靜壓樁施工外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

靜壓樁施工外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)靜壓樁概述靜壓樁法施工是通過靜力壓樁機(jī)的壓樁機(jī)構(gòu)以壓樁機(jī)自重和機(jī)架上的配重提供反力而將樁壓入土中的沉樁工藝，這種壓樁方法完全避免了錘擊打樁所產(chǎn)生的振動、噪音和污染，因此施工時具有無噪音、無振動、無沖擊力、無污染等優(yōu)點。

液壓靜壓樁屬于擠土樁。樁在壓入過程中對周圍土體進(jìn)行排擠，使地基的側(cè)向應(yīng)力增加，從而導(dǎo)致土的密度的增加。它的擠土效應(yīng)取決于樁截面的幾何形狀和壓樁力。一般來說，采用靜壓樁工藝的地基土含水量較高，孔隙比較大，在樁受垂直靜壓過程中，樁尖直接使土產(chǎn)生沖剪破壞，伴隨或先發(fā)生沿樁身土體的直接剪切破壞，從而也產(chǎn)生了超孔隙水壓力，擾動了土體結(jié)構(gòu)，使樁周約一倍樁徑土體的抗剪強(qiáng)度降低，發(fā)生嚴(yán)重軟化(粘性土)或稠化(粉土、砂土)，出現(xiàn)土的重塑現(xiàn)象，從而可連續(xù)地將靜壓樁送入很深的地基土層中。靜力壓樁施工法早在20世紀(jì)60年代在上海開始研究應(yīng)用，到20世紀(jì)80年代，隨著壓樁機(jī)械的發(fā)展和環(huán)保意識的增強(qiáng)進(jìn)一步得到推廣，到到20世紀(jì)90年代，壓樁機(jī)實現(xiàn)了系列化，既可施壓預(yù)制方樁，也可施壓預(yù)應(yīng)力管樁，目前在全國許多城市得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。1、靜壓樁的簡介全名錨桿靜壓樁:樁基礎(chǔ)的一種，采用的方法是采用靜力壓樁機(jī)壓樁，工作原理與錘擊截然相反，主要優(yōu)點是沒有噪聲。2、靜壓樁的施工特點靜壓力樁法施工時無噪聲、無振動、無沖擊力、施工應(yīng)力小?？梢詼p小打樁振動對地基和臨近建筑物的影響，樁頂不易損害，不易產(chǎn)生偏心，節(jié)約制樁材料和降低工程成本，且能在沉樁施工中測定沉樁阻力，為設(shè)計、施工提供參數(shù)，預(yù)估和驗證樁的承載力。靜壓力樁機(jī)有機(jī)械式和液壓式兩種。（1）機(jī)械靜壓力樁機(jī)械靜壓力樁機(jī)是利用鋼樁架及附屬設(shè)備重量、配置，通過卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的牽引，由鋼絲繩滑輪及壓梁將整個壓樁機(jī)重量傳至樁頂，將樁段逐節(jié)壓入土中，壓樁架一般高16~20m，靜壓力400~800KN。接頭采用焊接法或硫磺膠泥錨接法。壓樁時，由卷揚(yáng)機(jī)牽引，使壓樁架就位，吊首節(jié)樁至壓樁位置，樁頂由樁架固定，下端由滑輪夾持，開動卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，將樁壓入土中至露出地面2m左右，再將第二節(jié)樁接上，要求接樁的彎曲度不大于1%，然后繼續(xù)壓入，如此反復(fù)操作至全部樁段壓入土中。（2）液壓靜壓力樁液壓式靜壓力樁機(jī)由壓樁機(jī)構(gòu)、行走機(jī)構(gòu)及起吊機(jī)構(gòu)三部分組成。壓樁時，先用起吊機(jī)構(gòu)將樁吊入到壓樁機(jī)主機(jī)部位后，用液壓夾樁器將樁頭夾緊，開動壓樁油缸將樁壓入土中，接著回程再吊上第二節(jié)樁，用硫磺膠泥接樁后，繼續(xù)壓入，反復(fù)操作至全部樁段壓入土中。然后開動行走機(jī)構(gòu)，移至下一個樁位繼續(xù)壓樁。液壓式靜壓力壓樁機(jī)的靜壓力為800~1600KN。3、靜壓樁施工方法（1）機(jī)械設(shè)備進(jìn)場1.設(shè)備選擇：根據(jù)所施工樁型和設(shè)計要求承載力選擇相應(yīng)噸位靜壓樁樁機(jī)。本工程選擇600T靜壓樁機(jī)。2.設(shè)備進(jìn)場：靜壓樁機(jī)從異地拆散后用運營車運到施工現(xiàn)場，在現(xiàn)場進(jìn)行安裝調(diào)試。進(jìn)場日期根據(jù)甲方要求確定。3.設(shè)備調(diào)試：靜壓樁機(jī)進(jìn)場安裝后，對油路、線路進(jìn)行調(diào)試。調(diào)試后檢查抱樁器，施工前必須先吊起一根樁測試抱樁器對樁身是否有損壞。4.設(shè)備調(diào)試完畢后，挪移到施工區(qū)域附近等待施工。（2）材料進(jìn)場1.材料的擺放：預(yù)制樁進(jìn)場后擺放在枕木或其它物體上，不能直接擺放在地面。注意擺放平整性，保持樁身的完整。預(yù)制樁應(yīng)擺放在便于施工運輸?shù)膮^(qū)域內(nèi)。2.材料的檢查：預(yù)制樁擺放平整后，對樁身的完整性進(jìn)行檢查，用鋼尺測量長度，觀察樁的外觀。3.材料的吊放：起吊預(yù)制樁時注意吊點，防止起吊過程中對樁身的損害。（3）樁位放線1.樁位放線依據(jù)：建設(shè)單位提供的放線依據(jù)和設(shè)計圖紙要求。2.樁位放線：依據(jù)放線依據(jù)采用經(jīng)緯儀、鋼尺，以通視測量法放出軸線、樁位，確保軸線、樁位的位置準(zhǔn)確。3.樁位檢測：放出樁位后，填寫放線記錄與技術(shù)復(fù)核，報請總包、監(jiān)理驗收，驗收通過后，準(zhǔn)備開始施工。4．樁位復(fù)測：施工期間對樁位定期復(fù)測，如發(fā)現(xiàn)問題會同有關(guān)人員及時處理解決。（4）壓施過程1.預(yù)制樁的起吊：在吊放預(yù)制樁前進(jìn)行垂直校正。預(yù)制樁在起吊、運輸和安裝中應(yīng)采取措施防止變形，起吊點應(yīng)設(shè)在合理部位。2.預(yù)制樁的對位：吊放時應(yīng)對準(zhǔn)樁位輕放、慢放、嚴(yán)禁高起猛落，強(qiáng)行下放，防止傾斜、彎折或碰撞。