社會(huì)工作專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ) 課件全套 chapter 1 General Introduction to Social Work-chapter 12 Resilience and Social Work Practice

社會(huì)工作專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)

新編21世紀(jì)社會(huì)工作系列教材Chapter1GeneralIntroductiontoSocialWorkKeyPoints1.Socialwork

is

a

practice

based

profession

and

an

academic

discipline

that

promotes

social

change

and

development,

social

cohesion,and

the

empowerment（n.增能）

and

liberation

of

people.

2.Social

work

grew

out

of

humanitarian

and

democratic

ideals,and

its

values

are

based

on

respect

for

the

equality,worthand

dignity

of

all

people.3.Social

work

activities

can

be

grouped

into

three

functions:

restoration

of

impaired

capacity,provision

ofindividual

and

social

resoures,and

prevention

of

social

dysfunction.I.DefinitionofsocialworkIn1947whenUNundertookasurveyofsocialworkeducationinvariouscountries,the33countriessurveyedcameupwith33definitions.Thiscaseinpointindicatesthatinvariouscountries,giventheirdifferentsocialsystems,peopletendtounderstandsocialworkdifferently.Thedefinitionsofsocialworkinwesterncountriesessentiallydealwithfollowingrespects:Socialworkisregardedasacareerconcentratingonprovidingassistancetothepeopleinneedandmisfortune.Socialworkcanalsobeconsideredasanorganizedactivitiesbygovernment,socialorganizationsandindividualstoalleviatesuchproblemsasunemployment,poverty,diseases,ageing,ormentalorphysicalchallenges;Whileforotherssocialworkisaprofessionalserviceundertakenbygovernment,socialorganizationsandindividualstoimprovethelivingstandardsofallmembersinagivensociety.ThedefinitionadoptedbytheIFSWGeneralMeetinginMontréal,Canada,inJuly2000isasfollows.Thesocialworkprofessionpromotessocialchange,problemsolvinginhumanrelationshipsandtheempowermentandliberationofpeopletoenhancewell-being.And

in

July

2014,

the

following

definition

was

approved

by

the

IFSW

General

Meeting

and

the

IASSW

General

Assembly.

Social

work

is

a

practice-based

profession

and

an

academic

discipline

that

promotes

social

change

and

development,

social

cohesion(n.凝聚力，團(tuán)結(jié))and

the

empowerment

and

liberation

of

people.Social

work

in

its

various

forms

addresses

the

multiple,

complex

transactions(n.交易，互動(dòng))between

people

and

their

environments.Social

work

grew

out

of

humanitarian

and

democratic

ideals,and

its

values

are

based

on

respect

for

the

equality,

worth,

and

dignity

of

all

people.Social

work

bases

its

methodology

on

a

systematic

body

of

evidence-based

knowledge

derived

from

research

and

practice

evaluation,including

local

and

indigenous

knowledge

specific

to

its

context.Social

work

addresses

the

barriers,inequities

and

injustices

that

exist

in

society.II.FunctionsofSocialWork

Restoration(n.恢復(fù))ofimpaired（adj.受損的）capacity,provisionofindividualandsocialresources,andpreventionofsocialdysfunction(功能紊亂、功能失調(diào))arethe

functionsofsocialwork.Theabovethreefunctionsofsocialworkareintertwinedandinterdependent.Restorationofimpairedsocialfunctioningmaybesubdivided(vi.細(xì)分，再分)intocurative(adj.治療)andrehabilitative（adj.康復(fù)）aspects:Itscurativeaspectsaretoeliminatefactorsthathavecausedbreakdownoffunctioning,anditsrehabilitativeaspectsaretoreorganizeandrebuildinteractionalpatterns.Provision

