2023年考研英語一真題及答案

2023年全國碩士探討生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)fareachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points).

In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesof

industrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.

Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workers'productivity.Instead,the

studiesended2____givingtheirnametothe''Hawthorneeffect",theextremelyinfluential

ideathattheverytobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects'behavior.

Theideaarosebecauseofthe4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.

Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,

butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;

7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeing

experimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers*behavior10____itself.

Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.

Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore____12___thedescriptionsonrecord,no

systematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.

Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto14

interpretationofwhathapped.____15____,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.When

workstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand

17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhen

therewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers

19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20a

plateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopin

down.

1.[AJaffected[BJachievedICJextracted[DJrestored

2.IAJatIB]upICJwith[D]off

3.[AJtruthIBJsight[CJact[DJproof

4.[A]controversial[B]peiplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous

5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessments

6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work

7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongas

8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentimentfD]illusion

9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant

10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by

11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed

12.[AJcontraryto[BJconsistentwith[CJparallelwith[DJpeculiarto

13.[AJevidence[BJguidance[CJimplication[DJsource

14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading

15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual

16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly

17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued

20.[AJbreaking[BJclimbingICJsurpassing[DJhitting

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepast

quarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeand

seriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortyto

imagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yeta

considerablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcentury

consistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthat

theirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitablefbrpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.

WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEngland

betweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwas

dirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichit

appeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswould

writeindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeven

thosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,

couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,and

wereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.4tSofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygift

enoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine

'journalism'as'atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarcnotreadtowriterswhoare.'"

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowroteforthe

ManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasa

writerofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland's

foremostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)became

abest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhis

booksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.

Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefor

therichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtradition

inmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.

21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that

[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.

[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.

[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.

[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.

22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby

[A]freethemes.[B]casualstyle.[C]elaboratelayout.[D]radicalviewpoints.

23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

[A]Itiswriters1dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals

[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

IA]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodemspecialists.

[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays[BJTheLostHorizoninNewspapers

[CJMournfulDeclineofJournalism[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory

Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusiness

methods.Amazonreceivedonefbrits"one-click“onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgot

legalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftinga

box.

Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-method

patents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Ina

movethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuit

saiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.Inre

Bilski,asthecaseisknown,is"averybigdeal",saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityof

MissouriSchooloflaw.Ituhasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents."

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederal

circuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBank

case,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedan

explosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingto

stakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablished

companiesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthat

mightbeatthemtothepunch.In2023,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmore

than300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgranting

them.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancial

products,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.

TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.

TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthe

court'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateis

whetheritshould"reconsider"itsstatestreetBankruling.

TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme

Courtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethe

justicessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious.The

judgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt",says

HaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.

26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof

[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusinessfB]theirconnectionwithassetallocation

[Clthepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization

27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions

[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction

[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit

[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.

28.Theword"about-face"(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans

[A]lossofgoodwill[BJincreaseofhostility

[C]changeofattitude[D]enhancementofdignity

29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents

[A]areimmunetolegalchallengesfB]areoftenunnecessarilyissued

[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders

[ClAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents

[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents

Text3

InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredrivenin

largepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoare

unusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butit

doesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.

Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargely

untestedtheorycalledthe"twostepflowofcommunication":Informationflowsfromthemediato

theinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflow

becauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeople

willdomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpected

popularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchfbr

causesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateverit

isbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathat

onlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends

Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthat

influentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon't

seemtoberequiredofall.

Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,withthe

exceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunction

ofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimply

don'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,

accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheir

friendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,

musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;

andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitial

influential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialprove

resistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeof

changewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.

Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthe

dynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulating

anumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobe

influenced.Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecall"globalcascades'-the

widespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks-isthepresencenotofafewinfluentials

but,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,say,alookora

brandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhowinfluentialan

individualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscriticalmassisavailableto

propagateachainreaction.

31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto

[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics

[B]discussinfluentials'functioninspreadingideas

[Clexemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics

[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.

32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe"two-step-flowtheory"

IAJservesasasolutiontomarketingproblemslB]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends

[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity

33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat

[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions

[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia

[CJinfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic

ID]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention

34.Theunderlinedphrase''thesepeople"inparagraph4referstotheoneswho

[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence

[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence

[Clareinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential

35.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?

[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers

[CJThereadinesstobeinfluenced[DJTheinclinationtorelyonothers

Text4

Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,they

havebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthe

banks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymust

valuesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulators

wouldlikethemtofetch.

Unfortunately,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,

buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,is

beingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthe

bankingsystemwillbedifficult.

AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard

(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalue

illiquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincome

statement.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives.1'

Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls"theuseof

judgmentbymanagement."

EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard

(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthe

pressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.Charlie

McCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum'1

but"intherealword,'andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.

Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporary

illiquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownfbryears.But

bank'ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddead

marketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,

yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.

Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America'snew

plantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfind

attractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.The

FASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,for

example,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinviting

pressuretomakemoreconcessions.

36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto

[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties

[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.

37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin

[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem

[CJthebanks'long-termassetlosses[DJtheweakeningofitsindependence

38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'Sattemptto

[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.

[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.

39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere"onthewrongplanet"inthatthey

(AJmisinterpretedmarketpriceindicators

[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets

[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.

[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.

40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof

[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathy

PartB

Directions:ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-G

andfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectly

placed.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.Markyouranswerson

ANSWERSHEET!.(10points)

[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;the

consumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotal

consumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2023.This

developmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayear

acrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,asthe

recessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheir

purseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.

[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leaving

Europeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealready

triede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,

profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearsto

bejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.

[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrink

market?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedby

potentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseller,todecidewhatto

buy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofboth

domesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwill

takehold.

[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapply

theirscale,existinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,

andmarketingintelligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywell

expecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closer

inspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheir

customersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividual

foodanddrinkcategories.Bigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentify

thesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbut

entrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.

[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeenclosely

examined-France,Germany,Italy,andSpain—aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.

Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlike

largeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthat

catertoconsumerswhentheydon'teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnack

machinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthe

tradeas"horeca":hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe'swholesalemarketforfoodand

drinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenadded

together,masktwoopposingtrends.

[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,Germany,

Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover,

averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefood

servicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthe

competitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalersto

consolidate.

[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andevensomelarge

goodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmasterthe

intricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains.

411|742I|^43||-44||->E->451

PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegments

intoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmost

membersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthe

bioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.

Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit.We

invertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdswere

supposedtobedisappearing.(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshaky

evidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.theevidencehad

tobeeconomicinordertobevalid.

Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,(47)butwe

haveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsic

right,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.

Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.(48)Time

waswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealth

ofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthless“species.

Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-mindedforestersbecause

theygrowtooslowly,orhavetoolowasalevaletopayastimbercrops.(49)InEurope,where

forestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedas

membersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.

Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelessly

lopsided.(50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsintheland

communitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,

falsely,Ithink,thattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomic

parts.

SectionIHWriting

PartA

51.Directions:

Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruitvolunteersfor

aninternationalconferenceonglobalization,youshouldconcludethebasicqualificationof

applicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelative.

Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyour