2023年考研外語提分沖刺試卷14

考研外語提分沖刺試卷14

一、UseofEnglish

1、Manyprofessionsareassociatedwithaparticular

stereotype.Theclassic(1)ofawriter,forexample,is

(2)aslightlycrazy-lookingperson,(3)inanattic,

writingawayfuriouslyfordays(4)end.Naturally,hehas

hisfavoritepenandnote-paper,orabeat-uptypewriter,

(5)whichhecouldnotproduceareadableword.

Nowadays,weknowthatsuchimagesbearlittle(6)to

reality.Butaretheycompletely(7)?Inthecaseofat

leastonewriter,itwouldseemnot.DameMurielSpark,who

(8)80inFebruary,inmanywaysresemblesthis

stereotypical“writer”.Sheiscertainlynot(9),andshe

doesn'tworkinanattic.Butsheisratherparticular(10)

thetoolsofhertrade.

Sheinsistsonwritingwitha(11)typeofpeninacertain

typeofnotebook,whichshebuysfromacertainstationerin

EdinburghcalledJamesThin.Infact,so(12)isshethat,

ifsomeoneusesoneofherpensby(13),sheimmediately

throwsitaway.Andsheclaimsshe(14)enormous

difficultywritinginanynotebookotherthan(15)sold

byJamesThin.Thiscouldsoonbea(16),astheshopno

longerstocksthem,(17)DameMuriel'ssupplyof72

spiralboundisnearly(18).

Aswellasher"obsession"aboutwritingmaterials,Muriel

Spark(19)oneothercharacteristicwiththe

stereotypical“writer”:herworkisthemost(20)thing

inherlife.Ithasstoppedherfrommarrying;costherold

friendsandmadehernewones,anddrivenherfromLondonto

NewYorktoRome.TodayshelivesintheItalianprovinceof

Tuscanywithafriend.

A.drawing

B.image

C.description

D.illustration

2、(2)

A.of

B.about

C.for

D.like

3、⑶

A.locks

B.lock

C.locked

D.locking

4、(4)

A.to

B.on

C.for

D.at

5、(5)

A.except

B.besides

C.with

D.without

6、(6)

A.witness

B.testimony

C.relationship

D.resemblance

7、(7)

A.false

B.stupid

C.true

D.faithful

8、(8)

A.aged

B.grew

C.turned

D.entered

9、(9)

A.enthusiastic

B.emotional

C.furious

D.crazy

10、(10)

A.with

B.about

C.to

D.of

IK(11)

A.certain

B.typical

C.strange

D.peculiar

12、(12)

A.incredible

B.susceptible

C.superstitious

D.suspicious

13、(13)

A.mistake

B.error

C.accidence

D.chance

14、(14)

A.has

B.hashad

C.willhave

D.wouldhave

15、(15)

A.those

B.these

C.them

D.they

16、(16)

A.defect

B.problem

C.merit

D.virtue

17、(17)

A.so

B.therefore

C.and

D.thus

18、(18)

A.completed

B.finished

C.stopped

D.halted

19、(19)

A.possess

B.have

C.hold

D.share

20、(20)

A.important

B.urgent

C.interesting

D.pleasant

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.Recently,

however,bothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropean

marketingcampaignsaroundtheiconofmodernbiology.

BMW'scampaign,whichlaunchesitsnew3-seriessportssaloon

inBritainandIreland,showsthenewcreationandfourofits

earlierversionszigzaggingaroundalandscapemadeupofgiant

DNAsequences,withabriefexplanationthatDNAisthemolecule

responsiblefortheinheritanceofsuchfeaturesasstrength,

powerandintelligence.TheRenaultoffering,whichpromotes

itsexistingLagunamodel,employsevolutionarytheoryeven

moreexplicitly.Thecompany，stelevisioncommercials

intersperseclipsofthecarwithscenesfromalecturebySteve

Jones,aprofessorofgeneticsatUniversityofLondon.

BMW'scampaignisintendedtoconveytheideaofdevelopment

alliedtoheritage.Thelatestproduct,inotherwords,should

beviewedasthenewandimprovedscionofalonglineofgood

cars.Renault'smessageismoresubtle.Itisthatevolution

worksbygradualimprovementsratherthansuddenleaps(inthis,

Renaultisaligningitselfwithbiologicalorthodoxy).So,

althoughthenewcarintheadvertisementmaylookliketheold

one,theexternalform,concealsanumberofsignificant

changestotheengine.Whilethesealterationsarealmost

invisibletotheaveragedriver,Renaulthopestheywill

improvethecar'sperformance,andultimatelyitssurvivalin

themarketplace.