of

resources

for

more

effective

social

functioning

may

be

further

divided

into

developmental

and

educational

aspects.The

third

function,prevention

of

social

dysfunction

involves

early

discovery,control

and

elimination

of

conditions

and

situations

that

potentially

could

hamper

effective

social

functioning.III.ThemianservicesinthefieldofsocialworkApersonwhopracticessocialworkiscalledasocialworker.Andthepersonservedbyasocialworkeriscalledaclient.Socialworkershelpclientsbydevelopingcopingskillsandhelpingclientswithproblems.Ingeneral,socialworkersperformtheactionslistbelow:1)Identifypeopleandcommunitieswhichareinneedofhelp.2)Assessclients’needs,situations,strengths,andsupportnetworkstodeterminetheirgoals.3)Helpclientsadjusttochangesandchallengesintheirlives,suchasillness,divorce,andunemployment.4)Research,

refer,

and

advocate

for

community

resources,

such

as

food

stamps,childcare,and

health

care

to

assist

and

improve

a

client’s

well-being.5)Respond

to

crisis

situations

such

as

child

abuse

and

mental

health

emergencies.6)Followtheclientstomakesurethattheirsituationshavebeenimproved.7)Evaluatetheeffectivenessoftheservicesthathavebeenprovidedtoclients.8)Developandthenevaluatetheeffectivenessoftheprogramstoensureclients’basicneedsaremet.9)Providepsychotherapyservicestoclients.Socialworkershelppeopletocopewithchallengesintheirlives.Theexamplesbelowareusedtointroducethetypesofsocialworkers:1)Childandfamilysocialworkersareaimedtoprotectvulnerablechildrenandfamilieswhichareindisadvantagepositions.2)Clinicalsocialworkers—alsocalledlicensedclinicalsocialworkers.3)Schoolsocialworkersworkwithteachers,parents,andschooladministratorstodevelopplansandstrategiestoimprovestudents’academicperformanceandsocialdevelopment.4)Health

care

social

workers

help

patients

understand

their

diagnosis

and

make

the

necessary

adjustments

to

their

lifestyle,housing,or

healthcare.5)Geriatric(adj.老人的)socialworkershelpseniorcitizensandtheirfamilies.6)Hospice(n.收容所；救濟(jì)院)andpalliativecaresocialworkershelppatientsadjusttoserious,chronic,orterminalillnesses.7)Medicalsocialworkersinhospitalsmayhelppatientsandtheirfamilies.8)Mental

health

and

substance

abuse

social

workers

help

clients

with

mental

illnesses

or

addictions.IV.RolesofSocialworkers“Love

begins

at

home,and

it

is

not

how

much

we

do,but

how

much

love

we

put

into

the

action

that

we

do.”

—MotherTeresaBrokerAdvocateCase

ManagerEducatorFacilitatorOrganizerManagerV.Key

characteristics

needed

for

aqualified

social

workerDuetothechallengingnatureofthejob,asidefromtheeducationandlicensing(批準(zhǔn)，許可)requiredtobeasocialworker,socialworkersmusthavekeycharacteristicstobegoodatthejob.Ifyouenjoyhelpingothersandwanttomaketheworldabetterplace,consideracareerinsocialwork.EmpathyEthicsPatience,PersistenceandListeningSkillsFlexibilityOrganizationDesireforimprovingLivesEmotional

MaturityResourcefulness(n.足智多謀)VI.TenCoreCompetenciesofSocialWorkersCompetencies

are

measurable

practice

behaviors

that

are

comprised

of

knowledge,values,and

skills.

