統(tǒng)一]planincollaborationwithchilddependencycourts;supportingparentsinmeetingtheneedsoftheirchildren(throughresourceconnectionsandnavigationservices,therapyandadvising,andotherservices);andarrangingfortheshortandlong-termcareofchildrenwhosefamiliesareunabletotakecareofthem.II.TypesofChildWelfareSocialWorkers1.EmergencyFirstResponder(“Front-End”)SocialWorkers2.ContinuingServices(“Back-End”)SocialWorker1.EmergencyFirstResponder(“Front-End”)SocialWorkersFirstrespondersocialworkers,astheirtitleindicates,areoftenthefirstindividualstorespondtocasesofchildabuseand/orneglect.[AdaptedfromSudland,C.(2020).Challengesanddilemmasworkingwithhigh‐conflictfamiliesinchildprotectioncasework.Child&FamilySocialWork,25(2),248-255.]Childwelfareagencieswilloftenreceivenotificationsfromconcernedmembersofthepublicabouthouseholdswithchildrenwhomaynotbereceivingsufficientcare.Uponreceivingthesenotifications,firstrespondersocialworkersgotohouseholdstoinvestigatetheseallegationsofabuseorneglect,andtoevaluatethesituationofthechild(ren)inquestionrelativetoaminimumstandardofchildcare.Ifchildmaltreatmentisdiscovered,emergencyfirstrespondersocialworkerstypicallyopenachildwelfarecase,contactChildProtectiveServicestohaveachildremovedandplacedinthecareoftheChildDependencyCourt,anddocumenttheevidenceofmaltreatmentinreportsfortheCourtsandforback-endsocialworkerswhotakeonthecaseafterthechild’sremovalfromhis/herhome.2.ContinuingServices(“Back-End”)SocialWorkerOnceachildisplacedinthecareoftheChildDependencyCourt,back-endsocialworkerstakeoverthecase.socialworkersmightincludeinafamily’scaseplancouldincludeparents’cessation

ofphysicaland/orverbalabuse;eliminationofsubstanceabusebehaviors;addressingofphysical,medical/dental,emotional,oracademicneglect,andpropersupervisionbehaviors.Afterthedevelopmentofacaseplanthatincorporatesbehavioralchangesfortheparentsandwaystosupporttheparentsinmakingthesechanges,continuingservicessocialworkersmonitorthefamily’scaseandprovideemotionalsupport,advising,andresourceconnectionsthroughouttheprocess.Servicesandsupportthatcontinuingservicessocialworkersmightrecruittoassistchildrenandtheirparentsincludecounselingandpsychotherapy;guidanceonhowtoapplyforhealthcarebenefits,foodstamps,etc.;andconnectionstosupportivegroupswithinthecommunity(substanceabusetherapygroups,educationalresources,etc.).Continuingservicessocialworkersalsoreportonthefamily’sprogresstotheDependencyCourt,andupdatefamiliesonthestatusoftheircaseinrelationtotheCourt.Duetothemanyresponsibilitiesthatback-endsocialworkershaveupontheopeningofachildwelfarecase(i.e.in-depthinvestigationofchildmaltreatmentallegations,developmentofcaseplanwithbehavioralchangesforparents,continuedmonitoringofparents’progress,anddevelopmentofalong-termfostercareoradoptionplanifnecessary),somechildwelfareagencieshavedifferentunitsofback-endsocialworkersthatfocusonaspecificareaofcontinuingservices.III.WhatChildWelfareSocialWorkersDo1.InvestigativeWork(inCollaboration

withCPSandDependencyCourt)2.CasePlanDevelopment3.CounselingandPsychotherapy4.CoordinationofSupportServicesforChildandParents5.ResourceConnectionsandNavigationServices1.InvestigativeWork(inCollaboration