Whethertheyactuallydosowilldepend,inpart,onwhether

marketershavereadthepublicmoodcorrectly.For,evenif

geneticsreallydoesofferausefulmetaphorforautomobiles,

employingitinadvertisingisnotwithoutitsdangers.That

isbecauseDNA'spublicimageisambiguous.Inonecontext,

peoplemayseeitasthecornerstoneofmodernmedicalprogress.

Inanother,itwillbringtomindsuchcontroversialissuesas

abortion,geneticallymodifiedfoodstuffs,andthesinister

subjectofeugenics.

Carmakersareprobablystandingonsafergroundthan

biologists.Buteventheycallmakemistakes.Thoughitwould

notbeobvioustothecasualobserver,someoftheDNAwhich

featuresinBMW'sadsforitsnice,newcaroncebelongedto

awoollymammoth—abeastthathasbeenextinctfor10,000years.

Not,presumably,quitethemessagethatthemarketing

departmentwastryingtoconvey.

ThecampaignstagedbybothBMWandRenaultaretomarket

A.carsbasedontheoldones.

B.carsmodeledonDNAtechnology.

C.carsproducedwithmostadvancedtechnology.

D.carsface-liftedonlybutlittlegenuinelychanged.

2、

ThedifferencebetweenBMW'sandRenault,scampaignisthat

A.BMW'semphasizestechnologicalrevolutionmoreexplicitly.

B.Renault,sprovestobemoresuccessful.

C.Renault'sprovidesmoredelicatemessagesthanBMW's.

D.BMW'semploysthemetaphorofDNAwhileRenault'sdoesn't.

3、

Itcanbeinferredthatbiologicalorthodoxyfavors

A.nochange.

B.step-by-stepchange.

C.all-of-a-suddenchange.

D.radicalchange.

4、

Accordingtotheauthor,thesuccessofthecampaignsmay

dependon

A.perceivedproductquality.

B.publicperceptionsofDNA.

C.effortsmadebytheorganizers.

D.explicitnessinexplainingDNAtobuyers.

5、

TheauthorthinksthatunfortunatelyBMW'scampaignhas

conveyedtheideaof

A.poverty,

B.extinction.

C.revolution.

D.evolution.

6、Weknowtodaythatthetraditionsoftribalartaremore

complexandless"primitive“thanitsdiscoverersbelieved;we

haveevenseenthattheimitationofnatureisbynomeans

excludedfromitsaims.Butthestyle,oftheseritualistic

objectscouldstillserveasacommonfocusforthatsearchfor

expressiveness,structure,andsimplicitythatthenew

movementshadinheritedfromtheexperimentsofthethree

lonelyrebels:VanGogh,Cezanne,andGauguin.

TheexperimentsofExpressionismare,perhaps,theeasiestto

explaininwords.Thetermitselfmaynotbehappilychosen,

forweknowthatweareallexpressingourselvesineverything

wedoorleaveundone,butthewordbecameaconvenientlabel

becauseofitseasilyrememberedcontrasttoImpressionism,and

asalabelitisquiteuseful.Inoneofhisletters,VanGogh

hadexplainedhowhesetaboutpaintingtheportraitofafriend

whowasverydeartohim,Theconventional1ikenesswasonly

thefirststage.Havingpainteda"correct“portrait,he

proceededtochangethecolorsandthesetting.

VanGoghwasrightinsayingthatthemethodhehadchosencould

becomparedtothatofthecartoonist.Cartoonhadalwaysbeen

“expressionist”,forthecartoonistplayswiththelikenessof

hisvictim,anddistortsittoexpressjustwhathefeelsabout

hisfellowman.Aslongasthesedistortionsofnaturesailed

undertheflagofhumornobodyseemedtofindthemdifficult

tounderstand.Humorousartwasafieldinwhicheverythingwas

permitted,becausepeopledidnotapproachitwithprejudices.

Yetthereisnothinginconsistentaboutit.Itistruethatour

feelingsaboutthingsdocolorthewayinwhichweseethemand,

evenmore,theformswhichweremember.Everyonemusthave

experiencedhowdifferentthesameplacemaylookwhenweare

happyandwhenwearesad.

