unit8 漢英對比與翻譯

Unit8漢英對比與翻譯（一）

1.正確確立單句的主干：主語的確立：英語主語的嚴(yán)格性，只能由名詞（或）代詞，例如Wecansolvetheproblem.Thisproblemcanbesolvedinmanyways.）

或具有名詞語法功能的語言單位（如動詞不定式、動名詞、名詞性從句>一般指主語從句等）來充當(dāng)。例如：Tosolvethisproblemneedspatience.WorkingingeniouslymayhelpyoulearnEnglishwell.Itisnotknownyetwhethertheywillreturntoday.）試找出下列句子英譯的恰當(dāng)主語，并進(jìn)行翻譯？

直接用原文的主語1)如果不適當(dāng)?shù)靥幚恚仩t及機(jī)動車輛排出的廢氣就會造成城市空氣污染。Exhaustfromboilersandvehicles,unlessproperlytreated,causesairpollutionincities.

2)如果說，詞匯是語言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。Ifvocabularyisthe“buildingmaterials”forlanguage,sentences

arethe“fundamentalparts”ofwritings.l

替換主語以符合英語表達(dá)1)魯迅的骨頭是最硬的，他沒有絲毫的奴顏和媚骨，這是殖民地半殖民地人民最可寶貴的性格。LuHsun’sbones？？

werethehardest;hewasfreefromallsycophancyorobsequiousness;thisisinvaluableamongcolonialandsemi-colonialpeoples.

LuHsunwasamanofunyieldingintegrity,freefromallsycophancy(拍馬屁，奉承)orobsequiousness(諂媚)thisqualityisinvaluableamongcolonialandsemi-colonialpeople.

2)胎又癟了。We’vegotanotherflattire.Thetireturnsflatagain?3)人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。Itisimpossibletojudgepeoplefromtheirappearance,andimpossibletomeasuretheoceanbypints.(劉鶚《老殘游記》，楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)Wecan’tjudgepeoplefromtheirappearance,justaswecan’tmeasuretheoceanbypints.l找出譯文中合適的主語1)在歷史上，由于長江不斷改道，在武漢地區(qū)形成了眾多的湖泊。TheconstantchangeofthecourseoftheChangjiangRiverinhistoryhelpedformagreatmanylakesintheareasaroundWuhan-acityincentralChina.BecauseoftheconstantchangeofthecourseoftheChangjiangRiverinhistory,therehaveformedagreatmanylakes(“therebe”,“agreatmanylakes”)intheareasaroundWuhan-acityincentralChina.

2)健康不佳就無法有效工作。（表示條件的主語用抽象的英語名詞短語表達(dá)）Poorhealthmaycauseone’sinefficiencyatwork.One’spoorhealthwillincapacitatehimforefficientwork(fromefficientwork).Youcannotworkefficientlyifyouareinpoorhealth.

3)北京地區(qū)由于近些年加強(qiáng)了植樹造林，在一些地方飛來了稀有的鳥類。TheexpansionofwoodsinsomeplacesaroundBeijingtheseyearsattractsquiteafewrarebirds.QuiteafewrarebirdscometosettledowninsomeplacesaroundBeijingthankstotheexpansionofwoodstheretheseyears.

4)世紀(jì)交替，千年更迭，人類社會的發(fā)展正在揭開新的篇章。Theturnofthecenturyhasopenedanewchapterinthedevelopmentofhumansociety.5)世紀(jì)之交，中國外交空前活躍。TheturnofthecenturyfindsChinamostactiveonthediplomaticarena.Attheturnofthecentury,Chinaisthemostactiveinitsdiplomaticactivities.

主語的客觀性1)你做這事不費(fèi)吹灰之力。Itisveryeasyforyoutodosuchathing.2)決定把這問題提到下次會上討論。Itwasdecidedtobringthematterupatthenextmeeting.3)這時我激動得說不出話來。Wordsfailmehere.Iamtooexcited/stirred/agitated(前一表示激動人心的那種，后兩個表示焦躁，不安產(chǎn)生的激動等)toutteranywords.