withCPSandDependencyCourt)Bothfirstresponderandcontinuingservicessocialworkersinvestigateinstancesofchildmaltreatmentandevaluatechildren’ssituationsagainstanestablishedminimumstandard.Specificitemsthatchildwelfaresocialworkerslookatincludewhetherchildrenaresafe;providedforintermsoffood,clothing,andshelter;areabletoattendschool;arenotbeingsubjectedtophysical,emotional/verbal,orsexualabuse;andarenotsufferingfromneglect.2.CasePlanDevelopmentOnceachildmaltreatmenthasbeenconfirmed,childwelfaresocialworkerscollaboratewithChildProtectiveServices,behavioraltherapists,casemanagers,agencystaff,schooladministratorsandteachers,andotherrelevantmembersofthecommunitytodevelopanindividualizedcaseplanforthechildandhis/herparents.Thecaseplanmainlyfocusesonthechangesthatparentsneedtomakeinordertoregaincustodyoftheirchildren,andcanhaveseveraldifferentelements.“Acaseplancouldincludethingssuchas:angermanagement,domesticviolencesupportgroupandeducation,counseling,couple’scounseling,familycounseling,parentingclasses,drugtesting,andinpatientoroutpatientdrugprograms,”Ms.Krausenoted.3.CounselingandPsychotherapyChildwelfaresocialworkerscanprovideemotionalcounselingand,insomecases,targetedbutoftenshort-termpsychotherapytochildrenandtheirparents.Childwelfaresocialworkerswillhelpbothpartiestomanagethedifficultemotionsaroundtheseparation,andtomoveforwardtowardsaplanofactionforreunification.Forchildreninfosterhomesoradoptedchildrenwhoexperiencemental,emotional,andbehavioralissuesasaresultoftheirseparationfromtheirfamily,childwelfaresocialworkerscanofferemotionalsupportandtherapy.Theymightalsotrytohelpparentsaddressthementalandemotionalreasonsbehindthebehavioralproblemsthatleadtothemaltreatment

oftheirchild.4.CoordinationofSupportServicesforChildandParentsInadditiontoprovidingindividualizedadvisingandtherapytochildrenandtheirparents,childwelfaresocialworkerscommunicatewithotherpartiesthatareconcernedaboutand/orinvolvedinachild’swell-being,includingbutnotlimitedtoschooladministratorsandteachers,behavioraltherapists,doctorsandnurses,andstaffatcommunitycenters.5.ResourceConnectionsandNavigationServicesThoughtheyworkcloselywithfamiliesinneed,childwelfaresocialworkers’interactionswiththeirclientsarenecessarilylimited,andthuspartoftheirjobiscreatingascomprehensiveasupportsystemaspossibleforchildrenandparentsbycoordinatingservicesfromvariouscommunityresources.Examplesofsuchresourcesincludebutarenotlimitedtoafterschoolprogramsandtutoring,parentsupportgroups,centersthatprovidesubsidizedfoodandclothing,individualcounseling,communityhealthclinics,emotionalregulationandstressreductiongroups,andsubstanceabusesupportgroups.IV.TheChallengesofChildWelfareSocialWorkChildwelfaresocialworkisaverychallengingfieldthatcanbephysicallydrainingandemotionallytaxingChildwelfaresocialworkerscitelimitedresources,gruelingschedules,theemotionalramificationsofwitnessingandsupportingpeoplethroughtrauma,andthepressureoffamilies‘well-beingrestingontheirshouldersasbeingdefinitechallengesintheirlineofwork.childwelfaresocialworkersurgesocialworkstudentsandprofessionalsinterestedinthisfieldtocommittoself-careearlyandconsistently.V.WhyPeopleBecomeChildWelfareSocialWorkersThoughtheirworkisoftenstressful,demanding,andfast-paced,manychildwelfaresocialworkersfeelthatthechallengesareequallybalancedwiththerewards,andthatthegratificationtheyreceivefromtheirdailyworkisinfactinseparablefromthedifficultiesoftheirwork.Childwelfaresocialworkersmayalsofinddeeprewardsinbeingadvocatesforparents,regardlessofwhetherornottheysucceedintheirgoalofreunification.