對位時下面指揮人員要與操作人員及時溝通，對位要準(zhǔn)確無誤。對位后經(jīng)總包、監(jiān)理驗收后開始壓樁。3．預(yù)制樁水準(zhǔn)的控制：利用水準(zhǔn)儀根據(jù)建設(shè)方提供水準(zhǔn)點在送樁器上作好標(biāo)志，每挪動一次水準(zhǔn)儀必須重新做標(biāo)志。壓施過程中有專人盯水準(zhǔn)儀，控制送樁深度。4．預(yù)制樁垂直度的控制：壓施過程中有專人利用經(jīng)緯儀或線墜控制預(yù)制樁的垂直度，隨時注意調(diào)整。5.壓樁時，應(yīng)始終保持樁軸心受壓，若有偏移應(yīng)立即糾正。6.接樁應(yīng)保證上下節(jié)樁軸線一致。7.施工中，若壓阻力超過壓樁能力使樁架上抬或傾斜時，應(yīng)立即停壓，查明原因，有可能樁尖遇到厚砂層等使阻力增大。發(fā)生這種情況時，可以用最大壓樁力作用于樁頂，采用忽停忽開的辦法，使樁緩慢下沉，穿過砂層。8．靜壓樁機(jī)的挪位：壓施后靜壓機(jī)挪位時防止樁位變形，及時對樁位進(jìn)行復(fù)測。4、靜壓樁的沉樁機(jī)理：靜壓樁沉樁機(jī)理沉樁施工時，樁尖“刺入”土體中時原狀土的初應(yīng)力狀態(tài)受到破壞，造成樁尖下土體的壓縮變形，土體對樁尖產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)阻力，隨著樁貫入壓力的增大，當(dāng)樁尖處土體所受應(yīng)力超過其抗剪強(qiáng)度時，土體發(fā)生急劇變形而達(dá)到極限破壞，土體產(chǎn)生塑性流動（粘性土）或擠密側(cè)移和下拖（砂土），在地表處，粘性土體會向上隆起，砂性土則會被拖帶下沉。在地面深處由于上覆土層的壓力,土體主要向樁周水平方向擠開，使貼近樁周處土體結(jié)構(gòu)完全破壞。由于較大的輻射向壓力的作用也使鄰近樁周處土體受到較大擾動影響，此時，樁身必然會受到土體的強(qiáng)大法向抗力所引起的樁周摩阻力和樁尖阻力的抵抗，當(dāng)樁頂?shù)撵o壓力大于沉樁時的這些抵抗阻力，樁將繼續(xù)“刺入”下沉。反之，則停止下沉。5、靜壓樁注意事項近幾年來，預(yù)應(yīng)力管樁由于其具有施工工期短、單位承載力及造價較低等優(yōu)點，在粵東地區(qū)得到了迅猛發(fā)展及推廣應(yīng)用。同時由于錘擊法施工在環(huán)保等方面的缺點日益突出，故而靜壓法施工越來越普遍，由此而引發(fā)的許多關(guān)于靜壓管樁的質(zhì)量安全技術(shù)問題也倍受人們的關(guān)注。（1）靜壓管樁的優(yōu)缺點靜壓法施工是通過靜力壓樁機(jī)的壓樁機(jī)構(gòu)自重和樁架上的配重作反力將預(yù)制樁壓人土中的一種成樁工藝。下面簡要談?wù)勵A(yù)應(yīng)力管樁中靜壓法施工有哪些優(yōu)缺點。1．主要優(yōu)點(1)低噪聲、無振動、無污染，可以24小時連續(xù)施工，縮短建設(shè)工期，創(chuàng)造時間效益，從而降低工程造價；(2)施工速度很快，同時場地整潔、施工文明程度高；(3)由于送樁器與工程樁樁頭的接觸面吻合較好，送樁器在送樁過程中不會左右晃動和上下跳動，因而可以送樁較深，基礎(chǔ)開挖后的截去量少；(4)施工中由于壓樁引起的應(yīng)力較小，且樁身在施工過程中不會出現(xiàn)拉應(yīng)力，樁頭一般都完好無損，復(fù)壓較為容易。2．主要缺點(1)仍然具有擠土效應(yīng)，對周圍建筑環(huán)境及地下管線有一定的影響，要求邊樁中心到相鄰建筑物的間距較大；(2)施工場地的地耐力要求較高，在新填土、淤泥土及積水浸泡過的場地施工易陷機(jī)；(3)過大的壓樁力(夾持力)易將管樁樁身夾破夾碎，或使管樁出現(xiàn)縱向裂縫；(4)不宜在地下障礙物或孤石較多的場地施工。6、結(jié)語雖然目前靜壓管樁工程實踐經(jīng)驗尚不夠豐富，但隨著靜壓管樁技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用和發(fā)展，以及人們對靜壓管樁的理論研究和工程實踐經(jīng)驗的不斷積累，相信靜壓管樁技術(shù)應(yīng)用水平將會不斷地得到提高。原文：StaticpressurepileOverviewConstructionmethodofstaticpressurepileisthepilepressingmechanismthroughthestaticpilepressingmachinewithpressurebalancepilemachineweightandtheframewithforceandpiletechnologyofpilesoil,thepilepressingmethodcompletelyavoidsthevibration,noiseandpollutioncausedbypiledrivinghammer,soconstructionhastheadvantagesofnonoise,novibration,noimpact,nopollutionetc..Hydraulicstaticpiletosoilcompactionpile.Pileispressedintothecrowdingoutofthesurroundingsoilprocess,makethefoundationofthelateralstressincrease,resultinginincreasedsoildensity.Thesqueezingeffectdependsonthecrosssectionofthepilegeometryandpressureofpile.Ingeneral,thefoundationsoilbystaticpressurepiletechnologywithhighwatercontent,poreisrelativelylarge,thepileunderverticalstaticloadofpiletipsoil,directlytoproducepunchingshearfailure,accompaniedbyorfirstdirectshearalongthepileofsoildamage,thusalsoproducesexcessporewaterpressure,disturbancetothesoilstructure,makethepileshearstrengthdecreasedbyaboutonetimesthediameterofpilesoil,serioussoftening(clay)orthickening(silt,sand),appearremodelingsoil,whichcancontinuouslybefoundationsoilpileintothedeep.StaticpressurepilemethodintheearlynineteensixtiesinShanghaibegantoresearchandapplication,tothenineteeneighties,alongwiththefurtherpromotionandenhancethedevelopmentofpilingmachineryandenvironmentalprotectionconsciousness,tonineteenninties,pilingmachineseries,whichcanbepressedprecastpile,alsocanbepressureprestressedpipepile,getwidelyusedinmanycityinthecountryatpresent.1,Thestaticpressurepile.Thefullnameofanchorstaticpressurepile:apilefoundation,themethodistheuseofhydraulicstaticpiledriver,principleandhammerhittheopposite,themainadvantageisthatthereisnonoise.2,TheconstructioncharacteristicsofstaticpressurepileStaticpressurepilemethodconstructionofnonoise,novibration,noimpactforce,theconstructionstress.Canreducetheinfluenceofpilingvibrationonthegroundandtheadjacentbuildings,thepiletopisnoteasytodamage,noteasytogenerateeccentric,pilematerialsavingandreducetheengineeringcost,andcaninthepilingconstructionindeterminationofsinkingpileresistance,providingthedesignparameters,construction,bearingcapacitypredictionandverificationofpile.Staticpressurepilemachinehastwokindsofmechanicalandhydraulic.(1)MechanicalstaticpressurepileMechanicalstaticpressurepilemachineistheuseofsteelpileframeandtheweightoftheauxiliaryequipment,configuration,throughthetractionwinch,consistsofawireropepulleyandbeamthepilepressingmachineweighttothepiletop,thepilesectionbysectionarepressedintosoil,pileframegenerallyhigh16~20m,staticpressure400~800KN.Jointbyweldingorsulfurmortaranchorconnection.Pile,towedbyawinch,thepilepressingframeinthefirstquarter,hangingpiletopileposition,pilebypileframeisfixed,thelowerendofthepulleyclamping,startthewinch,thepilesoiltostickingoutofthegroundabout2m,andthenthesecondsectionpileup,bendingisalittlepilesplicingrequirementsin1%,andthencontinuetopress,repeatthisoperationuntilallthepilesegmentarepressedintosoil.(2)ThehydraulicstaticpressurepileHydraulicstaticpressurepilemachineconsistsofapilepressingmechanism,arunningmechanismandaliftingmechanismthreeparts.Pile,firstwiththeliftingmechanismofthepileishungintothepilemachineparts,pilethepileheadclampinghydraulicclamp,useapilepressingoilcylinderpushesthepileintothesoil,thenreturnagainontheseconddayhangingpile,withsulfurplasterpilesplicing,continuetopress,operationisrepeateduntilallpilesoilpressure.Thenstartwalkingmechanism,movetothenextpiletopile.Staticpressureofhydraulicstaticpressurepiledriverfor800~1600KN.3,Thestaticpressurepileconstructionmethod(1)Mechanicalequipmentapproach1Theequipmentselection:accordingtotheconstructionofpiletypeandcapacitydesignrequirementstoselecttheappropriateTonnageStaticPressurePilemachine.600Tstaticpressurepilemachineselectionoftheproject.2Equipmentapproach:thestaticpressurepilemachineapartfromdifferentaftertheoperationofthecaristransportedtotheconstructionsite,installationandcommissioningonsite.EntrydateisdeterminedaccordingtotherequirementsofPartyA.3Theequipmentdebugging:staticpilepressenterafterinstallation,debuggingofcircuit,circuit.Afterdebuggingcheckskirtpilegripper,mustfirstliftapiletestingpileembracingdevicedamageofpilebodyisbeforeconstruction.4Equipmentcommissioningiscompleted,totheconstructionareanearbyandwaitfortheconstruction.(2)ThematerialapproachPut1Materials:PrecastPilesinplacedinthesleeperorotherobjects,cannotbedirectlyplacedintheground.Payattentiontothedisplaysmoothness,maintaintheintegrityofpile.Precastpileshouldbeplacedintheconvenienttransportationarea.2Materialinspection:PrecastPilesplacedflat,checktheintegrityofthepilebody,withtherulertomeasurethelengthofpile,theappearanceof.3Material:theliftingprefabricatedpilewhentheattentionofhangingpoints,topreventdamagetothepilebodyliftingprocess.(3)Pilepositionline1Pilepositionlinebasis:constructionunitsinthedischargelinebasisandtherequirementsofdesigndrawings.2Pilepositionline:accordingtothetheodolite,therulerlinebasis,withvisibilitymeasurementreleaseaxis,pilespacing,pileaxis,toensurethepositionaccuracy.3Piledetection:releasepile,filllinerecordsandtechnicalreview,submittedtothecontractor,supervisionandacceptance,acceptanceby,readytostartconstruction.4Pilerepetitionmeasurement:duringtheconstructionofpileregularretest,iffoundinconjunctionwiththerelevantpersonneltosolve.(4)PressureprocessLifting1precastpile:verticalcorrectioninprecastpilebeforedipping.Precastpileinhoisting,transportationandinstallationofmeasuresshouldbetakentopreventdeformation,liftingpointsshallbearrangedintheproperposition.Para2precastpile:dippingwiththequasipilewithcare,slowdown,nohighdrop-from-meng,forceddecentralization,preventtilting,bendingorcollision.Thefollowingcommandpersonnelpositioningtocommunicatewiththeoperator,counterpointtoaccurate.Paraafterpackage,supervisionandacceptanceafterthestartofpile.3Prefabricatedcontrolpilelevel:thelevelinstrumentaccordingtotheconstructionofpartyprovidesthebenchmarkforsignsinthepilefeeder,everymovealevelmustbetosign.Pressureinthecourseoftheapplicationisatlevel,tocontrolthedepthofpile.Controlof4precastpileverticality:pressureinthecourseoftheapplicationisusingthetheodoliteorlinedropcontroltheverticalityofprecastpile,keepadjusting.5Pile,shouldalwayskeepthepileaxialcompression,ifanydeviationshouldbecorrectedimmediately.6Pilesplicingshallensurethattheupperandlowersectionsofthepileaxisconsistency.7Theconstruction,ifthepressureexceedsthepressurepiletopileframeliftortilt,shouldimmediatelystopthepressure,tofindoutthereason,islikelytoencounterthicksandpiletipresistanceincreases.Whenthisoccurs,youcanusethemaximumpilepressingforceactingonthepiletop,thesuddenlystoporopenway,makethepilesinkingslowly,throughthesand.8Staticpressurepilemachinemoved:preventthepiledeformationpressureappliedstaticpressmoved,timelytopileretest.4,Pilesinkingmechanismofstaticpressurepile:Staticpressurepilesinkingmechanismofpileconstruction,piletip"stab"soilinundisturbedsoilinitialstressstateisdestroyed,causethecompressivedeformationofsoilunderthepiletipsoilonthepiletip,correspondingwiththeincreaseofpilepenetrationresistance,pressure,whenthetipofthepileisstressedbeyonditstheshearstrengthofsoil,sharpdeformationandultimatefailure,theplasticflowofsoil(clay)orcompactionsideshiftanddrag(sand),onthesurface,thesoilwillbeupward,sandysoilwillbetoweddown.Duginthegroundbecauseofoverburdenpressure,soilaroundpilemainlytothehorizontaldirectionoutoftheway,soclosetothepilesoilstructuredestroyedat.Becauseofthegreaterradiationtotheadjacentsoilpressureatthepileunderlargerdisturbance,atthistime,tipresistanceofpilefrictionandthepilepowerfulpilemustbeaffectedbythesoiltotheresistancecausedbytheresistanceofpiletop,whenthestaticpressureisgreaterthanthepiledrivingtheseresistance,pilewillcontinueto"stab"sinking.Onthecontrary,itstoppedsinking.5,ThestaticpressurepilenoteInrecentyears,prestressedpipepileduetoitsshortconstructionperiod,theunitcapacityandlowcostadvantages,hasbeentherapiddevelopmentandapplicationintheeasternregion.Atthesametimeasthehammeringmethodinconstructionofenvironmentalprotectionandotheraspectsoftheshortcomingshavebecomeincreasinglyprominent,sothestaticpressuremethodconstructionisbecomingmoreandmorecommon,whichcausedmanyofthestaticqualitysecurityproblemshaveattractedmuchattention.(1)TheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofstaticpressurepileThestaticpressuremethodconstructionisthroughthestaticpilepressingmachinepressurepilebodyweightandonthepileframematchesredoesthereactionwillbeapileofprecastpilepressureprocessinsoil.Abrieftalkabouttheprestressedpipepileinthestaticpressuremethodconstructionofwhataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesof.1Majoradvantages(1)Lownoise,novibration,nopollution,canbe24hoursofcontinuousconstruction,shortentheconstructionperiod,thecreationofthetimeefficiency,th