英語多用被動式1)成都新改建的府南河兩岸將修建許多草坪和居民大樓。Plentyoflawnsandapartmenthouseswillbebuiltalongboththebanksofthenewly-renovatedFunanRiver.2)公共場所禁止吸煙。Smokingisforbiddeninpublicplaces.3)這件事至今還沒有得出正確的結(jié)論。Sofarnocorrectconclusionhasbeendrawnonthematter.

4)有明顯的跡象表明，一些古老的傳統(tǒng)和價值觀不再為年輕人所珍藏。Obvioussignsshowthatsomeoldtraditionsandvaluesarenotcherishedbyyouthanymore.5)收音機(jī)的成本降低了80％。Thecostofradiosetswasreducedby80%.

6)可以預(yù)見，在一個不太長的時間內(nèi)，中國必在科學(xué)技術(shù)方面趕上世界最先進(jìn)的國家。ItcanbepredictedthatChinawillcertainlycatchupwiththemostadvancednationsintheworldinscienceandtechnologyinnottoolongatime.

Therebe專練1)好像有點(diǎn)不大對頭。Thereseemssomethingwrongaboutit.2)古今中外，在商貿(mào)市場上歷來都是大魚吃小魚。Thereexistsalawatalltimesandinallcountriesthatthegreatfisheatupthesmallintheworldofbusiness.3)古今中外，這種情況概莫能外。Thereisnoexceptiontothisinmodernorancienttimes,inChinaorelsewhere.

無主句－增補(bǔ)主語:到了濟(jì)南府，進(jìn)得城來，家家泉水，戶戶垂楊，比那江南風(fēng)景，覺得更具為有趣。WhenhereachedJinanandenteredthecity,therewereflowingstreamsbyeveryhouseandwillowtreesbyeverydoor,whichdelightedhimevenmorethanthesceneryofthesouth.(劉鶚《老殘游記》，楊憲益、戴乃迭譯)（二）謂語的確立

謂語只能由動詞（系動詞或?qū)嵙x動詞）或動詞短語擔(dān)當(dāng)。1）北京很好玩。Beijingisagreatcitytohavefun.2）北京外來人口逐年增多。ThenumberofpeoplefromotherplacesinBeijingincreasesyearbyyear.

3）從北京乘火車到鄭州要花十多個小時。IttakesmorethantenhourstoridebytrainfromBeijingtoZhengzhou,thecapitalcityofHenanprovincenearBeijing.4）總統(tǒng)明天準(zhǔn)備乘專機(jī)前往上海參觀訪問。ThepresidentpreparestogotoShanghaibyhisspecialplaneforavisittomorrow.5）晚上過來跟我們一塊打保齡球如何？Wouldyoucometojoinusforplayingbowlingthisevening?

注意謂語動詞的選擇的準(zhǔn)確性1)中央政府不干預(yù)香港特別行政區(qū)的事務(wù)。ThecentralgovernmenthasneverintervenedintheaffairsoftheHKSAR.2)中國經(jīng)濟(jì)將融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的大潮。TheeconomyofChinawillconvergewiththatoftheworld.

3)新的景點(diǎn)不斷出現(xiàn)，觀光人數(shù)不斷增加，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)也有了很大發(fā)展。Theemergenceofonenewscenicspotafteranotherandtheinfluxofmoreandmoretouristshavealsoboostedtheeconomy.

比較以下譯文，哪個更好？1）本文所講的內(nèi)容對通訊工程來說是很有趣的。a.Thecontentthatthispapertalksaboutisofgreatinteresttocommunicationengineers.b.Whatthispaperdiscussesisofgreatinteresttocommunicationengineers.

2)在零售和烹調(diào)行業(yè)方面，家辦企業(yè)的買賣完全超過了國家辦的。a.Intheretailandcateringsectors,householdoperationshavecompletelyoutmarketedthestate.b.Intheretailandcateringsectors,householdoperationshavesurpassedthatofthestate.

3）和古廟正好隔河相對的那坐寶塔據(jù)說是明代的建筑。a.ThepagodathatstandsfacingtheancienttempleandisseparatedfromeachotherbytheriverissaidtohavebeenbuiltintheMingDynasty.b.ItissaidthatthepagodajustacrosstheriverfromtheancienttemplewasbuiltintheMingDynasty.

4)我們大為驚奇的是，那幢經(jīng)受強(qiáng)烈地震而