ChapterSummaryChildwelfaresocialworkersprotectvulnerableyouthandhelpdisadvantagedfamiliesaswelltomeetthechildren’sneedsintheiroriginalfamilies.Duetothecomplexityandemotionalchallengednatureoftheirwork,childwelfaresocialworkersmayfindtheirdailyresponsibilitiestobechallengedandattimesdraining.However,despitethedemandsanddifficultiesoftheirwork,childwelfaresocialworkersoftenfindtheirhavetheabilitytoprovidecompassionatesupporttoparentsandprotectchildreninneed.Thesocialworkerscontributionstothesefamiliesarealwaysrewardedbecauseofitsprofoundimpactonbothindividualandlargersocietallevels.ChapterSummaryThereareoftenseveraldifferenttypesofchildwelfaresocialworkersonagiventeamthatcollaborateeachother.Thesesocialworkerscooperatetogethertoidentifyandrespondtochildabuseandneglectcases.Someofthesesocialworkersare“front-end”socialworkers,othersare“back-end”socialworkers.Duetolimitedresourcesandstaffing,somechildwelfaresocialworkersmaymovebetweenemergency/firstresponsedutiesandcontinuingservices,orfulfillbothtypesofresponsibilitiessimultaneously,dependingontheiravailabilityandtheneedsoftheagency.ChapterSummaryChildwelfaresocialworkisaverychallengingfieldthatcanbephysicallydrainingandemotionallytaxing.Thoughtheirworkisoftenstressful,demanding,andfast-paced,manychildwelfaresocialworkersfeelthatthechallengesareequallybalancedwiththerewards,andthatthegratificationtheyreceivefromtheirdailyworkisinfactinseparablefromthedifficultiesoftheirwork.GlossaryChild（兒童）：聯(lián)合國《兒童權(quán)利公約》將兒童界定為所有未滿18周歲的人；我國《未成年人保護法》將未成年人定義為未滿18周歲的公民?！皟和迸c“未成年人”二者具有一致性，在實務(wù)中同義，可進行互換使用。該定義從年齡視角突出強調(diào)了：兒童是一個人生命的起始階段，是與成人相對應(yīng)的群體，是具有獨特文化內(nèi)涵的群體。Childsocialwork（兒童社會工作）：兒童社會工作是指把兒童作為工作和服務(wù)的對象，以兒童權(quán)利為價值理念，以兒童發(fā)展的科學(xué)知識和社會工作實務(wù)理論為依據(jù)，運用社會工作專業(yè)方法，結(jié)合所在社會的環(huán)境資源，為促進兒童的健康成長和保護兒童免遭傷害而開展的專業(yè)服務(wù)活動。Childfriendlycommunity（兒童友好社區(qū)）：是指整體環(huán)境有利于兒童身心健康發(fā)展的社區(qū)。Childrights（兒童權(quán)利）：是指兒童根據(jù)一個社會的道德或者法律而享有從事某些行動的自由以及受到某種對待的資格。

DifficultSentences1.Childwelfaresocialworkersprotectvulnerableyouthandhelpdisadvantagedfamiliesinmeetingtheneedsoftheirchildren.兒童福利的社會工作者保護弱勢青少年，并幫助弱勢家庭滿足其子女的需要。2.Someoftheircoreresponsibilitiesincluderespondingtocasesofchildabuseandneglect;removingchildrenfromhomesettingsthataredangerousorwhichdonotmeetcertainstandards;workingwithchildrenandtheirfamiliesonareunificationplanincollaborationwithchilddependencycourts;supportingparentsinmeetingtheneedsoftheirchildren(throughresourceconnectionsandnavigationservices,therapyandadvising,andotherservices);andarrangingfortheshortandlong-termcareofchildrenwhosefamiliesareunabletotakecareofthem.他們的一些核心責(zé)任包括應(yīng)對虐待和忽視兒童的案件；將兒童從危險或不符合某些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的家中帶走；與兒童撫養(yǎng)法院合作與兒童及其家庭制定團聚計劃；支持父母滿足子女的需要（通過資源連接和引導(dǎo)服務(wù)、治療和咨詢以及其他服務(wù)）；為無法照顧兒童的家庭安排短期和長期照顧。