WhatupsetthepublicabouttheExpressionistartwas,perhaps,

notsomuchthefactthatnaturehadbeendistortedasthatthe

resultledawayfrombeauty.FortheExpressionistsfeltso

stronglyabouthumansuffering,poverty,violenceandpassion,

thattheywereinclinedtothinkthattheinsistenceonharmony

andbeautywereonlybornoutofarefusaltobehonest.The

artoftheclassicalmasters,ofaRaphaelorCorreggio,seemed

totheminsincereandhypocritical.Theywantedtofacethebare

factsofourexistence,andtoexpresstheircompassionfurthe

disinheritedandtheugly.

Expressionismisa(n)

A.artisticstyle,expressingtheartist'sinnerexperiences

objectively.

B.markedtrendcharacteristicofinsistingonharmonyand

beauty.

C.newmovementbasedonexpressivestyle.

D.fundamentalrevolutioninarts.

7、

TheVanGogh'sletter(Para.2)wasmentionedto

A.affordevidenceoftheoriginofExpressionism.

B.solvethemysteryofVanGogh'sdrawings.

C.showthedifferencebetweenVanGoghandacartoonist.

D.exhibittheuniquefeatureoftheExpressionists'art.

8、

WhichoneofthefollowingistheExpressionistposition

concerningharmonyandbeautyinart?

A.Itemergedfromconformityandfearofchange.

B.Itisamisconceptionofsociallife.

C.Itoriginatedfromuntruthfulness.

D.Itisessentialthatnosuchthingastruebeautyexists.

9、

Intheauthor,sopinion,theartofRaphaelandCorreggio

A.makesthepublicsuspecttheirtruemotives.

B.displayedtoomuchofthedarksideofthehumansociety.

C.wascharacteristicofaninsistenceonharmonyandbeauty.

D.reflectedtheobjectiveworldinsincerely.

10、

ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheExpressionists

were

A.lonelypeoplefrequentlyfeelingunhappyatbeingalone.

B.motivatedbyadesiretochangeforthesakeofchanging.

C.notimmediatelyacknowledgedbythemasses.

D.appreciativeoftheeffectofcartoonsontheirwork.

11、Researchiscommonlydividedinto“applied"and"pure".

Thisclassificationisarbitraryandloose,butwhatisusually

meantisthatappliedresearchisadeliberateinvestigation

ofaproblemofpracticalimportance,incontradistinctionto

pureresearchdonetogainknowledgeforitsownsake.Thepure

scientistmaybesaidtoacceptasanactoffaiththatany

scientificknowledgeisworthpursuingforitsownsake,and,

ifpressed,heusuallyclaimsthatinmostinstancesitis

eventuallyfoundtobeuseful.Mostofthegreatestdiscoveries,

suchasthediscoveryofelectricity,X-rays,radiumandatomic

energy,originatedfrompureresearch,whichallowstheworker

tofollowunexpected,interestingclueswithouttheintention

ofachievingresultsofpracticalvalue.Inappliedresearch

itistheprojectwhichisgivensupport,whereasinpure

researchitistheman.However,oftenthedistinctionbetween

pureandappliedresearchisasuperficialoneasitmaymerely

dependonwhetherornotthesubjectinvestigatedisoneof

practicalimportance,Forexample,theinvestigationofthe

lifecycleofaprotozooninapondispureresearch,butif

theprotozoonstudiedisaparasiteofmanordomesticanimal

theresearchwouldbetermedapplied.Amorefundamental

differentiation,whichcorrespondsonlyveryroughlywiththe

appliedandpureclassificationis(a)thatinwhichthe

objectiveisgivenandthemeansofobtainingitaresought,

and(b)thatinwhichthediscoveryisfirstmadeandthena

useforitissought.

Thereexistsinsomecirclesacertainamountofintellectual

snobberyandtendencytolookcontemptuously,onapplied

investigation.Thisattitudeisbasedonthefollowingtwo

falseideas:thatnewknowledgeisonlydiscoveredbypure

researchwhileappliedresearchmerelyseekstoapplyknowledge

alreadyavailable,andthatpureresearchisahigher

intellectualactivitybecauseitrequiresgreaterscientific

abilityandismoredifficult.Boththeseideasarequitewrong.