The

goal

of

the

outcome

approach

is

to

demonstrate

the

integration

and

application

of

the

competencies

in

practice

with

individuals,

families,

groups,

organizations,and

communities.1.Identifywiththesocialworkprofession,itsmissionandcorevalues,andconductoneselfaccordingly.Studentswilldemonstratetheabilityto:a.advocateforclientaccesstoservicesb.practiceself-reflectionandself-correctionc.engageinlife-longlearningandprofessionalgrowthd.attendtoprofessionalrolesandboundariese.usesupervisionandconsultationasneeded2.Applysocialworkethicalprinciplestoguideprofessionalpractice.Studentswilldemonstratetheabilityto.a.makeethicaldecisionsbyapplyingstandardsofthecodeofethicsandapplyinternationalstandardsofethics.b.recognizeandmanagepersonalvaluesinawaythatallowsprofessionalvaluestoguidepractice.c.tolerateambiguityandculturaldifferencesinresolvingethicalconflicts.d.applyforethicalreasoningtoarriveatprincipleddecisions.3.Applycriticalthinkingtoinformandcommunicateprofessionaljudgments.Studentswilldemonstratetheabilityto:a.useeffective

oral

and

written

communication

in

working

with

individuals,families,groups,

organizations,communities

and

colleagues

b.critically

appraise

and

integrate

multiple

sources

of

knowledge,

including

research-based

knowledge

and

practice

wisdom

c.analyze

models

of

a

ssessment,

prevention,intervention,and

evaluationd.

use

various

methods

of

technology

to

search

for

information,critically

interpret

evidence,and

communicate

with

others.4.Engage

diversity

and

difference

inpractice.Students

will

demonstrate

the

ability

to:a.understand

diversity

in

abroad

sense

that

includes

an

appreciation

for

both

differences

and

similarities

and

social

change

over

time

b.recognize

the

ways

in

which

aculture’s

structures

and

values

may

oppress,

marginalize(vt.排斥；使處于邊緣地位),

alienate,or

enhance

privilege

and

power

c.appreciate

the

ways

in

which

diverse

cultures

may

foster

strength

and

resilience(n.恢復(fù)力;彈力)d.gainsufficientself-awarenesstominimizetheinfluenceofpersonalbiasesandvaluesinworkingwithdiversegroupse.recognizeandcommunicatetheirunderstandingoftheimportanceofdifferencesandsimilaritiesinshapinglifeexperiencesf.viewthemselvesaslearnersandengagethosewithwhomtheyworkasinformants5.Advance

human

rights

and

social

and

economic

justice.

Students

will

demonstrate

the

ability

to:a.understandtheformsandmechanismsofoppressionanddiscriminationb.advocateforhumanrightsandsocialandeconomicjusticec.engageinpracticesthatadvancesocialandeconomicjusticed.describeinternationalhumanrightsissues6.Engage

inresearch-informed

practice

and

practice-informed

research.Students

will

demonstrate

the

ability

to:a.useresearchevidencetoinformpracticeb.usepracticeexperiencetoinformscientificinquiryc.understandtheprocessofevidence-informedpracticed.conduct（n.組織，實(shí)施）systematic

research

reviewse.demonstrate

basic

understanding

of

research

design,

methods,

and

statistics7.Applyknowledgeofhumanbehaviorandthesocialenvironment.Studentswilldemonstratetheabilityto：a.utilizeconceptualframeworkstoguidetheprocessofassessment,intervention,andevaluationb.critiqueandapplyknowledgetounderstandthereciprocal（adj.交互的，互惠的）interactionsbetweenpeopleandtheirenvironments8.Engageinpolicypracticetoaddresssocialandeconomicwell-beingandtodelivereffectivesocialworkservices.Studentswilldemonstratetheabilityto:a.analyze,formulate

and

advocate

for

policies

that

advance

social

well-being

b.collaborate

with

colleagues,

clients,

administrators,

policy

makers

and

legislators

for

effective

policy

implementation

and

action9.Respond

to

contexts

that

shape

practice.Students

will

demonstrate

the

ability

to:a.continuously

discover,

appraise,and

attend

to

changing

locales,

populations,scientific

and

technological

developments,and

emerging

social

trends

to

providerelevant

social

servicesvide

leadership

in

promoting

sustainable

changes

in

service

delivery

and

practice

to

improve

the

quality

of

social

services10.Engage,assess,intervene,andevaluatewithindividuals,families,groups,organizations,andcommunities.10.1Engagement.Students