DifficultSentences

3.However,despitethedemandsanddifficultiesoftheirwork,childwelfaresocialworkersoftenfindtheirabilitytoprovidecompassionatesupporttoparentswhileprotectingchildreninneedtoberewardingduetoitsprofoundimpact,bothonanindividualandalargersocietallevel.然而，盡管工作有要求和困難，兒童福利社會工作者往往盡力向父母提供支持，同時保護需要保護的兒童，因為它對個人及社會層面都有深遠的影響。4.Duetolimitedresourcesandstaffing,somechildwelfaresocialworkersmaymovebetweenemergency/firstresponsedutiesandcontinuingservices,orfulfillbothtypesofresponsibilitiessimultaneously,dependingontheiravailabilityandtheneedsoftheagency.由于資源和人員配備的限制，一些兒童福利社會工作者可能會在緊急/第一反應(yīng)職責(zé)和持續(xù)服務(wù)之間不斷切換，或同時履行這兩種職責(zé)，這取決于他們的可用性和機構(gòu)的需要。5.Asmentionedpreviously,childwelfaresocialworkers’specificresponsibilitiesdependonwhethertheyareworkingfront-endorback-endrolesattheiragency.如前所述，兒童福利社會工作者的具體責(zé)任取決于他們在其機構(gòu)中是在前端還是后端工作。

DifficultSentences6.Onceachildmaltreatmenthasbeenconfirmed,childwelfaresocialworkerscollaboratewithChildProtectiveServices,behavioraltherapists,casemanagers,agencystaff,schooladministratorsandteachers,andotherrelevantmembersofthecommunitytodevelopanindividualizedcaseplanforthechildandhis/herparents.一旦兒童虐待被確認，兒童福利社會工作者將與兒童保護服務(wù)機構(gòu)、行為治療師、個案管理人員、機構(gòu)工作人員、學(xué)校管理人員和教師以及社區(qū)的其他相關(guān)成員合作，為兒童及其父母制定個性化的個案計劃。7.Childwelfaresocialworkerscanprovideemotionalcounselingand,insomecases,targetedbutoftenshort-termpsychotherapytochildrenandtheirparents.兒童福利社會工作者可以提供情感咨詢，在某些情況下，還可以針對兒童及其父母提供有針對性的、但通常是短期的心理治療。8.Inadditiontoprovidingindividualizedadvisingandtherapytochildrenandtheirparents,childwelfaresocialworkerscommunicatewithotherpartiesthatareconcernedaboutand/orinvolvedinachild’swell-being,includingbutnotlimitedtoschooladministratorsandteachers,behavioraltherapists,doctorsandnurses,andstaffatcommunitycenters.除了提供個性化的建議和治療孩子和他們的父母，兒童福利社會工作者還會與其他關(guān)心和/或參與孩子的幸福的其他人積極溝通，這些人包括但不限于學(xué)校管理員和教師、行為治療師、醫(yī)生和護士和社區(qū)中心的工作人員。

DifficultSentences9.Childwelfaresocialworkisaverychallengingfieldthatcanbephysicallydrainingandemotionallytaxing.兒童福利社會工作是一個非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性的領(lǐng)域，可能會耗費體力和情感。10.Thoughtheirworkisoftenstressful,demanding,andfast-paced,manychildwelfaresocialworkersfeelthatthechallengesareequallybalancedwiththerewards,andthatthegratificationtheyreceivefromtheirdailyworkisinfactinseparablefromthedifficultiesoftheirwork.盡管他們的工作往往壓力大、要求高、節(jié)奏快，但許多兒童福利社會工作者認為，挑戰(zhàn)與回報平衡，他們從日常工作中獲得的滿足實際上與他們工作的工作困難是不可分割的。