Importantnewknowledgehasfrequentlyarisenfromapplied

investigation;forinstance,thescienceofbacteriology

originatedlargelyfromPasteur'sinvestigationsofpractical

probleminthebeer,wineandsilkwormindustries.Usuallyit

ismoredifficulttogetresultsinappliedresearchthanin

pureresearch,becausetheworkerhastosticktoandsolvea

givenprobleminsteadoffollowinganypromisingcluethatmay

turnup.Alsoinappliedresearchmostfieldshavealreadybeen

wel1workedoverandmanyoftheeasyandobviousthingshave

beendone.Appliedresearchshouldnotbeconfusedwiththe

routinepracticeofsomebranchofsciencewhereonlythe

applicationofexistingknowledgeisattempted.Thereisneed

forbothpureandappliedresearchfortheytendtobe

complementary.

Itisgenerallybelievedthatinappliedinvestigation

A.researchworkersfollowunexpected,interestingclues.

B.scientistsmakeadiscoveryfirst,andthentrytouseit.

C.itisthemanratherthantheprojectwhoisgivensupport.

D.resultsofpracticalvaluearetobeachieved.

12、

Accordingtotheauthor,

A.theinvestigationofthelifecycleofaprotozoonispure

research.

B.appliedinvestigationislookeddownuponinmodernsociety.

C.thediscoveryofX-rayswasmadeinappliedresearch.

D.thecommonclassificationofresearchisneitheraccurate

norimpersonal.

13、

Somepeoplelookdownonappliedresearchbecausetheythink

that

A.itisakindofprearrangedinvestigation.

B.nonewknowledgecanarisefromappliedresearch.

C.itismoredifficulttogetresultsinappliedresearch.

D.nospecificscientificabilityisneededinapplied

research.

14、

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat

A.certainareasinpureresearcharenotfullyexplored.

B.appliedinvestigationrequiresgreaterscientificability.

C.appliedresearchisinferiortopureresearch.

D.knowledgeisuselessunlessitisputintopractice.

15、

Whichofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribethepattern

ofthetext?

A.Theauthorfirstrefutestheclassificationofresearchand

thencriticizestheintellectualsnobberyandtendencytolook

downontheoneofthetwo.

B.Theauthorfirstrefutestheclassificationofresearch

intothepureandtheappliedandthenpresentshisown

classification.

C.Theauthorfirstrefutestheclassificationofresearchand

thenpointsoutthattheclassificationresultsfromtwofalse

ideas.

D.Theauthorfirstpointsoutthepracticalimportanceof

appliedresearchandthencriticizesthosewholookdownon

appliedresearch.

16、Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertainty,elseit

wasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbya

deductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefrom

classicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicalrankedpantheon

ofprinciples.Thismodel,though,isbankrupt.

Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.

Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstyle,whichuniquely

determinethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Noris

languageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphrase

iswarrantedinonecase,itdoesnotmeanitisautomatically

appropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonetheless,languageusage

isnotsubjective.

Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectual

pursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Political

science,psychology,chemistry,andphysicsarenotcertain,

buttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeit,ethicalinquiry

proceedlikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparents,

teachers,andsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecome

exposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluate

presentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicably

makingcertainvaluations,possiblybecauseofinherited

altruistictendencies.Wemay“l(fā)earnthehardway,thatsome

actionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflect

uponourownandothers'"theories"orpatternsofbehavior.

anddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsare

“tested;"weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatethe

consequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.We

therebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime.

Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewe

cannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhich

isitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutside

humanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwrong,goodand

bad.Butthenwedon，thaveavantagepointfromwherewecan

bephilosophicalrelativistseither.

Weareleftwithintherealworld,tryingtocopewithourselves,

witheachother,withtheworld,andwithourownmistakes.We

donothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithm

todiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithm

fordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmake

usthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolonger

communicate.

Ifweunderstandethicsinthisway,wecansee,Ithink,the

realvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethical

theoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshould

applyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:after

diagnosingtheillness,weapplytheappropriatedressing.But

thatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstract

solutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesare

importantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecause

theyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelp

usunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.

Ethicswasgenerallyconsideredtobe

A.definiteandclear.

B.vagueanduncertain.

C.certainbutnon-rational.

D.relativebutnotsubjective.

17、

Inwhatwayisethicscomparabletolanguageusage?

A.Bothhaverulestomaketheoptimalchoiceundera

circumstance.

B.Bothvaryaccordingtothecontexttheyareapplicableto.

C.Botharethoughttobeobjective,notsubjective,existence.

D.Bothcontainsetsofrulesappliedinquitedifferent

conditions.

18、

InPara.3,theauthorusetheexpressionof“l(fā)earnthehard

way“tomeanthat

A.wetrytoreevaluateourpreviouslyheldbeliefsaswegrow

older.

