《基礎(chǔ)英語》Book 3 Unit 6電子教案

UnitSix

I.Objective

令Tolearnhowtoorganizeanargumentativepieceofwritinganddevelopideas;

令Tolistentoandreadsomematerialsaboutreadingsoastolearnsomeusefulwordsand

expressionsrelated.

II.TeachingEmphasis:

1.ThecomprehensionandappreciationofTextI;

2.Newwordsandexpressions:

shelter,endupwith,engross,browsing,retire,indulgent,beckon,telloff,tuck,discreet,

poverty-stricken,anosefor,persevere,flick

III.TeachingProcedures:(7hours)

Lead-in

1.MovieClip

2.Quotes

1.MovieClip

Watchthemovieclipandanswerthefollowingquestions.

1.Whataresomanygirlsqueuingupfor?

Theyarequeuingtogelintothebrandsaleforbargains.

2.WhydidthegirlstrugglewhenshefoundthePucciboots?

Becausesheknewshedidn'tneedit,butshecouldn'tresistthetemptationofitslowprice.

Discussion:

Somepeoplehavethesameshoppingexperienceasthegirlinthemovieclip.Whatsuggestions

willyougivethemtogetridoftheirimpulsivebuyingbehaviour?Thisisanopenquestion.

Script

(TheyhaveGuccihalfoff,CalvinKleinhalfoff!You'llgetyourturn,justbepatient.)

-AteverypointIwillask,“DoIneedthis?”

-There'sanotherentrancethisway!

-Well,thesecashmereglovesIneedasitiswinterandIhave...hands.Sothat'sall.THbuythese

andthesealone.

-Nowwalkaway,strongandfrugal.Oh,myGod!Pucciboots.Fifty-percentoff?DoIneedthese?

DoIneedthese?DoIneedthese?No.

-Jeannie,Pucciboots!

-Uh,oh,I'msosorry.Ihad'emfirst.

-Butyouputthemdown.

-No,IknowIdid,butIsaw'emfirst,soI'mgonnatake'em.

-Thenyoutookyourhandsoffthem.

-Givemetheboots,andnoonegetshurt!

-Givemetheboots.

-Givemetheboots!Look!There'sasaleonBurberry!

-That'stheoldesttrickinthebook!

-Give'em!

-Don'tyoutellme...

-Givemetheboots!

-1waitedinlineallmorningforthis!

-Yourstorecardislikea50percent-offcashmerecoat.Thefirsttimeyoumeet,itpromisestobe

yourbestfriend.Untilyoulookcloselyandrealizeifsnotrealcashmere.

2.Quotes

Readthefollowingquotesandtellyourclassmateswhichoneisyourfavorite.Stateyour

reasons.

Readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.

—FrancisBacon

Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.

—FrancisBacon

Booksaretomankindwhatmemoryistotheindividual.

—JohnLubbock

Peopledie,butbooksneverdie.Nomanandnoforcecanabolishmemory.

——FranklinRoosevelt

Booksarethequietestandmostconstantoffriends;theyarethemostaccessibleandwisestof

counselors;andthemostpatientofteachers.

—C.W.Eliot

Ifwellused,booksarethebestofallthings;ifabused,amongtheworst.

—R.W.Emerson

Thereadingofallgoodbooksislikeaconversationwiththefinestmenofpastcenturies.

——ReneDescartes

Readingisnotmerelysympathizingandunderstanding;itisalsocriticizingandjudging.

—VirginiaWoolf

ListeningInandSpeakingOut

1.Notes

2.Listening

3.SpeakingPractice

1.Notes

1.Internetmarketing—alsoknownasdigitalmarketing,webmarketing,onlinemarketing,or

e-marketing,isthemarketingofproductsorservicesovertheInternet.Itisconsideredtobe

broadinscopebecauseitnotonlyreferstomarketingontheInternet,butalsoincludes

marketingdoneviae-mailandwirelessmedia.

2.comics—agraphicmediuminwhichimagesconveyasequentialnaiTative

3.dissertation-atreatiseadvancinganewpointofviewresultingfromresearch,usuallya

requirementforanadvancedacademicdegree

4.caterto—provideallthethingsthatareneededorwanted

5.collectible-worthcollecting

6.ISBN-TheInternationalStandardBookNumber(ISBN)isauniquenumericcommercial

bookidentifierdevelopedbytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO).Since1

January,2007,ISBNshavecontained13digits.

7.auction—Anauctionisaprocessofbuyingandsellinggoodsorservicesbyofferingthem

upforbid,takingbids,andthensellingtheitemtothehighestbidder.

2.Listening

Listentotherecordingandanswerthefollowingquestions.

1.Whydopeopleregardbooksasoneofthebestthingsthattheycanpossessorgifttotheir

lovedones?

Becauseeveryperson,fromasmallchildtoanoldadult,findsafriendinbooks.

2.Dopeoplegetmuchopportunitytospendtimeinbookstoreslately?Whyorwhynot?

No,becausepeopletodayhavebusyschedulelifestyles.

3.Whattypesofbookscanpeoplebuyfromonlinebookstores?

Peoplecanbuyalltypesofbooksfromonlinebookstores,fromfictiontonon-fiction,fromcomics

toaward-winningworks.

4.Howistheexperienceofbuyingbooksonline?Why?

Buyingbooksonlineisafunandchallengingexperiencebecausetherearetoomanyonline

bookstorestochoosefromwithtoomanybooks.

5.Doalltheonlinebookstoressharethesamecharacters?Ifnot,whataretheirdifferences?

No.Theysellbooksofdifferentcategoriesandcatertodifferentpeoplewithdifferentneedsand

interests.

6.Whataretheadvantagesofonlinebookstoresthattraditionalbookstoresdonotpossess?

Onlinebookstoresmakebuyingbooksconvenientandhelptheircustomerstosavemoneyand

time.

Script

TheBenefitsofBuyingBooksOnline

Booksareoneofthebestthingsthatyoucanpossessorgifttoyourlovedones.Fromasmall

childtoanoldadult,everypersonfindsafriendinbooks.Butlately,duetobusyschedule

lifestyles,weoftendonotgetmuchopportunitytospendtimeinbookstores.However,withthe

trendtowardsInternetmarketing,thingshavebecomesimple.Now,justbyloggingontothe

Internet,youcancomeacrossamultitudeofonlinebookstoreswhichofferagoodcollectionof

books.Fromfictiontonon-fiction,fromcomicstoaward-winningworks,thereareplentyof

choicestobeseenwhenmakingavisittotheonlinebookshop.

Buyingbooksonlineisafunandchallengingexperience.Therearehundredsifnot

thousandsofonlinebookstorestochoosefromwithhundredstohundredsofthousandsoftitles,

andwiththeadventofsearchengines,anykindofused,neworrarebookscanbefound.

Ifoneonlinebookstoredoesnothavewhatyouwant,thenyouwillbesuretofindanother

onlinebookstorethatdoes.Forexample,ifyouareinterestedinbuyingtextbooksorreference

booksforyourdissertationonline,youwillfindwebsitesthatarecollegestudentoriented,

sponsoredbyuniversitiesandcollegesacrosstheUnitedStates.Ifyou'reinterestedinusedbooks,

youwillalsofindonlinebookstoresthatspecializeinusedanddiscountedbooks.Online

bookstorescatertotheneedsofindividualswhoneeditemsshippedtothemforconvenience.

Carryingsuchvastnumbersoftitles,onlinebookstoreslisttheirbooksconvenientlyby

category.Sosomeofthebookcategoriesyoumayfindare:Biography,Comics/GraphicNovels,

Children'sBooks,Horror,Crime/Thriller/Mystery,Fiction,andalotmore.Youmayalsofind

collectible,antique,andrarebooks,CDsandaudiocassettes,photography,artandmanyother

categoriesaswell.Onlinebookstoresmakesearchingforspecificauthors,titlesorISBNnumbers

easybyallowingyoutotypeinthatauthor,titleorISBNnumberinasearchbartofindwhat

you'relookingfor.Onlinebookstoresalsohavecustomerservicebyphonelineoronlineformif

youhavetroublefindingwhatyou'relookingfor.

Buyingbooksonlinealsogivesyoutheoptiontopurchasebooksthroughauctionwebsites,

whichcandiscountthecostsdramatically.Mostbooksellersbelieveinsatisfactionguaranteesin

ordertocoveranyaccidentallydamagedbooks.Theymayalsohavetheirowncompanypolicies

onexchangesandreturns.Manytimesyoucanfindthattheircustomerserviceisonlyamouse

clickaway.Thisjustenhancesthefactthatbuyingyourbooksonlinewillnotonlysaveyou

moneybutalsotime.

3.SpeakingPractice

1.Giveanoralpresentationonthesummaryofthemainpointsofthelisteningpassage.

Foryourreference

Thekeypoints:

-theappearanceofonlinebookstores

-theexperienceofbuyingbooksonline

-differenceamongonlinebookstores

-advantagesofbuyingbooksonline

2.Discussandcommentontheeffectivenessofeachother'soralpresentation.

3.Workinpairsandtaketurnstoaskandgiveanswersaboutthefollowingtopics:

a.Doyoulikebuyingbooksonline?Whyorwhynot?

b.Whichdoyouprefer,tobuybooksonlineortobuybooksinarealbookstore?Why?

c.Pleaserecommendanonlinebookshoptoyourclassmates.Stateasmanyreasonsas

possibleforyourrecommendation.

Text

1.TextI

(1)Pre-ReadingQuestions

(2)GeneralReading

(3)Background

(4)Text

(5)CommentsontheText

(6)Exercises

2.TextII

TextI

1.Pre-ReadingQuestions

Beforeyoureadthetext,thinkaboutthetitleandtickoffthestatementswhichyouthinkare

likelytotellthecontentofthetext.

1.Doyoulikevisitingbookshops?

2.Whatisusuallyyourpurposeinvisitingabookshop,tobuybooksorjusttobrowseamong

them?

3.Whichdoyouprefertovisit,abookshopwithopenshelvesoronewithclosedshelves?

4.Canyoubrowsethroughbooksifthebookshophasclosedshelves?

5.Whathelpdoyouwanttogetfromabookshopassistant?

2.GeneralReading

Gooverthetextrapidlyandpickoutthewordsorthesentenceineachparagraphwhich

bestsumsupthemainideaoftheparagraph.

Para.1—thefirstsentence

Para.2-thefirstsentence

Para.3—thefirstsentence

Para.4-thefirstsentence

3.Background

1.dust-jacket

Thedust-jacket(sometimesbookjacket,dustwrapperordustcover)ofabookisthedetachable

outercover,usuallymadeofpaperandprintedwithtextandillustrations.Thisoutercoverhas

foldedflapsthatholdittothefrontandbackbookcovers.

2.brass-rubbing

BrassrubbingwasoriginallyalargelyBritishenthusiasmforreproducingontopapermonumental

brasses—commemorativebrassplaquesfoundinchurches,usuallyoriginallyonthefloor,from

betweenthe13thand16thcenturies.Brassrubbingsarecreatedbylayingasheetofpaperontop

ofabrassandrubbingthepaperwithgraphite,wax,orchalk,aprocesssimilartorubbingapencil

overapieceofpaperplacedontopofacoin.

4.Text

OnBuyingBooks

Timespentinabookshopcanbemostenjoyable,whetheryouareabook-loverormerely

theretobuyabookasapresent.Youmayevenhaveenteredtheshopjusttofindshelterfroma

suddenshower.Whateverthereason,youcansoonbecometotallyunawareofyoursurroundings.

Thedesiretopickupabookwithanattractivedust-jacketisirresistible,althoughthismethodof

selectionoughtnottobefollowed,asyoumightendupwitharatherdullbook.Yousoonbecome

engrossedinsomebookorother,andusuallyitisonlymuchlaterthatyourealizeyouhavespent

fartoomuchlimethereandmustdashofftokeepsomeforgottenappointment—withoutbuying

abook,ofcourse.

Thisopportunitytoescapetherealitiesofeverydaylifeis,Ithink,themainattractionofa

bookshop.Therearenotmanyplaceswhereitispossibletodothis.Amusicshopisverymuch

likeabookshop.Youcanwanderroundsuchplacestoyourheart'scontent.Ifitisagoodshop,no

assistantwillapproachyouwiththeinevitablegreeting:"CanIhelpyou,sir?”Youneedn'tbuy

anythingyoudon'twant.Inabookshopanassistantshouldremaininthebackgrounduntilyou

havefinishedbrowsing.Then,andonlythen,arehisservicesnecessary.Ofcourse,youmaywant

tofindoutwhereaparticularsectionis,butwhenhehasledyouthere,theassistantshouldretire

discreetlyandlookasifheisnotinterestedinsellingasinglebook.

Youhavetobecarefulnottobeattractedbythevarietyofbooksinabookshop.Itisvery

easytoentertheshoplookingforabookon,say,ancientcoinsandtocomeoutcarryingacopyof

thelatestbest-sellingnovelandperhapsabookaboutbrass-rubbing—somethingwhichhadonly

vaguelyinterestedyouuptillthen.Thisvolumeonthesubject,however,happenedtobesowell

illustratedandthepartofthetextyoureadprovedsointeresting,thatyoujusthadtobuyit.This

sortofthingcanbeverydangerous.Apartfromrunningupahugeaccount,youcanwasteagreat

dealoftimewanderingfromsectiontosection.

Book-sellersmustbebothlong-sufferingandindulgent.Thereisastorywhichwell

illustratesthis.Amedicalstudenthadtoreadatext-bookwhichwasfartooexpensiveforhimto

buy.Hecouldn'tobtainitfromthelibraryandtheonlycopyhecouldfindwasinhisbookshop.

Everyafternoon,therefore,hewouldgoalongtotheshopandreadalittleofthebookatatime.

Oneday,however,hewasdismayedtofindthebookmissingfromitsusualplaceandwasabout

toleavewhenhenoticedtheowneroftheshopbeckoningtohim.Expectingtobetoldoff,he

wenttowardshim.Tohissurprise,theownerpointedtothebook,whichwastuckedawayina

comer,“Iputitthereincaseanyonewastemptedtobuyit,“hesaid,andleftthedelightedstudent

tocontinuehisreading.

ByRobertBest(slightlyaltered)

Wordsandphrases:

(1)shelter:n.[uncountable]protectionfromdangerorfromwind,rain,hotsun,etc.

e.g.Theystoodundertheshelterofahugetreewhenitpouredwithrainlastnight.

Provisionofshelterwastheirmainconcernforthedisastervictims.

(2)unaware:a.notnoticingorrealizingwhatishappening

e.g.Shewascompletelyunawareoftherebeinganythingextraordinary.

Mikeseemsunawareofthetroublehe'scausing.

(3)surroundings:n.[plural]theobjects,buildings,naturalthings,etc.thatarearoundapersonor

thingataparticulartime

e.g.Thepolicemanswitchedonthelightandexaminedhissurroundings.

Theprotectivecolorofsomeplantsandanimalschangeswiththeirsurroundings.

(4)irresistible:a.soattractiveanddesirablethatonecannotpreventhimselffromwantingit;too

strongorpowerfultobestoppedorprevented

e.g.Thestrivingforpeaceandcooperation,andthepromotionofdevelopmenthavebecome

irresistiblehistoricaltrends.

Boththepresentationandvarietyofgoodsforsalemakeshoppingirresistible.

(5)endupwith:finishwiththepossessionofsomeoneorsomethingorinthecompanyof

someoneorsomething

e.g.Weendupwithnothingafteralltheseyears,andthafsyourfault.

IthoughtmydatewaswithSally,butIendedupwithhertwinsister.

(6)engrossed:a.givingormarkedbycompleteattentionto

e.g.Myfatherwasdeeplyengrossedinthebookforthewholenight.

Studentstendtoneglectschoolworkoncetheygetengrossedinactivitiesasonline

gaming.

(7)dash:ugoorrunsomewhereveryquickly

e.g.Imustdashupstairsandrunacombthroughmyhairsincethepartyistobeginvery

soon.

Thesecretarydashedintoheroffice,grabbedherbag,andranoutagain.

(8)wander:v.walkslowlyacrossoraroundanarea,usuallywithoutacleardirectionorpurpose

e.g.Thosewhodonothaverelativestoreturntoarelefttowanderthestreetsandsleep

rough.

Hetoldusthatwecouldwanderaroundatwill.

(9)toone'sheart'scontent:asmuchasonelikesorwants,toone'sentiresatisfactionandwithout

limitation

e.g.Shetookrefugeinthelibrary,whereshecouldreadtoherhearfscontent.

Sincewedidn'thavetoputonafalsefront,wecouldlaughabouttheincidenttoour

heart'scontent.

(10)approach:v.movetowardsornearerto,getcloserto

e.g.Youmustapproachthebirdveryquietlyoritwillflyaway.

Aspeopleapproacholdage,theirenergiesmaydiminish.

(11)inevitable:a.certaintohappenandimpossibletoavoid

e.g.Borrowingwordisaninevitablelinguisticphenomenonincommunicationbetween

differentcultures.

Stressisinevitableandnoonecaneverbestress-free.

(12)remain:v.stayinthesameplacewithoutmovingaway

e.g.Toeveryone'sgreatsurprise,suchahealthypersonshouldremaininthehospitalfora

solidmonth.

Thesoldierswereinstructedtoremainwheretheywere.

(13)browse:v.lookthroughthepagesofabook,magazine,etc.withoutaparticularpurpose,just

lookingatthemostinterestingparts

e.g.Whydon'tyousitdownatthattableandbrowsethroughthepaper?

Peoplecanbrowsetheclassifiedadvertisementsinthenewspaperforsome

information.

(14)section:n.oneofthepartsthatsomethingsuchasanobjectorplaceisdividedinto

e.g.Thissectionofthemarkethasslowlydeclinedinimportance.

Youwillfindthatbookinthehistoricalsectionofthelibrary.

(15)retire:v.goawaytoaquietplace

e.g.EisenhowerlefttheWhiteHouseandretiredtohisfarminGettysburg.

Nowadaysmoreandmorepeopleretiretothecountry,wheretheycanenjoypeaceand

freshair.

(16)discreetly:ad.doingorsayinginapoliteandcarefulwaytoavoidembarrassingoroffending

someone

e.g.Itookthephone,andshewentdiscreetlyintothelivingroom.

Theywereallproudstudents,sotheteacherdiditdiscreetly.

(17)variety:n.thingsofthesametypethataredifferentfromeachotherinsomeway

e.g.Theguestsfromtheneighbourhoodareamazedbythevarietyofplantsintheregion.

Manhadachievedaremarkableunderstandingofawidevarietyofnaturalphenomena.

(18)vaguely:ad.notclearlyorexactly

e.g.Thenamesoundedvaguelyfamiliartoher.

Hewondereduneasilywhatitmeant,andbegantofeelvaguelyapprehensive.

(19)illustrate:v.makethemeaningofsomethingclearerbygivingexamples

e.g.Letmegiveanexampletoillustratethepoint.

Icancitequiteafewinstancestoillustrate.

(20)apartfrom:exceptfor

e.g.Apartfromafewwords,heknowsnothingaboutChinese.

Apartfromthelittleinfectionhehadcaughtinhishometown,hishealthwassound.

(21)indulgent:a.willingtoallowsomeone,especiallyachild,todoorhavewhatevertheywant,

evenifthisisnotgoodforthem

e.g.Weallthinkheistooindulgentwithhischildren.

Mr.GreenisindulgentofothersJshortcomings.

(22)obtain:v.getorachievewhatonewants,especiallythroughhisowneffort,skill,orwork

e.g.Youwillneedtoobtainpermissionfromtheprincipal.

Theperfectbodyhasalwaysbeendifficulttoobtain.

(23)dismayed:a.worried,disappointed,andupsetwhensomethingunpleasanthappens

e.g.Theyweredismayedthatthedemonstrationhadbeenallowedtotakeplace.

Hewasastonished,butbynomeansdismayed.

(24)beckon:v.makeasignaltosomeonewithyourhand,toshowthatyouwantthemtocome

towardsyouortofollowyou

e.g.Shebeckonedtohimandhewentintoheroffice.

Icouldseemyhusbandbeckoningme.

(25)tuck:uputsomethingintoasmallspace,especiallyinordertoprotect,hide,carry,orholdit

e.g.Hetooktheglassesoffandtuckedtheminhispocket.

Tuckabagofraisinsinyourpurseorbagforaneasysnack.

(26)tempt:v.attractandmakesb.wantsomething,eventhoughitmaybewrongorharmful

e.g.No由ingcantemptmetodosucha由ing.

Ishouldn'thaveletyoutemptmeintotalkingoftheolddays.

(27)delighted:a.verypleasedandhappy

e.g.Iamverydelightedtohearthenewsofyoursuccess.

Helookedatthehonestparents,withtheirdelightedchildrenlaughingandclapping

theirhands.

Notes

1.Youmayevenhaveenteredtheshopjusttofindshelterfromasuddenshower.

youmightendupwitharatherdullbook.

...youmaywanttofindoutwhereaparticularsectionis...

Mayisusedtoexpresspossibility

e.g.Theymaybesittinginapublichouse.

Buttheymaybeontheirwaytothetheatre.

Theymayneverhaveintendedtoturnupattheparly.

Theymightnothave,buttheysoundedsokeen.

Theymaynotcome.

Theymightnotcome,butIthinktheywill.

Endupwithorinsomething

getsomethingorgetintosomestateeventhoughonedidnotoriginallyintendtoget/getintoit

e.g.Hemeanttopaintaportraitforher,butheendedupwithonlyasketch.

Don'tloafawayyourtime,oryou'llendupinfailure.

2.Whateverthereason,youcansoonbecometotallyunawareofyoursurroundings.

Whatever—Itdoesn'tmatterwhat(ornomatterwhat);Idon'tcarewhat

Whateverthereason—Whateverthereasonitmaybe

e.g.Dowhatyouthinkisright,whatevertheymaysay.

Whateverthetime,1amtoowideawaketogotobedyet.

3....mustdashofftokeepsomeforgottenappointment...

Book-sellersmustbebothlong-stifferingandindulgent.

1)Mustintheabovesentencesexpressesobligation.

e.g.Theseticketsareusedones.Youmustpaythefullfare.

Ifyoudon'tpaythefine,Imustwritedownyournameandaddress.

2)Mustcanalsobeusedtoexpresslogicalprobability.

e.g.Peoplewhotravelfirstclasseverydaymusthecomfortablyoff.

Heisbothcompetentandwell-read.Hemustbeadmiredbyhisstudents.

3)Thepastformofmustinthismeaningismusthave+-edparticiple.

e.g.Thegroundiswet.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.

Shemusthaveworkedveryhard.Nowsheisoneofthetopstudentsinourclass.

4)Thenegativeformofmustinthismeaningisexpressedbycani.

e.g.Shemustbemistaken.Thatcan7betrue.

Hemustbeherbrother.Hecan'tbetheonlychild.

5)Thenegativeformofmusthave+-edparticipleisexpressedbycan'thave+-ed

participle.

e.g.Shecan?havelostherwaybecauseshehasamap.

Ican'thavesentthelettertothewrongaddress.Irememberwritingthecorrect

address.

Anappointmentisanarrangementforameetingatanagreedtimeand/orplace.Youmaymakean

appoint/neni(與人約會),keepanappointmentorbreakanappointment

long-suffering:patientinspiteofdifficulty有耐

indulgent:treatingpeoplewithspecialkindness寬容

4.andmustdashofftokeepsomeforgottenappointment...

...andleftthedelightedstudenttocontinuehisreading.

Throughcommonusage,some-ingand-edparticipleshavecometobeusedasregular

adjectives.Theyhaveallthecharacteristicsofadjectives,thustheycanbeusedattributivelyor

predicatively;theycanbemodifiedbyadverbslikevery,too,quite;theircomparativeisformed

byaddingmoreandtheirsuperlativebyaddingmost.

e.g.Hetoldusaveryamusingstory.

Henryisthemostpromisingstudentinourclass.

Heistootiredtofallasleepeasily.

Forestfiresareusuallycausedbysomebrokenglassandcigaretteends.

5.escapetherealitiesofeverydaylife

getawayfromwhathappenseveryday,bothpleasantandunpleasantexperiences

,,

Escape,whosebasicmeaningis“getfree5"keepfreemaybeusedinvarious

contexts.

e.g.Let'sgotoaquietcomertoescapethecrowd.

Thecanaryhasescapedfromitscage.

Jack'stelephonenumberescapesmeforthemoment(i.e.,Ican'trecallit).

6.Youneedn7buyanythingyoudon'twant.

1)needn?=don'thaveto,don'tneedto.Needn'Iexpressesabsenceofobligation.

e.g.Youneedn'tdothewholeexercisenow.Youcanfinishitathome.

Sheneednftwritetohimbecausehehasalreadyheardthenews.

2)Thepastformofneedn'tisdidn'tneedto.

e.g.TherewereplentyofemptyseatsonthebussoIdidn'tneedtostandalltheway.

Sinceshehelpedwiththeheavybag,Ididn'tneedtotakeataxi.

3)Thealternativepastformofdidn'tneedto=needn'thave+-edparticiple.Itisusedwhen

anactionhasbeenunnecessarilydone.

e.g.Youneedn\havedonethewashing-upalone.Iwouldhavehelpedyougladlyifyou

hadaskedmeto.

Theyneedn?havewaitedforusintherain.

7.Inabookshopanassistantshouldremaininthebackgrounduntilyouhavefinished

browsing.

Apartfromrunningupahugeaccount,youcanwasteagreatdealoftime...

Thewordsandphrasesinitalicsare-ingparticiplesusedasnounsornounphraseswith

whichyouarefamiliar.

Hereisasummaryoftheprincipalusesofthe-ingparticiplesusedasnounsandnoun

modifiers.

1)Asthesubjectofasentence

e.g.Hersingingdelightedtheaudience.

Smokingisnotallowedinthereading-room.

2)Asthecomplementofasentence

e.g.Theonlythingthatinterestsmeissinging.

Hisjobatthattimewassellingnewspapers.

3)Astheobjectofaverb

e.g.Irememberseeinghimsomewhere.

Haveyoufinishedbrowsing?

4)Astheobjectofapreposition

e.g.Hedashedofftokeepsomeforgottenappointmentwithoutbuyingabook.

Abook-sellershouldlookasifheisnotinterestedinsellingasinglehook.

5)Asanounmodifier

e.g.Theoldmanwithawalking-stickismyuncle.

Hestartedoffthenextmorningwithatravelling-baginonehandandapencil-thin

rolledblackumbrellaintheother.

Note