ExercisesI.Readthepassagecarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsaccordingtothepassage.SchoolSocialWork[Heffernan,Joseph.Socialworkandsocialwelfare:Anintroduction[M].ThomsonBrooksCole,2007:377-378]Aspecializedfieldinvolvingservicestochildren,youth,andfamiliesisschoolsocialwork.Schoolsocialwork—socialservicesofferedinaschool-basedsetting—providestheopportunitytoidentifyneedsofchildrenandtheirfamiliesearlyandtofacilitateearlyinterventionbeforeproblemsbecomemoreserious.Socialworkersinschoolsettingsofferparentingeducationandfacilitatepositivementalhealthforchildrenthroughspecialoutreachprogramsintheschool.Schoolsocialworkincludesindividual,family,andgroupcounseling,aswellascrisisinterventionservices.Schoolsocialworkersdealwithsuicidalstudents;studentsandtheirfamiliesandfriendsintheaftermathofseriousinjuryordeath;andstudentsinconflictwithfamilymembers,peers,orschoolauthorities.Schoolsocialworkersaremembersofinterventionteamsthatworkwithchildrenwhohavedevelopmentaldisabilitiesandotherspecialneeds,oftenasliaisontoparentsandthecommunitywhenspecialservicesareneeded.ExercisesTheEducationforAllHandicappedChildrenActhasbeenupdatedtospecifythatschoolsmayhiresocialworkerstoprovidesocialservicestospecial-needschildren.Dropout-preventionlegislationinsomestatesalsosuggeststhehiringofsocialworkers.School-basedsocial-workservicesareadvantageousformanyreasons,including:1)Thesocialworkerseesthechildoradolescentinanaturalsetting,interactingwithpeers,teachers,andschooladministrators,whichgivesthesocialworkeradifferentperspectivethanseeingaclientinanofficeoragencyThesocialworkerhasaccesstoalargenumberofchildrenandfamiliesinneedofservices.2)Thesocialworkercanhelpparentsandschoolpersonnelapplyasystems/ecologicalapproachtobetteraddressthechild’sneeds,encompassingthechild,home,school,andbroadercommunity.3)Thesocialworkercanhelpschoolpersonnelunderstandtheimportanceoffamilyandcommunityvariablesinrelationtothechild’scapacitytofunctionintheschoolsetting.Question:Whatareschoolsocialworkersaccordingtothepassage?Answer:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ExercisesII.Definitethefollowingnouns.1.ChildWelfareSocialwork2.EmergencyFirstResponder(“Front-End”)SocialWorkersExercisesIII.Givebriefanswerstothefollowingquestions.1.Whatarechildwelfaresocialworkerscoreresponsibilities？

2.Whatarethetypesofchildwelfaresocialworkers?3.Whatthingsdochildwelfaresocialworkerstypicallydo?ExercisesIV.Filltheblankswithsuitablewordsorsentences.1.Someoftheircore__________includerespondingtocasesofchild_____and_____;removingchildrenfrom__________thataredangerousorwhichdonotmeet_______________.2.Duetothe________and________chargednatureoftheirwork(________familiesbynecessity,sometimes________,......,childwelfaresocialworkersmayfindtheirdailyresponsibilitiestobe________andattimes________.ExercisesV.WriteapassageaboutwhatchallengesChildWelfareSocialWorkhave.(100-150words)

SocialWorkfortheAgedChapter8ContentsI.WhatisAgingII.TheTheoriesofSocialWorkfortheAgedIII.TheObjectivesandPrinciplesofSocialWorkfortheAgedIV.ConclusionExercisesKeyPoints1.Insimpleterms,thegoalofsocialworkintheelderlyistohelptheelderlytosolvethedifficultiesencounteredinlife.2.Theagingofthepopulationandthechangesofmodernsocietyaretwoimportantfactorsaffectingtheelderlyproblems.3.Theelderlysocialworkincludeshealthcarefortheelderly,theelderlypsychologicaleducationservices,elderlyemploymentservicesandelderlysocialworkresearchandeducation.IntroductionAstoday'sglobalizationproblem,theagingofthepopulation,whichwiththeacceleratedprocessofpopulationaging,theproblemoftheelderlyisbecomingincreasinglyrealisticandurgent,butthesupportofthesocialservicesystemisstillseriouslyinadequate."Gettingoldbeforegettingrich"hasbroughtmoreprominentthanindevelopedcountries,moreserioussocialproblems.Socialworkasaprofessionalself-reliance,hasthefunctionofsolvingsocialproblems.Socialworkundertakentoalleviateandsolvetheproblemoftheelderlybeingincreasinglyseriousproblem,isobviouslyverynecessary.I.WhatisAgingFortheaginggroups，theyaregenerallydefinedbyphysiologicalage.Whetheronepersonisanagingornotisdeterminedbyhis/herage.Elderlyisnotadisease,butanormalstageoflifewemustpassthrough.”Butforthepurposesofcertaincriteria,olderpeopleareconsideredvulnerableeasily.Amongthem,thehealthdisadvantageoftheelderlyisthemostprominent,becausewithage,theagingdegreeisdeepeningforeveryelderlyinevitably.Therearetwopairsofstandardsfordefinitionolderininternational,theyare60yearsoldand65yearsold.Westerncountriesgenerallyuse65yearsastheelderlypopulationagelimit.themajorityofthedevelopingcountriesasastartingpointfora65-year-oldelderlypopulation.Rightsprotectionlawofthepeople'sRepublicofelderlypeoplepointoutthattheelderlycitizensisover60yearsofage,soat60yearsoldasastartingpointforChina'selderlypopulationisappropriate.AgingDefinitionII.TheTheoriesofSocialWorkfortheAged1.Roletheory2.Disengagement[n.脫離;分開]theory3.Activitytheory4.Continuitytheory5.LabelingtheoryRoletheoryClinicalsocialworkappliesroletheorytopractice.Roletheoryilluminatesunderstandingofpeopleusingtheservicesofsocialagencies,whofrequentlybelievetheyhavefailedinoneormoreoftheirsocialrolesorinsociety'sexpectationsofthem.Practitionersunderstandthatsocialrolesareculturallyachieved.Everyonechoosesfromamongmanyroleswithinthegrouporculturetowhichheorshebelongs.Theperformanceorbehavioroftheindividualintheseroles,withsomeleeway,canbefairlyaccuratelypredicted.Socialrolebecomesadeterminantofbehaviorandcutsacrossawidevarietyofsituationsinwhichindividualsfindthemselves.Knowledgeabouttheseforcesandtheirculturallydeterminedinfluencessupportpracticewiththeindividual.DisengagementtheoryThedisengagementtheoryofagingstatesthat"agingisaninevitable,mutualwithdrawalordisengagement,resultingindecreasedinteractionbetweentheagingpersonandothersinthesocialsystemhebelongsto".Thetheoryclaimsthatitisnaturalandacceptableforolderadultstowithdrawfromsociety.ThetheorywasformulatedbyCummingandHenryin1961inthebookGrowingOld,anditwasthefirsttheoryofagingthatsocialscientistsdeveloped.

Growingold,theprocessofdisengagement.ActivitytheoryTheactivitytheory,alsoknownastheimplicittheoryofaging,normaltheoryofaging,andlaytheoryofaging,proposesthatsuccessfulagingoccurswhenolderadultsstayactiveandmaintainsocialinteractions.Ittakestheviewthattheagingprocessisdelayedandthequalityoflifeisenhancedwhenoldpeopleremainsociallyactive.Theactivitytheoryroseinopposingresponsetothedisengagementtheory.Theactivitytheoryandthedisengagementtheorywerethetwomajortheoriesthatoutlinedsuccessfulagingintheearly1960s.ThetheorywasdevelopedbyRobertJ.Havighurstin1961.ContinuitytheoryThecontinuitytheoryofnormalagingstatesthatolderadultswillusuallymaintainthesameactivities,behaviors,relationshipsastheydidintheirearlieryearsoflife.Accordingtothistheory,olderadultstrytomaintainthiscontinuityoflifestylebyadaptingstrategiesthatareconnectedtotheirpastexperiences.Thecontinuitytheoryisoneofthreemajorpsychologicaltheorieswhichdescribehowpeopledevelopinoldage.Theothertwopsychologicaltheoriesarethedisengagementtheory,withwhichthecontinuitytheorycomestoodds,andtheactivitytheoryuponwhichthecontinuitytheorymodifiesandelaborates.LabelingtheoryLabelingtheoryisthetheoryofhowtheself-identityandbehaviorofindividualsmaybedeterminedorinfluencedbythetermsusedtodescribeorclassifythem.Itisassociatedwiththeconceptsofself-fulfillingprophecyandstereotyping.Labelingtheoryholdsthatdeviance