B.werefutesomemoralprinciplesonlyafterwefindthem

inconsistent.

C.weacquireasenseofrightandwrongfromourreallife

lessons.

D.webecomematurethroughignoringourinheritedunselfish

tendencies.

19、

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatarelativisticview

ofethics

A.canonlybeacquiredaftersufferingloss.

B.oftengeneratesunacceptableconsequences.

C.iscultivatedanddevelopedwithpersonalgrowth.

D.istooabstracttobeofanypracticalvalue.

20、

Themainfeatureoftheethicaltheoryadvancedbytheauthor

liesinits

A.situation-sensitivity.

B.prescriptivefunction.

C.confirmationofexistingmoralvalues.

D.effectivenessinsolvingmoralproblems.

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C、D、E>F、G)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

It'snotjustanAmericanphenomenon:Acrosstheglobe,

single-parenthomesareontherise.Numbersforone-parent

familiesincreasedfromEnglandtoAustraliaduringthe1990s,

mirroringdemographicshiftsreflectedintheU.S.census.

JustasinAmerica,thoseshiftsraisednewquestionsabouthow

involvedgovernmentshouldbeinhelpingsingle-parent

families,whichoftenarelesswell-offfinanciallythanthose

ledbyamarriedmomanddad.

(41).

AnnieOliver,a32-year-oldsinglemotherfromBristol,England,

thinksso."Youwouldn，tbelievehowbecomingasingleparent

suddenlymademeasecond-classcitizen”,saidOliver,who

strugglestokeepafull-timejobandgivetheextracareher

disabledsonneeds.

(42).

Bycomparison,9.8millionhouse-holds,or9percentofallU.S.

householdswereheadedbyanadultraisingachildaloneor

withoutaspouse.The1990censusshowed26percentofhomes

wereledbyamarriedmotherandfather,and8percentofhomes

wereledbyasingleparent.

Similarincreasesoccurredinothercountries,thoughdatafrom

thosecountriesarenotdirectly

comparabletoU.S.censusfiguresbecauseofmethodology

differences.

(43).

SingleparenthouseholdsinAustraliarosefrom5.8percentin

1990to7.6percentin1999.

Othercountriesthatsawlargeincreases,accordingtothe

Organization:

—Belgium,1.8percentofhouseholdsin1990to2.7percentin

1999;

—Ireland,1.8percentto2.8percent;

—Luxembourg,1.3percentto2.2percent.

(44).

Thosecountriestendtohavegreateracceptanceofsingle

parentingbecausetherearefewernearbyfamilymembersto

disapprove,Richesaid.

Lone-parentfamilyhouseholdsinJapanincreasedfrom5.1

percentin1990tojust5.2percentin1999.

(45).

“Thepositionofone-parentfamiliesinanygivencountryis

verymuchagenderissue—women'sopportunities,especially

working-classwomenonlowincome”,saidSueCohen,coordinator

oftheSingleActionParentsNetworkinEngland.

A.IntheUnitedStates,the2000censusshowed24.8million,

ornearly24percentofthenation's105.5millionhouse-holds,

weretraditionaltwo-parenthomes.

B.Shouldsingleparentsbeaffordedtaxbreakstohelppayfor

childcare?Shouldemployersbemonitoredtomakesureflexible

work-hoursareoffered?

C.Countrieswithincreasesinsingle-parenthomesareoften

thosewherethenuclearfamilystructure一justMom,Dadandthe

kids一ismorecommonthananextended,multigenerational

familylivingunderoneroof,saiddemographerMartha

FarnsworthRiche,aformerCensusBureaudirector.

D.IntheUnitedKingdom,lone-parentfamilyhomesincreased

from3.3percentofallhouseholdsin1990to5.5percentin

1999,accordingtodatacompiledbytheParis-based

OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Itdid

notspecifywhetherchildreninthosehomeswereyoungerthan

18.

E.Someresearchsuggestschildrenraisedintwo-parent

familiesarebetteroffthanthosewhorelyonone.

F.Rateswererelativelyunchangedduringthesameperiodin

Greece,ItalyandPortugal.Thesecountriestendtothinkmore

conservativelyaboutfamilymakeup,andthereismorepressure

toavoiddivorceorunmarriedparenthood,Richesaid.

G.”Mostoftheresearchlinkingsingle-parenthoodto

children'sschoolperformancehasbeendonewithsingle

nations”,saysDr.Suet-lingP

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouched

virtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother.

Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughtt