2023年考研外語考試題目及答案10

考研外語考試題目及答案10

一、UseofEnglish

1、WhatWillBeisanimpressiveandvisionaryguidetothe

future,filledwithinsightsonhowinformationtechnologywill

transform,ourlivesandourworldinthenewcentury.

Theauthor,MichaelDertouzos,stands(1)frommanyofthe

forecastersandcommentatorswhobombardusdailywith(2)

ofthisfuture.Fortwentyyearshehasledoneoftheworld's

(3)researchlaboratories,whosemembershavebroughtthe

world(4)computers,theEtherNet,andstart-upcompanies.

Asavisionary,his(5)havebeenonthemark:In1981,

hedescribedthe(6)ofanInformationMarketplaceas”a

twenty-first-centuryvillagemarketplacewherepeopleand

computersbuy,sell,andfreelyexchangeinformationand

informationservices.That'sa(7)descriptionofthe

Internetasweknowittoday.

Naturally,wedonotagreeonallthe(8)waysthenewworld

will(9)oraffectus.Thisisasitshouldbe.Thereis

plentyofroomfor(10)ideasanddebateconcerningthe

richandpromisingsettingahead.What，smoreimportantisthat

peoplebecome(11),andform,theirownopinions,about

thechanges(12).

Whenit(13)tothatfutureworld,whatwedo(14)

faroutweighsourdifferencesNewbusinesseswillbecreated

andnew(15)willbemadeinthe(16)areasof

activitythisbookdescribes.Moreimportant,radicalchanges

inhardware,software,andinfrastructurewill(17)in

wayslargeandsmalloursociallives,ourfamilies,ourjobs,

ourhealth,ourenvironment,oureconomy,andeventhe

(18)weseeforourselvesintheuniverse.Whoever

(19)thecomingInformationRevolution?—that's

(20)allofus—needstoknowWhatWillBe.

A.beyond

B.behind

C.apart

D.out

2、(2)

A.highlights

B.perceptions

C.adventures

D.speculations

3、(3)

A.empirical

B.wearisome

C.tentative

D.pioneering

4、(4)

A.updated

B.fair-minded

C.underprivileged

D.well-defined

5、(5)

A.transactions

B.interpretations

C.reflections

D.predictions

6、(6)

A.thought

B.concept

C.view

D.angle

7、(7)

A.desirable

B.inaccurate

C.monetary

D.dismayed

8、(8)

A.mere

B.typical

C.specific

D.odd

9、(9)

A.evolve

B.assemble

C.betray

D.depress

10、(10)

A.ingenuous

B.pervasive

C.democratic

D.original

IK(11)

A.informed

B.acquainted

C.confined

D.reassured

12、(12)

A.past

B.inwards

C.ahead

D.upside-down

13、(13)

A.adds

B.amounts

C.leads

D.comes

14、(14)

A.scorn

B.consent

C.encounter

D.surpass

15、(15)

A.dooms

B.fortunes

C.destinies

D.prophecies

16、(16)

A.lofty

B.supreme

C.alien

D.novel

17、(17)

A.reign

B.alter

C.chock

D.breed

18、(18)

A.scope

B.context

C.range

D.territory

19、(19)

A.anticipates

B.justifies

C.dominates

D.foretells

20、(20)

A.plausibly

B.thoroughly

C.virtually

D.radically

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Atsomepointduringtheireducation,biologystudentsaretold

aboutaconversationinapubthattookplaceover50yearsago.

J.B.S.Haldane,aBritishgeneticist,wasaskedwhetherhe

wouldlaydownhislifeforhiscountry.Afterdoingaquick

calculationonthebackofanapkin,hesaidhewoulddosofor

twobrothersoreightcousins.Inotherwords,hewoulddieto

protecttheequivalentofhisgeneticcontributiontothenext

generation.

Thetheoryofkinselection一theideathatanimalscanpasson

theirgenesbyhelpingtheircloserelatives—isbiology，s

explanationforseeminglyaltruisticacts.Anindividual

carryinggenesthatpromotealtruismmightbeexpectedtodie

youngerthanonewith"selfish"genes,andthustohavea

reducedcontributiontothenextgeneration'sgeneticpoolBut

ifthesameindividualactsaltruisticallytoprotectits

relatives,genesforaltruisticbehavior,mightnevertheless

propagate.

Actsofapparentaltruismtonon-relativescanalsobe

explainedaway,inwhathasbecomeacottageindustrywithin

biology.Ananimalmightcarefortheoffspringofanotherthat

itisunrelatedtobecauseithopestoobtainthesamebenefits

foritselflateron(aphenomenonknownasreciprocalaltruism).

Thehunterwhogenerouslyshareshisspoilswithothersmaybe

doingsoinordertosignalhissuperiorstatustofemales,and

ultimatelyboosthisbreedingsuccess.Theseapparently

selflessactsarethereforedisguisedactsofself-interest.

Alloftheseexamplesfiteconomists，argumentsthatHomo

sapiensisalsoHomoeconomics—maximizingsomethingthat

economistscallutility,andbiologistsfitness.Butthereis

aresiduumofhumanactivitythatdefiessuchexplanations:

peoplecontributetocharitiesforthehomeless,returnlost

wallets,dovoluntaryworkandtipwaitersinrestaurantsto

whichtheydonotplantoreturn.Botheconomicrationalismand

naturalselectionofferfewexplanationsforsuchrandomacts

ofkindness.Norcantheyeasilyexplaintheopposite:spiteful

behavior,whensomeoneharmshisowninterestinordertodamage

thatofanother.Butpeoplearenowtryingtofindanswers.

Whenanewphenomenonisrecognizedbyscience,anamealways

helps.InapaperinHumanNature,Dr.Fehrandhiscolleagues

argueforabehavioralpropensitytheycall“strong

reciprocity”.Thisnameisintendedtodistinguishitfrom

reciprocalaltruism.AccordingtoDr.Fehr,apersonisastrong

reciprocatorifheiswillingtosacrificeresourcestobekind

tothosewhoarebeingkind,andtopunishthosewhoarebeing

unkind.Significantly,strongreciprocatorswillbehavethis

wayevenifdoingsoprovidesnoprospectofmaterialrewards

inthefuture.

ThestoryofJ.B.S.Haldaneismentionedinthetext.

A.tohonorhisunusualaltruisticacts.

B.toshowhowhecontributedtothecountry.

C.tointroducethetopicofhumanaltruism.

D.togiveanepisodeofhiscalculationabilities.

2、

Accordingthetheoryofkinselection,humanstendtoact

altruistically.

A.forthesakeofdesiredreproduction.

B.outofself-interest.

C.ontherequestofnaturalselection.

D.becauseofkindnature.

3、

Aspointedoutinthetext,''reciprocalaltruismtheory"and

，zstrongreciprocitytheory"are.

A.complementary.

B.contradictory.

C.superficial.

D.over-simplified.

4、

Thewritermentionedthecaseof"thehunterwhoshareshis

spoilswithothers"todemonstrate.

A.innatehumanhostility.

B.hisprivilegedstatus.

C.apparenthumanaltruism.

D.hissacrificeresources.

5、

ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph4that.

A.Humanbehavior,isconfinedtotheexclusiveconcernof

psychologists.

B.Economists'utilityisonlytheexplanationsforrandom

actsofkindness.

C.Altruismisdevelopedduringthelongprocessofhuman

evolution.

D.Biologistscanhelpeconomistsexplainsomehumanbehavior,

deviations.

6、Canthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoods?

MiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.Thegranddaughter

ofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopened

spectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkand

London.Withitsmagicmirrors,silverdisplaysand

computer-controlledchangingrooms,Prada'stwo-month-old

shopinManhattancostastaggering$40m,sitsjustamilefrom

GroundZero,andsellspracticallynothing.

Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhasty

successionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomy,

anenduringslumpinJapanesespending,andtheSeptember11th

terroristattacks.TheJapanese,whousedtobuyathirdofthe

world'sluxurygoods,cuttheirforeigntravelinhalfafter

theattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.

Atthesametime,wealthyAmericansstoppedflying,whichhas

adramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondon,

ParisandRome.

Athometoo,Americans,attitudestoluxurychanged,atleast

temporarily.''Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedy

consumerismamongthefast-growing,youngerbreedofnewlyrich.

Thedeclineinjobsecurity,thelowerbonusesinfinancial

services,andthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthe

paperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990s,bredanewfrugality.

Salesofexpensivejewelry,watchesandhandbags—theproducts

thatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goods

groups—droppedsharply.

Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflarge,

quotedluxury-goodscompanies.France，sLouisVuittonMoet

Hennessy(LVMH),theindustryleader,issuedfourprofits

warningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%

declineinoperatingprofitfor2022,afterhavingrepeatedly

promiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly'sGucci

Group,thethirdlargest,announcedthisweekthatsecond-half

profitsdroppedby33%.Meanwhile,privatelyheldPradahadto

postponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosella

recentlyacquiredstakeinFendi,aprestigiousItalianbag

maker,inordertoreduceitsdebts.

Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextended

indefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommon,itisdevalued,as

PierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabels

oneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equally,abrandnamecan

beunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistently,orifit

isdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosen,a

luxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morgan,arguesthat,“Luxury

companiesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailing,themost

importantthingisexecution,andexecutionisallabout

management.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproduct,butifyou

don'tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttime,you

willfail”.

By"MiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails”(Paragraph

1),theauthormeans.

A.Pradaisinadesperatesituation.

B.Pradahadhershopwell-furnished.

C.Pradaisalwaysinherbadhabit.

D.Pradaspentmuchonhernewshop.

7、

Whatistheattitudeofconsumerstowardsluxurygoodsinthe

presentsituation?

A.Carefree.

B.Panicked.

C.Cautious.

D.Confused.

8、

Itcanlearnedfromthetextthat.

A.excessiveadvertisementresultedinthefailureofPrada's

investment.

B.luxury-goodscompaniesmustgivethoughttotheimpactof

terroristattacks.

C.executionisnothingbutanauxiliarypartofbusiness

management.

D.outsidersalwaysholdsomemisconceptionsofluxury-goods

business.

9、

Whenmentioning"double-digitgrowth'"(Paragraph4),the

authoristalkingabout.

A.rewardsreapedfrominvestmentinrealestate.

B.bonusesgeneratedinthestockmarketflotation.

C.estimatedassetsofnewly-openedstores.

D.operatingprofitsinluxury-goodsbusiness.

10、

Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

A.Openingnewstores,onthehorizon.

B.Moreventuresbringmorerewards.

C.Tightthebelt,thesingleremedy.

D.Noteverycloudhassilverlinings.

11、OnaweekdaynightthisJanuary,thousandsofflag-waving

youthspackedOlayaStreet,Riyadh(smainshoppingstrip,to

cheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.

Onecar,rockmusicblaringfromitsstereo,squealedtoastop,

blockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptout,clambered

ontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.

Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecity,theysped

offbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem.

Suchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigid

conformistkingdom,butnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulf

Statesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.That

doesnotmakethemrebels:respectforelders,forreligious

dutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpreeminentvalues,

andpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yet

demographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservative

norms.

Afterall,60%oftheGulf'snativepopulationisundertheage

of25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthaninthe

workforce,theregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketing

demandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenative

workforcewilldoubleby2022.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom

3.3mnowtooverSm.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbe

dauntingenoughforanysociety,butisparticularlyforbidding

inthisregion,forseveralreasons.

ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlabor

structure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970s,whenballooningoil

incomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeign

workersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultis

atwo-tierworkforce,withoutsidersworkingmostlyinthe

privatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.

Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthe

government,claimsonestudy,workersareworthonlyaquarter

ofwhattheygetpaid.

Similarly,intheeducationsector,30yearsspentkeepingpace

withsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.

TheSaudischoolsystem,forinstance,todayhastocopewith

5mstudents,eighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulf

countriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatare

nowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrote

learningof"facts"intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligious

values.

Evenworse,thesystemasawholediscouragesintellectual

curiosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestige

degreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120,000

graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and

1999,only10,000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchas

architectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthe

totalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket.

Thewildbehavior,depictedinthefirstparagraphisintended

to.

A.advocatetraditionalvaluesinSaudi.

B.introducethechangeofSaudiyouths.

C.criticizetheirnonconformistimage.

D.praiseSaudiyouthtacticalretreat.

12、

ThebasicproblemofpeoplepressurefacingtheSaudi

authorityliesin.

A.itssurgingworkforce.

B.itsreligiousvalues.

C.itsprivatefirms.

D.itsrebelliousyouths.

13、

Theword“l(fā)opsided”(Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans.

A.detrimental.

B.misguided.

C.outdated.

D.disproportionate.

14、

Accordingtotheauthor,theSaudieducationsystemis

characterizedbyitsexcessiveemphasison.

A.marketableskills.

B.intellectualcuriosity.

C.traditionalvalues.

D.creativethinking.

15、

Whatwouldthesectionfollowingthistextprobablydealwith?

A.Thehigherproportionoflocalyouthsintheworkforce.

B.MorerestrictionsplacedontheprivatefirmsinSaudi.

C.Anotherreasonforthedifficultyinmanagingpeople

pressure.

D.Thecommitmenttomotivatingyouthparticipationinthe

task.

16、Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthrough

theStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoftdrinkcan

foreveryoneonearth,ortopowereverymotorvehicleonthe

planetfor25miles(40km).Gulfoilaccountsfor40%ofglobal

tradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportant,itmakesup

two-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproduction

ratestherestoftheworld'soilreserveswilllastforamere

25years,theGulf'swilllastfor100years.Inotherwords,

theregion，sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow.

Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdom,whichisusually

roundedoutwithscarytalkofunstable,spendthriftregimes

andaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscome

withcaveats.Agreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountries

thatproduceitratherthantraded,soinrealitytheGulf

accountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld'sdaily

consumption.Asforreserves,thefiguresareaschangeableas

amirageinthedesert.Themostcomprehensiveresearch

available,conductedbytheU.S.GeologicalSurvey,refersto

an“expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthat

isaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.Usingthatfigure,and

throwinginnaturalgasalongwithoil,itappearsthattheGulf

containsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet'sfuture

fossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatare

notcoveredinthissurvey—IranandIraqtheremainingsix

betweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbon

reserves,notmuchmorethanRussia.

Allthesame,itisstillaheftychunk;enough,youmightthink,

tokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortforthe

foreseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.Atpresent,the

nationsoftheGulfCooperationCouncilhaveacombined

nationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland's,buta

populationwhich,ataround30m,ismorethanfourtimesasbig.

Itisalsothefastest-growingonearth,havingincreasedat

ninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.

Meanwhiletheregion,sshareofworldoiltradehasfallen,as

hastheaveragepriceperbarrel.

Asaresult,theincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexports

hasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.True,surgingdemandfrom

AmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf'sshareoftrade,

butthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.

Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumption,thisshould

createsustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoi1prices

willspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknows,in20years5

timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecome

commercialpropositions.

Intheeyesoftheauthor,conventionalopiniononthe

strategicimportanceoftheGulfoilis.

A.unclear.

B.constructive.

C.reasonable.

D.exaggerated.

17、

Bymentioning"thefiguresareaschangeableasamiragein

thedesert”,theauthoristalkingabout.

A.thewealthypeoplewholiveatopthewellsintheGulf.

B.theplanet;sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.

C.theinconsistentestimatesonoildepositsintheGulf.

D.theoiltradedintheinternationalmarkets.

18、

Whydoestheauthornotthinkthat“itisstillaheftychunk”?

A.ThepeopleintheGulfwouldnotbenefitincertainways.

B.TheGulfcountriesareincomparabletothecountySwiss.

C.Continuedoilconsumptionwillcreatehighpricepressures.

D.Oilreserveswillcontinuetobeasupplyofresources.

19、

ItisgenerallybelievedthatoilproducedintheGulf.

A.willleavethelocalsinimpoverishedconditions,

B.islessthantheassessmentinacomprehensiveresearch.

C.willdiminishtheregion'sstrategicimportance.

D.istradedratherthanconsumedbyitsproducers.

20、

Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?

A.”Someoftheworld'sbothersomehotspotsarenearthe

Gulf.”

B.”O(jiān)ilisbig,butitisnottheonlyreasontotaketheGulf

seriously.

C.”Whiletheoilpricekeepsrising,theGulfisattractive

totraders.

D.”Tightenthriftregimesonoilconsumption,thesingle

remedy.”

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For

Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizethese

paragraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelist

A-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.(10points)

A.ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhether

catsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.Wildlifeexpertssay

keepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchof

thecarnagetheycreate,andwillalsomeantheyarelesslikely

toberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarris,from

BristolUniversity,said:"Themessageisclear,mostpeople

areheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbours，catsintheir

gardens”.

B.Eventoday,someviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.

EventheEnglishlanguageisstackedagainstthemoggy.

Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty”.Araucouscryis

a"caterwaul”.Atwork,agreedy,lazybossisa“fatcat”.

C.AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonly

toratsasthelatestfavoritemammaltovisitourgardens.The

UK's10millioncatshavehaditroughoflate,drawingharsh

criticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthe

nation，sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets.

D.ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK'sfavoritepets,British

gardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthe

mostunwelcomevisitorstotheirplots—votingthemonly

slightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll.

E.TheMammalSociety,whichconductedthesurveysayscatscut

aswathethroughthenation'swildlife,killingaround300

millionanimalseveryyear."Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunter.

Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fed...but

acat'smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesire

tosatisfyhunger."Evenwithafullstomach,acatcannot

resistthestimuliofpreypassingnearby,saysMsHeath,author

ofWhyDoesMyCat."Itdoesn，tmakesenseforacattowait

untilit'shungrytocatchfood一theremaybenonearoundthen.

Bettertohuntwhenthere，stheopportunityandhidethefood

away.”

F.But,tobefair,theBritishcan,thatecatsthatmuch.A

recentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowards

thecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecome

clinicallyobese.

G.Britain，sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpet

hates—otherpeople'scats.Okay,they，resadisticmurderers,

butisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestable

asratsinapollofBritishgardeners?

Order:GisthefirstparagraphandFisthelast.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Themostgeneraldefinitionthatcanbegiven,is,thatthe

PhilosophyofHistorymeansnothingbutthethoughtful

considerationofit.Thoughtis,indeed,essentialtohumanity.

(46)Itisth