isnotinherenttoanact,butinsteadfocusesonthetendencyofmajoritiestonegativelylabelminoritiesorthoseseenasdeviantfromstandardculturalnorms.Thetheorywasprominentduringthe1960sand1970s,andsomemodifiedversionsofthetheoryhavedevelopedandarestillcurrentlypopular.Astigmaisdefinedasapowerfullynegativelabelthatchangesaperson'sself-conceptandsocialidentity.III.TheObjectivesandPrinciplesofSocialWorkfortheAgedSocialworkpracticewiththeageddiffersfrompracticeinotherareasbecauseworkersconfrontmanysituationsandissuesthattheythemselveswillinevitablyhavetoface.Insimpleterms,thegoalofsocialworkintheelderlyistohelptheelderlytosolvethedifficultiesencounteredinlife.Andtheproblemsencounteredbytheelderlycanbeclassifiedassurvivalproblems,psychologicalproblems,economicandsocialparticipation.Socialworkfortheelderlyistotryitsbesttohelptheoldpeopletosolvethisproblem.theelderlysocialworkobjectives1.Helppeopleenlargetheircompetenceandincreasetheirproblem-solvingandcopingabilities.2.Helppeopleobtainresources.3.Makeorganizationsresponsivetopeople.4.Facilitateinteractionbetweenindividualsandothersintheirenvironment.5.Influenceinteractionsbetweenorganizationsandinstitutions.6.Influencesocialandenvironmentalpolicy.1.Helppeopleenlargetheircompetenceandincreasetheirproblem-solvingandcopingabilities.1）Socialworkpracticewiththeagedshouldbebasedonapositiveattitudetowardtheintrinsic.2）Notwoolderpeopleareexactlyalike.3）Socialworkersidentifyandassesstheextentandqualityofanolderperson'sremainingstrengths.4）Treatmentobjectivesaimedatenhancingtheolderperson'scopingskillsmustberealisticallyscaleddowntothelevelofhisorherremainingstrengths.5）Althoughanolderindividualmayneverregainhisorherwaningstrength,itisthesocialworker'stasktobolstertheperson'ssenseofpersonalintegrity.2.Helppeopleobtainresources.1）Olderpeopleareespeciallyintimidatedbycomplexeligibilityrequirementsandthediscouragingbureaucraticmazeofexistingservices.2）Becausemostolderpeoplehaveseveralchronicconditions,theymayrequireservicesonacontinuousbasis.3）Theprovisionofcasecoordinationonapermanentbasismaycreateoverprotectivenessonthepartoftheworkerandincreaseddependenceonthepartoftheclient.3.Makeorganizationsresponsivetopeople.1）Asthenumberofagedpeoplegrowsinthissociety,socialserviceagenciesareexperiencingarelentlessincreaseintheirgerontological

caseloads.2）Socialworkersmustinterpretforagenciestheneedtodefineserviceprioritiesinwaysthatarecongruentwithmajorgeriatricneeds.3）Workersmustalsomakesurethatolderpeople,likecompetentclientsofallages,remainthemastersoftheirowndestinyandareinvolvedinmakingdeterminationsconcerningtheirown