2023年考研外語提分試卷9

考研外語提分試卷9

一、UseofEnglish

1、Theproblemtobetakenupandthepointatwhichthesearch

forasolutionwillbeginarecustomarilyprescribedbythe

investigator(1)asubjectparticipatinginan(2)

onthinking(orbytheprogrammerforacomputer).(3),

prevailingtechniquesof(4)inthepsychologyofthinking

haveinvited(5)ofthemotivationalaspectsofthinking.

Theconditionsthatdeterminewhenthepersonwillbeginto

thinkin(6)tosomeotheractivity,whathewillthink

about,whatdirectionhisthinkingwilltake,andwhenhewill

regardhissearchforasolutionassuccessfullyterminated(or

abandonitasnotworthpursuingfurther)(7)are

beginningtoattractinvestigation.(8)muchthinkingis

aimedat(9)ends,specialmotivationalproblemsare

raisedby“disinterested“thinking,inwhichthe(10)of

ananswertoaquestionisasourceofsatisfactioninitself.

Forcomputerspecialists,thedetectionofamismatchbetween

theformulathattheprogramsofarhas(11)andsome

formulaorsetofrequirementsthat(12)asolutioniswhat

impelscontinuationofthesearchanddeterminesthedirection

itwill(13).

Neo-behaviorists(likepsychoanalysts)havemademuchof

secondary(14)valueandstimulusgeneralization;i.e.,

thetendencyofastimuluspatterntobecomeasourceof

satisfactionifitresemblesorhas(15)accompaniedsome

form,ofbiologicalgratification.Theinsufficiencyofthis

kindofexplanationbecomesapparent,(16),whenthe

importanceofnovelty,surprise,complexity,incongruity,

ambiguity,and(17)isconsidered.Inconsistencybetween

beliefs,betweenitemsofincomingsensoryinformation,or

betweenone'sbeliefandanitemofsensoryinformation

(18)canbeasourceofdiscomfortimpellinga(19)

forresolutionthroughreorganizationofbelief(20)or

throughselectiveacquisitionofnewinformation.

A.for

B.into

C.with

D.by

2、(2)

A.procedure

B.experiment

C.program

D.adventure

3、⑶

A.However

B.Consequently

C.Thus

D.Simultaneously

4、(4)

A.encounter

B.obligation

C.insight

D.inquiry

5、(5)

A.consideration

B.discovery

C.question

D.neglect

6、(6)

A.respect

B.preference

C.response

D.return

3

7、(7)

A.rarely

B.particularly

C.barely

D.definitely

8、(8)

A.Although

B.Since

C.Unless

D.Provided

9、⑼

A.normal

B.practical

C.plausible

D.terminal

10、(10)

A.process

B.recognition

C.prediction

D.discovery

11、(H)

A.created

4

B.contributed

C.donated

D.produced

12、(12)

A.demand

B.define

C.defend

D.detect

13、(13)

A.follow

B.bring

C.stimulate

D.characterize

14、(14)

A.pressure

B.emphasis

C.reward

D.profit

15、(15)

A.obviously

B.subsequently

C.frequently

5

D.commonly

16、(16)

A.though

B.however

C.moreover

D.therefore

17、(17)

A.popularity

B.publicity

C.difficulty

D.uncertainty

18、(18)

A.broadly

B.evidently

C.distinctly

D.confusedly

19、(19)

A.search

B.wish

C.plea

D.talent

20、(20)

6

A.devices

B.structures

C.systems

D.concepts

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

ItwasinevitablethatanyofPresidentGeorgeW.Bush'sfans

hadtobeverydisappointedbyhisdecisiontoimplementhigh

tariffsonsteelimportedtotheU.S.Thepresident(sdefense

waspathetic.Hearguedthatthesteeltariffsweresomehow

consistentwithfreetrade,thatthedomesticindustrywas

importantandstruggling,andthatthereliefwasatemporary

measuretoallowtimeforrestructuring.Onereasonthatthis

argumentisabsurdisthatU.S.integratedsteelcompanies

("BigSteel")havereceivedvariousformsofgovernment

protectionandsubsidyformorethan30years.

Insteadofencouragingtheindustrytorestructure,the

long-termprotectionhassustainedinefficientcompaniesand

costU.S.consumersdearly.AsAnne0.Krueger,nowdeputy

managingdirectoroftheInternationalMonetaryFund,saidin

areportonBigSteel:"TheAmericanBigSteelindustryhasbeen

thechampionlobbyistandseekerofprotection...Itprovides

akeyanddisillusioningexampleoftheabilitytolobbyin

Washingtonformeasureswhichhurtthegeneralpublicandhelp

averysmallgroup.

Since1950s,BigSteelhasbeenreluctanttomakethe

investmentsneededtomatchthenewtechnologiesintroduced

elsewhere.Itagreedtohighwagesforitsunionizedlaborforce.

Hence,thecompanieshavedifficultyincompetingnotonlywith

moreefficientproducersinAsiaandEuropebutalsowith

technologicallyadvancedU.S.mini-mills,whichrelyonscrap

metalasaninput.LedbyNucorCor.,thesemillsnowcapture

abouthalfofoverallU.S.sales.

TheprofitabilityofU.S.steelcompaniesdependsalsoonsteel

prices,which,despiteattemptsatprotectionbytheU.S.and

othergovernments,aredeterminedprimarilyinworldmarkets.

Thesepricesarerelativelyhighasrecentlyasearly2000but

havesincedeclinedwiththeworldrecessiontoreachthelowest

dollarvaluesofthelast20years.Althoughtheselowprices

areunfortunateforU.S.producers,theyarebeneficialforthe

overallU.S.economy.Thelowpricesarealsosignalthatthe

inefficientBigSteelcompaniesshouldgooutofbusinesseven

fasterthantheyhavebeen.

Insteadofleavingormodernizing,thedyingBigSteelindustry

complainsthatforeignersdumpsteelsbysellingatlowprices.

However,itishardtoseewhyitisbadfortheoverallU.S.

economyifforeignproducerswishtosellustheirgoodsatlow

prices.Afterall,theextremecaseofdumpingisonewhere

foreignersgiveustheirsteelforfreeandwhywouldthatbe

abadthing?

AccordingtoAnneKrueger,long-termgovernmentprotection

giventosteelcompanies.

A.willincreasethestatewealth.

B.willthreatentrademonopoly.

C.willraisetheircompetitiveness.

D.willultimatelyhurtconsumers.

2、

TheU.S.integratedsteelcompaniesbelievethat,tomodernize

theirtechnologies,theyareinneedof.

A.thesacrificefromU.S.consumers.

B.thegovernment，sfinancialsupport.

C.thereductionofsteelproductprices.

D.thecompromisefromthelaborforce.

3、

WhichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofU.S."Big

Steel“aspointedoutinthetext?

A.Lowerefficiency.

B.Lackofprotection.

C.Corporatestructures.

D.Lobbyistaddiction.

4、

Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthattheoveral1U.S.

economy.

A.mustguardagainstforeignerssellingtheirsteelat

shockingprices.

B.haddifficultyinsustainingdevelopmentinfaceofforeign

competitors.

C.canbenefitenormouslyfromthelowerpricesofsteelin

worldmarkets.

D.tookadvantageofthegovernment，sprotectiontoenhance

efficiency.

5、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthemeasureadoptedbythe

Presidentseemstobethatof

A.approval.

B.optimism.

C.opposition.

D.indifference.

6、OnMar.14,whenWal-MartStoresInc.announceditsfirst

forayintoJapan,theBentonville(Ark.)retailinggiantplaced

abigbetthatitcouldsucceedwherecountlessotherforeign

companieshavefailed.Inthepastfiveyears,anumberof

famousWesternbrandshavebeenforcedtocloseupshopafter

failingtocatchoninJapan,oneoftheworld'slargest一but

mostvariable—consumermarkets.

MayWal-Martmakeagoofitwhereothershavestumbled?One

goodsignisthatthemassmarketerisnotrushinginblindly.

Ithastakenaninitial6.1%stakeinailingfood-and-clothing

chainSeiyuLtd.,whichitcanraisetoacontrolling33.4%by

yearendandto66.7%by2022.ThatgivesWal-Marttimetorevise

itsstrategy—orrunfortheexits.

ThequestioniswhetherWal-Martcanapplythelessonsithas

learnedinotherpartsofAsiatoJapan.This,afterall,is

anationofnotoriouslyfinickyconsumers一whohavebecomeeven

moresosinceJapanslippedintoadecade-longslump.Howwill

Wal-Martbringtobearitslegendarycost-cuttingsavvyina

marketalreadyaffectedbyfallingprices?Analystsare

understandablyskeptical."ItisuncertainwhetherWal-Mart*s

businessmodelswillbeeffectiveinJapanStandardPoor's

saidinaMar.18report.

MuchdependsonwhetherSeiyuturnsouttobeagoodpartner.

The39-year-oldretailerisamemberofthereputedSeibuSaison

retailgroupthatfellonhardtimesintheearly'90s.Italso

hasdeeptiestotradinghouseSumitomoCorp.,whichwilltake

a15%stakeintheventurewithWal-Mart.Perhapsthebestthing

thatcanbesaidofSeiyu's400-oddstoresisthatthey'renot

asdeeplytroubledasotherlocalretailers.Still,there'sa

gapingchasmbetweenthetwocorporatecultures."We'venever

beenknownforcheapeverydaypricing”,saysaSeiyuspokesman.

AnotherpotentialproblemisSumitomo,whichmaynotwantto

leanonsupplierstotheextentthatWal-Martroutinelydoes.

Theclockisticking.Wal-Martexecutivessaytheyneedseveral

monthsto“study"thedealwithSeiyubeforeactingonit,but

inthemeantimeanewwaveofhyper-competitiveJapaneseand

foreignrivalsarecarvingupthemarket.IfWal-Martsucceeds,

itwillreduceitsrelianceonitshomemarketevenfurther

and一whoknows?一itmayevenrevolutionizeJapaneseretailing

inthesamewayithasintheU.S.

WecanlearnfromthebeginningofthetextthatWal-Mart

StoresInc.will.

A.revolutionizeJapaneseretailing.

B.tapconsumermarketsinJapan.

C.combineandbecomebigger.

D.withdrawfrommarketsinJapan.

7、

Asmentionedinthetext,Japaneseconsumersaregenerally

A.hardtosatisfy.

B.pronetodeceptions.

C.resistanttoaliens.

D.opentonewideas.

8、

Thephrase"makeagoofit”(Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans

A.enjoywidepopularity.

B.exertgreateffort.

C.achievegreatsuccess.

D.isatstake.

9、

ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4that.

A.SeiyuwillbeincorporatedintoWal-Martintheforeseeable

future.

B.Wal-Mart'shasnoalternativebuttochooseSeiyuasits

partner.

C.SeiyudependsinlargemeasureonWal-Martforsurging

profits.

D.Wal-Mart'scooperationwithSeiyuisstilltobe

re-examined.

10、

TowardthisadventureofWal-Mart,theauthor'sattitudecan

bebestsaidtobe

A.optimistic.

B.objective.

C.pessimistic.

D.defensive.

11、PresidentBushtakestothebullypulpittodeliverastern

lecturetoAmerica'sbusinesselite.TheJusticeDept,stuns

theaccountingprofessionbyfilingacriminalindictmentof

ArthurAndersenLLPfordestroyingdocumentsrelatedtoits

auditsofEnronCorp.OnCapitolHill,somecongressional

panelspushonwithbiasedhearingsonEnron'scollapseand,

now,anotherbustedNewEconomystar,telecom,sGlobalCrossing.

Lawmakerssignontonewbillsaimedattighteningoversight

ofeverythingfrompensionsandaccountingtoexecutivepay.

Toanyspectators,itwouldbeeasytoconcludethatthewinds

ofchangearesweepingCorporateAmerica,ledbyGeorgeW.Bush,

______Q

q14

whoranas“areformerwithresult."Butfarfromdeconstructing

thecorporateworldbrickbybrickintosomethingcleaner,

sparer,andstronger,Bushaidesandmanylegislatorsare

preparingmodestlegislativeandadministrativereforms.

Insteadofanoverhaul,Bush'steamiscountingonitsenforcers,

JusticeandanewlyempoweredSecurities&Exchange

Commission,tomakeexamplesofthemostegregiousoffenders.

Theideaisthatbusinesswillquicklygetthemessageandclean

upitsownact.

Whywon'ttheoutragedrhetoricresultinmorechanges?For

starters,theBushAdministrationwarnsthatanyrushto

legislatecorporatebehavior,couldproducearaftofflawed

billsthatraisecostswithouthaltingabuses.Businesshas

striventodrivethepointhomewithanintenselobbyingblitz

thathasconvincedmanylawmakersthatover-regulationcould

startlethestockmarketandperhapsendangerthenascent

economicrecovery.

AllthissetsthestageforWashingtontogetbusywith

predictablymodestresults.Asurgeofcautionissweeping

would-bereformersontheHill."Theyknowtheydon'twantto

makeabigmistake,“saysJerryJ.Jasinowski,presidentofthe

NationalAssociationofManufacturers.Thatgo-slowapproach

suitstheWhiteHouse.AidessaythePresident,while

personallydisgustedbyEnron，sselloutofitspensioners,is

reluctanttoembracenewsanctionsthatfrustrateeven

law-abidingcorporationsandcreatealitigationbonanzafor

triallawyers.Instead,theWhiteHousewillpushfornarrowly-

targetedaction,mostofitcarriedoutbytheSEC,theTreasury

Dept.,andtheLaborDept.Therightoutcome,Treasury

SecretaryPaulH.O'NeillsaidonMar.15,“dependsonthe

Congressnotlegislatingthingsthatareoverthetop.”

ToO'NeillandBush,thatmeansenforcingcurrentlawsbefore

passingtoomanynewones.Nowhereisthatstanceclearerthan

intheAndersenindictment.SotheBushAdministrationleftthe

decisiontoJusticeDept,prosecutorsratherthanWhiteHouse

politicaloperativesortheirreformistfellowsattheSEC.

Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat

A.theJusticeDepartmentseizedontheplightofEnron，s

workers.

B.theWhiteHouserecognizedthatstrictercontrolisa

politicalmust.

C.ThePresidentwasdeterminedtoturnareformedAndersen

intoamodel.

D.theWhiteHouserespondedstronglytotheAndersen，s

scandal.

12、

By"outragedrhetoric”(Paragraph3),theauthoristalking

about

A.anintenselobbyblitzshownincorporatebehavior.

B.theindignationdisplayedbysomecongressmen.

C.adecisionleftuptoJusticeDept,prosecutors.

D.themessageembodiedinthePresident'sactions.

13、

ItseemsthatthePresident,infaceofthepresentsituation,

A.mustembracenewsanctions.

B.shouldavoidlawenforcement.

C.maybecaughtinadilemma.

D.canstopdeliveringlectures.

14、

Theconclusioncanbedrawnfromthetextthatinthewakeof

Andersen，sscandal,thegovernment

A.maymakeonlymodestchange.

B.willtakedrasticcountermeasures.

C.willadoptcorporaterestructuring.

D.willinvestigateEnron,scollapse.

15、

Whattheauthorwantstosuggestmaybebestinterpretedas

A.Crimedoesn，tpay.

B.Hastemakeswaste.

C.Lookbeforeyouleap.

D.Likefather,likeson.

16、Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgo,FIFAPresident

JosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.Thechief

oftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn，t

beenaccusedofgropinganyinterns,butthat(saboutallhe

hasn，tbeenaccusedof.Votebuying,mismanagement,

cronyism—andthat'sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-old

Swissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecond

four-yearterm.

Blatter,ageekofdispensingFIFA'Shundredsofmillionin

annualrevenuetoinspireloyalty,evenstandsagoodchance

ofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-March,hehasseen

acrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatou,presidentofthe

AfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatou,a55-year-oldfrom

Cameroon,leadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludes

FIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohansson,aSwedewholostthe

presidentialelectiontoBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders，

mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlack

______Q

q18

ofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster.

Representativesoftheworld's204nationalsoccer

associationsmeetinSeoulonMay29,andtherebelsaregiven

achanceofunseatingBlatter.Buteventheyconcedethatthe

FIFAhonchowon'tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter'sstayingpower

seemsincredible,giventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohim

andhiscircle.However,therearesignsthatFIFA,Stroubles

arebiggerthanBlatterissaying.

Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:Theypersuadedthe

restoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.

ButBlatter一whoclaims,throughaspokesman,thatthe

accusationsareasmearcampaign-shouldnotbeunderestimated.

Atleastpublicly,sponsorsandmemberassociationsremain

remarkablysiientwiththecontroversy.Forexample,thereis

nooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmaker

AdidasSalomon,whichisspendingmuchofits$625million

marketingbudgetontheWorldCup."Wedon'texpectcurrent

developmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonour

expectations"fortheWorldCup,saysMichaelRiehl,Adidas

headofglobalsportsmarketing.

Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon，tcareaboutFIFA

politics.SaysBerndSchiphorst,presidentofHerthaBSCBerlin,

atop-rankedGermanteam:"I'venofearthatallthese

discussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent”.Still,theOlympic

briberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFrance

showthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathletic

spectacle."FortheGoodoftheGame"isFIFA'Sofficialmotto.

Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue.

Thewriter,sattitudetowardFIFAPresidentBlatterseemsto

bethatof.

A.slightsupport.

B.highappreciation.

C.strongcontempt.

D.reservedconsent.

17、

ThecontendersasmentionedinthetextcriticizedBlatterfor

his.

A.mismanagementofFIFAfinances.

B.incrediblestayingpower.

C.negativeimpactontheirexpectations.

D.globalsportsmarketing.

18、

Bymentioning“thedopingaffairintheTourdeFrance”(the

lastpara.),theauthoristalkingabout.

A.FIFApolitics.

B.sportsscandals.

C.FIFAfinances.

D.fans'wisdom.

19、

TheviewsofMichaelRiehlandBerndSchiphorstonsports

scandalsare.

A.identical.

B.complementary.

C.opposite.

D.similar.

20、

Itcanbesafelyconcludedfromthetextthat.

A.sportsscandalsareinevitableforthesakeofcompetition.

B.therebelswhoputBlatterunderfirewillhavehimby

throat.

C.allaccusationsagainstBlatterwillendupwithfailures.

D.therebelscoulddiscourageBlatter,sbidforanewterm.

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.

ChoosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA一Gtofitintoeach

ofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdo

notfitinanyofthegaps.

WhileAmericanshavebecomeevermoredependentupon

electricityintheirdailylives,acrucialpartofthesystem

thatsupportstheirwayoflifehasnotkeptup.Yes,thecountry

hasbuiltmorepowerplants-enoughtocreateaglutofpower

inmostpartsofthecountry.

(41).

California，sdisastrouspartialenergyderegulationandthe

roleplayedbyEnronandotherenergymarketingcompaniesin

itspowercrisishaveimpededchangesinthenationalability

todeliverpower.

(42).Moreover,thedeficiencyalsoincludesinadequate

coordinationamongtheregionsinmanagingtheflowof

electricity.Theseinterregionalweaknessesaresofarthemost

plausibleexplanationfortheblackoutonThursday.

(43).Theproblemiswiththesystemofrules,

organization,andoversightthatgovernsthetransmission

networks.Itwassetupforaverydifferenteraandisnow

caughtinadifficulttransition.

Thetransmissionnetworkswerebuilttoserveautilitysystem

basedonregulatedmonopolies.Intheolddays,therewasno

competitionforcustomers.Today,themissionistoconnect

buyersandsellersseekingthebestdeal,irrespectiveof

politicalboundariesandlocaljurisdictions.

(44).Yetthepowerindustryisprobablynotevenhalfway

thereinitsshiftfromregulationtothemarketplace.The

Californiapowercrisisandthepower-tradingscandalssent

regulatorsbacktothedrawingboard,slowingthedevelopment

ofnewinstitutions,rulesandinvestmenttomakecompetitive

marketswork.

(45).

A.Overall,formorethanadecade,thepowerindustryhasbeen

strugglingwithhowtomovefromtheoldregulationtothenew

marketplace.Thisshiftwasdrivenbytheviewthathalfa

centuryofstateregulationhadproducedpowerpricesthatwere

toohighandtoovariedamongstates.Factoriesandjobswere

migratingfromstateswithhighelectricpowerpricestothose

withlowerprices.

B.Butthetransmissionsystemiscaughtinthemiddleofthe

stalledderegulationoftheAmericanelectricpowerindustry.

C.Asaresult,thedevelopmentoftheregionaltransmission

organizationsiserratic.Morethanone-thirdofthepower

transmittedisnotunderthecontrolofregionaltransmission

organizations.Somestatesfearthattheircheappowerwould

besuckedawaytoothermarkets;othersdonotwantto

subordinatestateauthoritytotheFederalEnergyRegulatory

Commission.

D.Itwasunclearwhenthewaterswouldrecede,nevermindwhen

lifewouldreturntonormal.Powermaynotberestoredforweeks.

Looting,too.Begantospiraloutofcontrol.Mr.Nagin,who

saidthecitymightbeuninhabitableforthreemonths,was

forcedtoorderpolicetoconcentrateonstoppingcrime,not

savingpeople.

E.What'spreventinggreaterconnectionandcoordination

betweenregions?Thetechnologyexists,andisavailable;the

economicbenefitsofrelievingthebottlenecksbetweenregions

farexceedsthecostsbymanybillionsofdollars.

F.Yet,despiteclaimsinthewakeoflastweek,sblackoutthat

thenationhasa"thirdworld"powergrid,theregionalnetworks

arefirstworld.Butinonecriticalaspect,thesystemhas

becomeincreasinglyvulnerable:intheinterconnectionsamong

thedifferentregions.Boththenumberandsizeofthewires

onthebordersbetweenregionsareinadequate