will

demonstrate

the

ability

to:a.substantively

and

effectively

prepare

for

action

with

individuals,

families,

groups,

organizations,and

communitiesb.use

empathy（n.同感；共情）and

other

interpersonal

skillsc.develop

amutually

agreed-on

focus

of

work

and

desired

out

comes10.2Assessment.Studentswilldemonstratetheabilityto:a.collect,organize,andinterpretclientdatab.assessclientstrengthsandlimitationsc.developmutuallyagreed-oninterventiongoalsandobjectivesd.selectappropriateevidenceinformedintervention10.3Intervention.Studentswilldemonstratetheabilityto:a.initiateactionstoachieveorganizationalgoalsb.implementpreventioninterventionsthatenhanceclientcapabilitiesc.helpclientsresolveproblemsd.negotiate,mediate,andadvocateforclientse.facilitatetransitionsandendings10.4Evaluation.Studentswilldemonstratetheabilityto:criticallyanalyze,monitorandevaluatesocialworkinterventionsVII.ProblemsandPerspectivesinSocialWorkDevelopmentIntheearly20thcentury,socialworkwasgraduallyincorporatedintothedisciplinefield,becomingaspecializedsocialservicemethod,whichisnowknownas"professionalsocialwork.”As

a

matter

of

fact,more

and

more

people

are

taking

on

actual

social

worker

roles

to

give

their

hands

to

those

abandoned

or

abused

kids,

the

disabled,

the

old

and

the

poor,

and

some

forgotten

corners

of

this

enormous

and

complex

human

planet.The

government

body

itself

shouldn’t

let

it

goalone,and

the

pubic

are

to

advance

their

awareness

and

understanding

of

social

work

as

part

of

their

life

aspects.

As

a

special

and

growing

division

of

the

world

of

social

science,more

attentions

are

drawn

on

social

work

development

which

is

in

its

vicious

（adj.劇烈的）progressing

as

well

as

much

conflict.ChapterSummaryDefinitionofsocialworkFunctionsofsocialworkThemainservicesinthefieldofsocialworkRolesofsocialworkersKeycharacteristicsneededforaqualifiedsocialworkerTencorecompetenciesofsocialworkersChapter2SocialWorkTheoriesProfessionalEnglishforSocialWork【KeyPoints】Asocialworktheoryattemptstoexplainwhyaproblemexists,andapracticemodelattemptstoprovideamethodforsolvingtheproblem.Theoriesareanglesforustounderstandthings.Eachtheorysuggestsadifferentsetofcausesforaproblemandleadslogicallytoadifferentprescriptionforitssolution.Socialworktheoriesnotonlymaketheprofessionalsystem

morecomplete,butalsoinstructthe

socialworkprofessionals’

servicestomakethemmore

authoritative

andeffective；graduallyestablishingthestatusofsocial

workintheacademic

system

ofsocialsciences.

Socialworktheoriesisanimportantsymbolforthedevelopmentofsocialwork

professionalknowledge,

whichprovide

ustheprinciplesandmethodsfor

social

workpractice.

Withthedevelopmentofmorethan100years,theexpertsofsocialworkhavenotonlyestablisheda

completeprofessional

servicesystem,

butalsoawealthof

professionalsocialworktheories

basedonthefront-linepractice.

Asanimportantpartof

theprofessional

systemofsocialwork,

socialworktheoriesnotonlymaketheprofessionalsystem

morecomplete,butalsoinstructthe

socialworkprofessionalstoprovide

servicesmore

authoritativelyandeffectively,

graduallyestablishingthestatusofsocial

workintheacademic

system

ofsocialsciences.

Modernsocialworktheoryreferstothetheoriesandpracticesthatinformthetheoreticalfoundationsofthemodernsocialwork.Thedevelopmentofsocialworktheoriesisanimportantsymbolofthegrowthofsocialwork

professionalknowledge,

whichprovide

ustheprinciplesandmethodsfor

social

workpractice.【Introduction】CONTENTS321TheDefinitionofTheoryTheUsefulnessofSocialWorkTheoriestoPractitionersMajorsocialworkTheoriesTheDefinitionofTheoryPARTONE

Theoriescandirect[v.指導(dǎo)]ourunderstandingoftheworld.Insocialworkarea,theorieshelpilluminate[vt.闡明，說(shuō)明]socialstructures,humanbehavior,crisisandconflict,andprovidesinsightsintohowtoalleviatesocialandpersonalhardships.Theoriesareusedtoguidethepracticeofsocialwork.Socialworkerstoil[v.苦干，努力工作]toimprovethelivesofindividualsandgroups.Socialworkersrelyheavilyontheexistingresearchandtheories,andderivedeepsinsightsfromothermajorsinsocialscienceareatobetterresponsethesocialissuestheyarefacing.

Atheoryisasetofstatementsorprinciplesdevisedtoexplainagroupoffactsorphenomena,especiallyonethathasbeenrepeatedlytestedoriswidelyacceptedandcanbeusedtomakepredictionsaboutnaturalorsocialphenomena.TheDefinitionofTheoryTheUsefulnessofSocialWorkTheoriestoPractitionersPARTTWO

Asocialworktheoryattemptstoexplainwhyaproblemexists,andapracticemodelattemptstoprovideamethodforsolvingtheproblem.Theoriesareanglesforustounderstandthings.Eachtheorysuggestsadifferentsetofcausesforaproblemandleadslogicallytoadifferentprescriptionforitssolution.TheUsefulnessofSocialWorkTheoriestoPractitioners

Socialworkersusetheoriesasabasisforgatheringandinterpretingdata.Theoriesguideresearchaswellaspracticeinsocialwork.Avarietyoftheoriesexisttohelpsocialworkersdevelopacomprehensiveassessment,treatmentrecommendations,andgoals.Sometheoriesaremorewidelyacceptedthanothers.Mostsocialworkersuseavarietyoftheoriestoguidetheirpractice.

Socialworktheoriesinstructtheprofessionalspracticebygivingthemaframeworkofthinkingthesocialissues.Socialworktheoriesalsoenhancepracticebyexplainingwhysocietyisthewayitis,andalsogofurthertoexplainwhyclientsfacetheproblems.Socialworktheoriescanalsohelptheprofessionalstofindsolutionsfortheintricate[adj.錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的；難解決的]problemsthattheirclientsarefacing.MajorsocialworkTheoriesPARTTHREESystemsTheoryMajorsocialworkTheoriesPsychodynamicTheorySocialLearningTheoryFeministTheoryConflictTheorySocialConstructivistTheorySocialCognitiveTheoryEcologicalSystemsStagesofChangeTheoryBehaviorTheoryExistentialTheoryStrengthPerspective

TheoryTheoryofEmpowermentSocialSupportTheory1235764141210813119SystemsTheoryMajorsocialworkTheories1

Systemstheorygrowsfromstudyofbiologyandecology,andattemptstoanalyzeandunderstandsocialproblemsthroughthelensofanindividual'splaceinaninterconnectedsociety.Itisbelievedthattocomprehendanindividual'sissues,it'simportanttounderstandhisorherroleinandinteractionswiththeestablishedorder.Systemstheorymightsuggestthatastrugglingemployeeendedupinarolesheisill-suitedforduetoeconomicandsocietalpressureandisexperiencingstressduetoapoorfit.Systemstheorycanbehelpfulinassessingaclient'sstressorsandsupportnetworks.MajorsocialworkTheories

Psychodynamictheoryexaminestheemotional[emotional:adj.感情的]andinternalforcesthatshapehumanbehaviors.Bothconsciousemotionsandsubconsciousforcesarethoughttoplayapartinwhywedowhatwedo.PsychodynamictheoryhasrootsintheFreudianconceptsoftheid,ego,andsuperego,andtheinteractionsbetweenthethree.Psychodynamictheoristsattachagreatdealofimportancetoearlychildhoodexperiencesandtheireffectsonthedevelopmentofpersonality.Apsychodynamicanalysisofthatsametroubledemployeemightrevealthatherimmediatesupervisorhasavoicesimilartoherfather's,stirringdifficultmemories.PsychodynamicTheory2SocialLearningTheoryMajorsocialworkTheories3

Sociallearningtheoryseekstounderstandhumanbehaviorsinthecontextofhowwelearnfromobservingandinteractingwiththeothersaroundus.Childrenandadultsobserve,copyandmodelthebehaviorsaroundthemindailylives.Individualsobserveothers’actionsandlearningfromit,atthesametime,theywillexpectthesamebehavioralresultsthattheysawpreviously.Accordingtothetheory’soriginator,AlbertBandura,thedegreetowhichsuchmodelingtakesplacedependsonattention,retention,reproduction,andmotivation.Sociallearningtheoryisrelatedtobehaviorism,butstressthemutualprocess.Morespecifically,sociallearningtheoryexpressedthatthespecificenvironmentcanaffectsindividuals’behaviors.Besides,theindividuals’behaviorpatterncanalsoinfluencetheenvironment.Sociallearningtheorymightsuggeststhatthetroubledemployeewatchedaparentgethisownwaythroughwhining[v.抱怨；發(fā)牢騷]orbullying[n.恃強(qiáng)欺弱的行為；v.欺負(fù)]andlearnedthosebehaviors.MajorsocialworkTheories

Feministtheoryseekstounderstandhowoppressedgroups,andinparticularwomenlivinginmale-dominatedsocieties,areaffectedbytheirsocialposition.Whensocialworkersusethistheory,theymightlookathowpowerhasbeenexercisedoverwomenandhowwomenhaveachievedgreaterequalityandliberationovertime.FeministTheory4MajorsocialworkTheories5Conflicttheoryissimilarasthefeministtheoryinthatitobserveshierarchical[adj.分等級(jí)的，等級(jí)制度的]relationsofpeoplewithinsociety.However,conflicttheorypositsasocietyinwhichgroupscompeteovertheircollectiveinterests.Eventually,oneormoreofthesegroupsaredominatedbyaparticulargroupandmarginalized.Conflicttheoryattemptstoemphasizesolidarityamongmarginalized[被邊緣化；被排斥]groupsastheyattempttoresistthestatuswhichcreatedbythedominantsocialgroup.Assuch,itstressespeople'sabilitytoworktogethertobettertheirconditions.ItislargelyinfluencedbytheworksofKarlMarx,FriedrichEngelsandotherprominentMarxisttheorists,suchasLouisAlthusser.Foraconflicttheorist,humanbehaviorcanbeexplainedintermsofcompetitionbetweengroupsthathaveunequalpower.Thestruggleforcontroloverlimitedresourcesisbelievedtoexplaincrime,poverty,unequaleducationandtheoppressionofwomen,amongotheraspectsofsocialstructureandhumanbehavior.Aconflicttheoristwouldsaythattheabovetroubledemployeewasexperiencingtheinevitable[adj.不可避免的;必然發(fā)生的]effectsofheroppressedstatuswithinthepowerstructure.ConflictTheoryMajorsocialworkTheories

Socialconstructivisttheorylooksathowpeople'sbeliefsandactionsshapeandrecreatetheirsocialcontext,andhowinturnthatsocialcontextreflectsuponpeople,recreatingitselforgraduallychangingthroughtheirpractices.

Fromsocialconstructivist[建構(gòu)主義]theory,socialworkerscangaininsightsintohowsocietiesreinforce[vt.強(qiáng)化，增強(qiáng)]themselvesandchangethroughtheactionsofindividuals.Theycanthengoaboutusinginsightsfromsocialconstructivisttheorywhentheytrytoinstigate[vt.煽動(dòng)；激起]socialchangeintheirownsocieties.SocialConstructivistTheory6SocialCognitiveTheoryMajorsocialworkTheories7

Socialcognitivetheoryisapsychologicaltheorythatdescribestheindividualasacomplexbeingmoldedbypersonalfactors,environmentandlearnedbehavior.Itemphasizesatechniquecalledself-efficacy[自我效能],wherebyonecancometoself-regulateantisocialbehaviorthroughanunderstandingofone'senvironmentandbydevelopingcertainexpectationsabouttheoutcomesofcertainbehavior.Socialworkerscanusetheseinsightsinordertohelpcounselpeoplesufferingfromantisocialbehavior.MajorsocialworkTheories

UrieBrofenbrenner[烏里·布羅芬布倫納]'swidelyacceptedframeworkdescribestherelationshipbetweenvariousecologicalsystems.Thistheorydescribeshowecologicalsystemsinfluencedevelopment.Forexample,theneighborhood[n.臨近街坊]whereachildresides,theschoolsheattendsandherrelationshipswithextendedfamilymembersinfluenceachild'swell-beinganddevelopment.Socialworkersutilizethistheorybytakingintoaccountaperson'senvironmentwhenconductinganassessment,establishingadiagnosisandformulatingtreatmentplans.EcologicalSystems8StagesofChangeTheoryMajorsocialworkTheories9StagesofChangeTheory(SCT)referstofivestagespeopleexperiencewhenmakingbehavioralchanges.Duringthepre-contemplation[前預(yù)期階段]stage,peopledenyhavingaproblem.Duringthecontemplationstage[沉思階段],peoplebegintoconsiderthepossibilitytheymayhaveaproblem.Thepreparationstageleadstodevelopingaplanforchange.Throughouttheactionstage,peoplemakechanges.Thelaststage,maintenance[n.維持，保持],requiresongoingstepstosustainthechange.Socialworkersutilizedifferenttreatmentapproachesbasedonaclient'sreadinesstochange.MajorsocialworkTheoriesBehaviortheoryisbasedontheideathatbehaviorsresultfromconditioning.Behavioroccursfollowingastimulus[n.刺激物；刺激因素；刺激]andconditioningoccurswhenabehaviorbecomeslinkedtothestimulus.Pavlov[巴甫洛夫]usedthistheorywhenherangabelleverytimeadogwasfed.Eventually,ringingthebellcausedthedogtodrool[vi.流口水],evenwhenfoodwasnotplacedinfrontofthedog.Socialworkersoftenusethistheorywhenteachingparentshowtomotivate[vt.促動(dòng)，激發(fā)]childrenbyofferingappropriateconsequencesforpositiveandnegativebehaviors.BehaviorTheory10ExistentialTheoryMajorsocialworkTheories11

Basedontheideathathumannatureisgood,theexistentialapproachprovidesclient-centeredtreatment.Interventionsaimathelpingclientsincreasetheirself-awareness[n.自我意識(shí)].Socialworkersutilizingthisapproachemphasizetheclients'abilitytobetruetothemselves.Thisapproachfocusesondevelopingatherapeuticrelationshipthatallowseachclienttoworkthroughissuesathisownpace.Clientschoosetheirowngoalsanddirectthetreatment.MajorsocialworkTheories

Insocialworkpractice,aswellasotherhelpingprofessions,thestrengthsperspectiveisoftenusedtohelpthoseinneed.Itformsthebasisforindividualgrowthandtherapeutic[adj.治療的]assistance.

Unlikethemedicalmodeloftreatment,whichfocusesonthemanagementofsymptoms,thestrengthsperspectivefocusesonthestrengthsofindividuals.Thesestrengthsmaycomefromwithintheindividualorfromtheirenvironment.Therearethreemainareasoffocus