2023-2024學(xué)年上海交通大學(xué)附中高三上學(xué)期摸底考試英語試題（解析版）

上海交通大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)2023-2024學(xué)年度第一學(xué)期高三英語摸底試卷（滿分150分，120分鐘完成）第Ⅰ卷Ⅰ.ListeningComprehension(25’）SectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1．A．Sheearnedanaward.B．Shehelpedplantheawardceremony.C．Sheshouldworkmoreforthecommunity.D．Sheservedaschairpersonofthecommittee.2．A．Exchangethetickets.B．Takecareofhiscold.C．Watchthegameathome.D．Wearawarmercoattothegame.3．A．Shecollectspicturesofcars.B．Shelikesthedesignofthecar.C．Someonefamousisridinginthecar.D．Thecarisinfrontofsomethinginteresting.4．A．Shehearsanewpostofficehasjustopened.B．Shedoesn’tknowwherethepostofficeis.C．Shethinksthepostofficeisnearby.D．Shehasn’treceivedanymailyet.5．A．Gethisshowerfixed.B．Takeashoweratthegym.C．Findoutwhenthegymisopen.D．Movetoanotherbuilding.6．A．Deliverthepackageinperson.B．Pickupthepackageatthepostoffice.C．Asktohavethepackagedeliveredtohishome.D．Findouttheopeninghoursofthepostoffice.7．A．Sheisdifficulttofind.B．Sheisagooddoctor.C．Sheusedtobehisdoctor.D．Sheisfairlyold.8．A．Sheneedstobuyanewcoat.B．Hercoatissimilartotheman’s.C．Hersweaterisnotwarmenough.D．Themanshouldhavewornasweater.9．A．Ithasn’tbeengraded.B．Itreceivedalowgrade.C．Thecommitteeisdiscussingit.D．Thewomanhasn’tsubmittedit.10．A．HerecentlyspentamonthinChicago.B．TherearemanythingstodoinChicago.C．Chicagoisanexpensiveplacetohavefun.D．Heisalsogoingonthetripnextmonth.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassages,andyouwillbeaskedtoquestionsoneachofthepassages.Thepassageswillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11．A．Collectsecond-handbooks.B．Selloldbooks.C．Workinasupermarket.D．Readbooksinasupermarket.12．A．Ithadthewriter’snameonit.B．Itwaspartlydestroyed.C．Itusedtobelongtoher.D．Itwasmorevaluablethanthought.13．A．Hegaveittothewomanforfree.B．Heburntitintoashes.C．Hesignedhisownnameonit.D．Hewroteastoryaboutit.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingnews.14．A．Shoesmadeforoneparticularcustomer.B．Shoesthattakethreemonthstomake.C．Shoesdesignedbysomefamouscompanies.D．Shoesthathavebeenpopularforacentury.15．A．Theyarebeginningtomakewomen’sshoes.B．Theyareincreasinginnumber.C．Theyareold-fashioned.D．Theyarelargeenough.16．A．Theybringwearersagreatfortune.B．They,togetherwiththewearers,areunique.C．Thewearersliveinthesamewayas100yearsago.D．Thewearerslikethingsthatcanlast.SectionCDirections:InSectionC,youwillhearalongerconversation.Theconversationwillbereadtwice.Afteryouheartheconversation,youarerequiredtoanswerthefollowingquestions.17．A．Back-updevicesforelectricityfailure.B．Thenecessityofelectricityindailylife.C．Tipsforasafeelectricitysupply.D．Electricitysupplyonaero-planes.18．A．20percent.B．13percent.C．5percent.D．3percent.19．A．Itmustbereliableandsuppliedataconstantspeed.B．Itmustbeabletorepairitselfincaseofanyfailure.C．Itmustvaryinrateaccordingtohowfastaplaneflies.D．Itmustbeequaltotheamountofelectricityconsumedby15homes.20．A．Chargeon-boardbatteries.B．Keepvitalsystemsworking.C．Deliver50kilowattsofpower.D．Provideon-boardpatientswithhelp.Ⅱ.GrammarandVocabularySectionAGrammar(A)Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.BehaviourcontractsforteenagersTheconflictbetweenyouandyoursonordaughterisaproblem,maybeit’stimeyouthoughtaboutsettingupa‘homerulescontract’.Thisisanideathat’sbeingusedmoreandmoreoften,especiallyinfamilieswithrebelliousteenagechildren.WeinterviewedDrAmyBarker,apsychologist,whoisinfavouroftheidea.Whatisahomerulescontract?DrBarker:It’saformalagreementabouttherulesofbehaviorthatteenagers____1____(expect)tofollowathome.Itshouldstateclearlywhattherulesare,whatprivilegestheteenswillgetiftheyobeytherulesandwhatpunishmentswillfollowiftheydon’t.Thecontractissignedbyeveryone____2____(involve),justlikealegaldocument.Who____3____writethecontract?DrBarker:Alltheadultswhohaveaparentalroleshouldbeengaged.It’simportantthattheyallagreeandsticktotherulesthemselves.Atthesametime,theteenagersshouldalsocontributetheirideas.____4____theytakepartinmakingtherules,they’llbemorelikelytofollowthem.Thefinalcontractshouldbetheresultofdiscussion,____5____(respect)everyone’spointofview,andallthepeoplewhohavesignedshouldgetacopy.Whataretheadvantagesofacontract?DrBarker:Itmakesitverycleartoteenswhattheyareandaren’tallowed____6____(do),andtheycanseewhattheconsequencesoftheiractionswillbe.Sotheylearntocontroltheirbehaviour.Forparents,thecontractstrengthenstheirauthorityandhelpsthemtobefairandreliable.Whatareasshouldbecoveredinacontract?DrBarker:Thatdepends.Youcan’tmakerulesforeverything,soyouhavetodecidewhat’smostimportantand____7____themainproblemslie.Commontopicsincludethehours____8____teenagersoughttobehome,thespendingmoneytheyreceive,thehouseworktheyneedtodoathomeandtheiruseofphonesornetworkingsites.Forolderteens,rulesaboutdrivingacarmayalsobeimportant.Docontractssolve____9____?DrBarker:No,ofcoursenot!Therewillalwaysbeconflictsanddisagreements_____10_____peopleinafamily.Butacontractthateveryonerespectscanhelptokeepthepeace.【答案】1.areexpected2.involved3.oughtto4.If5.Respecting6.todo7.where8.when9.everything10.between【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。短文介紹了青少年行為契約的相關(guān)信息【1題詳解】考查時態(tài)和短語。句意：巴克博士:這是一份關(guān)于青少年在家里應(yīng)該遵守的行為規(guī)則的正式協(xié)議。beexpectedtodosth“被期望做某事”，本句在陳述事實，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。故填areexpected?！?題詳解】考查形容詞。句意：合同就像法律文件一樣，由所有相關(guān)人員簽署。involved“涉及的”作后置定語。故填involved?！?題詳解】考查情態(tài)動詞。句意：合同應(yīng)該由誰來寫？根據(jù)句意可知，表示應(yīng)該，用情態(tài)動詞oughtto。故填oughtto?！?題詳解】考查條件狀語從句。句意：如果他們參與制定規(guī)則，他們就更有可能遵守規(guī)則。根據(jù)句意可知，本句為if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，置于句首，首字母大寫。故填I(lǐng)f?！?題詳解】考查動名詞。句意：尊重每個人的觀點，所有簽名的人都應(yīng)該得到一份。動名詞做主語，置于句首，首字母大寫。故填Respecting。【6題詳解】考查動詞不定式。句意：它讓青少年清楚地知道他們可以做什么，不可以做什么，他們可以看到自己的行為會帶來什么后果。beallowedtodosth“被允許做某事”。故填todo。【7題詳解】考查連接副詞。句意：你不能為每件事都制定規(guī)則，所以你必須決定什么是最重要的，主要問題在哪里。decide后接賓語從句，表示地點，用連接副詞where。故填where。【8題詳解】考查定語從句。句意：常見的話題包括青少年應(yīng)該在家的時間、他們收到的零花錢、他們需要在家里做的家務(wù)以及他們對電話或社交網(wǎng)站的使用。hours為先行詞，在定語從句中作時間狀語，關(guān)系副詞為when。故填when?！?題詳解】考查代詞。句意：合同能解決所有問題嗎？根據(jù)句意可知，本句為不定代詞everything作賓語。故填everything?！?0題詳解】考查介詞。句意：在一個家庭中，人們之間總是會有沖突和分歧。根據(jù)句意可知，表示兩者之間，用between。故填between。(B)Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.MicrosoftbakesChatGPT-liketechintosearchengineBingMicrosoftisbakingChatGPT-liketechnologyintoitssearchengineBing,____11____(transform)anInternetservicethatlagsfarbehindGoogleintoanewwayofcommunicatingwithAI.Thoughthenewversionisnowlimitedtodesktopsandhasnointerfaceforsmartphones,____12____mostpeoplenowaccesstheInternet,Mehdi,aMicrosoftexecutive,hassaidthatthetechnologywillscaletomillionsofusersincomingweeksandcometothesmartphoneapps.Theimprovementmaygivethesoftwaregiantacuttingedge____13____othertechcompaniesincapitalizingontheworldwideexcitementsurroundingChatGPT,atoolthat____14____(awaken)millionsofpeopletothepossibilitiesofthenewestAItechnologyinthepastfewweeks.Asidefromit,MicrosoftisalsointegratingthechatbottechnologyintoitsEdgebrowser.“Thinkofitasfaster,moreaccurate,morepowerfultechnology____15____(tune)forsearchqueries”,saidMehdi.Theshifttomakingsearchenginesmoreconversational—abletoconfidentlyanswerquestions____16____offerlinkstootherwebsites—couldchangetheadvertising-fueledsearchbusiness,butalsoposesrisksiftheAIsystemsdon’tgettheirfactsright.Theiropaqueness(不透明性)alsomakesithardtosourcebacktotheoriginalhuman-madeimagesandtexts,____17____thenewBingincludesnotesthatreferencethesourcedata.“BingispoweredbyAI,sosurprisesandmistakesarepossible.Makesuretocheckthefacts.”isamessagethatappearsatthebottomofthepreviewversionofBing’snewhomepage.Asanexampleofhowitworks,Mehdi____18____(quiz)iton1990s-erarap,showingitsabilitytodistinguishbetweenthesong“Jump”and“JumpAround”.Healsousedittoshowhowitcouldplanavacationorhelpwithshopping.Googlehasbeencautiousaboutsuchmoves.ButinresponsetopressureduetoChatGPT’spopularity,GoogleannouncedonMondayanewconversationalservicenamedBardthatwillbeavailabletoagroupof“trustedtesters”before____19____(release)globallythisyear.ChinesetechgiantBaidualsoannouncedasimilarsearchchatbotcominglaterthisyear.OthertechrivalssuchasMetaandAmazonhavebeenresearchingsimilartechnology,butMicrosoft’slatestmovesaimtoposition_____20_____atthecenteroftheChatGPTzeitgeist(時代潮流).【答案】11.transforming12.as13against14.hasawakened15.tuned16.ratherthan17.though18.quizzed19.beingreleased20.it【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是篇說明文。文章介紹了微軟正在將類似chatGPT的技術(shù)應(yīng)用于其搜索引擎必應(yīng)，將一項遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于谷歌的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐环N與人工智能交流的新方式?！?1題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：微軟正在將類似ChatGPT的技術(shù)融入其搜索引擎必應(yīng)，將一項遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于谷歌的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐环N與人工智能通信的新方式。根據(jù)句中謂語動詞“isbaking”可知，空處應(yīng)為非謂語動詞，與“Microsoft”之間為主動關(guān)系，作伴隨狀語，故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。故填transforming?！?2題詳解】考查連詞。句意：雖然新版本目前僅限于臺式機(jī)，沒有智能手機(jī)的接口，但由于現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)人都上網(wǎng)，微軟高管Mehdi表示，這項技術(shù)將在未來幾周內(nèi)擴(kuò)展到數(shù)百萬用戶，并應(yīng)用到智能手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序中。分析句子和句意可知，空處應(yīng)為連詞，連接作插入語的句子，表示“由于”，可用連詞as。故填as。【13題詳解】考查介詞。句意：這一改進(jìn)可能會讓這家軟件巨頭在利用全球?qū)hatGPT的興奮感方面比其他科技公司更具優(yōu)勢，ChatGPT是一種在過去的幾周里，已經(jīng)喚醒了數(shù)百萬人，讓他們認(rèn)識到最新人工智能技術(shù)的可能性的工具。分析句子可知，空處應(yīng)為介詞，后接名詞短語“othertechcompanies”；動詞短語givesbacuttingedgeagainst...表示“使某人比……占優(yōu)勢”，符合句意。故填against?！?4題詳解】考查動詞時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：這一改進(jìn)可能會讓這家軟件巨頭在利用全球?qū)hatGPT的興奮感方面比其他科技公司更具優(yōu)勢，ChatGPT是一種在過去的幾周里，已經(jīng)喚醒了數(shù)百萬人，讓他們認(rèn)識到最新人工智能技術(shù)的可能性的工具。分析句子可知，空處應(yīng)為謂語動詞；根據(jù)時間狀語“inthepastfewweeks”可知，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時，表示過去幾周已經(jīng)完成的動作并對現(xiàn)在有所影響；主語是關(guān)系代詞“that”，代替先行詞“atool”，故謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。故填hasawakened?！?5題詳解】考查非謂語動詞。句意：可以把它看作是適合搜索查詢的更快、更準(zhǔn)確、更強(qiáng)大的技術(shù)。tune可作動詞，意為“使適合”；根據(jù)謂語動詞“Thinkof”可知，空處應(yīng)為非謂語動詞，作定語修飾“technology”，并與其形成被動關(guān)系；表示“適合搜索查詢的技術(shù)”，故應(yīng)用過去分詞形式。故填tuned?！?6題詳解】考查固定短語。句意：轉(zhuǎn)向讓搜索引擎更具對話性——能夠自信地回答問題，而不是提供指向其他網(wǎng)站的鏈接——可能會改變廣告驅(qū)動的搜索業(yè)務(wù)，但如果人工智能系統(tǒng)不能正確獲取事實，也會帶來風(fēng)險。根據(jù)空處后動詞原形“offer”和句意，固定短語ratherthan表示“而不是”，后可跟省略to的動詞不定式，符合句意和語法結(jié)構(gòu)。故填ratherthan?！?7題詳解】考查從屬連詞。句意：它們的不透明性也使得很難追溯到原始的人造圖像和文本，盡管新的Bing包括參考源數(shù)據(jù)的注釋。分析句子和句意可知，空處應(yīng)為從屬連詞，連接狀語從句，位于主句后，表示“雖然、盡管”，用though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，故填though?！?8題詳解】考查動詞時態(tài)。句意：作為其工作原理的一個例子，Mehdi測試了20世紀(jì)90年代的說唱歌曲，展示了它區(qū)分歌曲“Jump”和“JumpAround”的能力。分析句子可知，空處應(yīng)為謂語動詞；根據(jù)下一句中的“Healsoused”和句意可知，本句應(yīng)為一般過去時，表示過去發(fā)生的動作。故填quizzed。【19題詳解】考查動名詞。句意：但為了應(yīng)對ChatGPT受歡迎帶來的壓力，谷歌在周一宣布了一項名為Bard的新會話服務(wù)，該服務(wù)將在今年全球發(fā)布之前向一組“值得信賴的測試者”開放。根據(jù)介詞“before”可知，空處應(yīng)用動名詞形式，作賓語；由句意，release與“anewconversationalservice”之間為被動關(guān)系，表示“一項新會話服務(wù)被發(fā)布”，故應(yīng)用被動形式。故填beingreleased?！?0題詳解】考查代詞。句意：其他科技競爭對手，如Meta和亞馬遜也一直在研究類似的技術(shù)，但微軟的最新舉措旨在將其定位于ChatGPT時代精神的中心。分析句子可知，空處可用代詞，作賓語，指代名詞短語“similartechnology”，應(yīng)用代詞it。故填it。SectionB:Directions:Completethefollowingpassagesbyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A．a(chǎn)wardB．houseC．hitD．namelyE．specificallyF．grabbedG．tradedH．gangI．barJ．principledK．transmissionAmericanauthoritiesarrestedMasphalKry,anofficialinCambodia’sforestryadministration,lastNovemberwhenhewasheadingtoaninternationalmeetingabouttraderegulationsforendangeredspeciesinPanama.Prosecutorsaccusedhimofconspiringwithasmugglingring.Thecontraband(違禁品):monkeys,____21____long-tailedmacaques.His____22____allegedlygrabbedwildmacaquesinCambodia’snationalparksandbribedofficialstolabelthemascaptive-bred.FakepapersallowedVannyBioResearch,aCambodianpharmacompany,toshiptheseunfortunateprimates(靈長類動物)toAmericaforuseinresearch.MrKryisfacingtrialinFlorida’sSouthernDistrictCourt.ThefederalgovernmentfundssevenNationalPrimateResearchCentres(NPRCs),which____23____intotalaround20,000primates,notonlymacaquesbutalsobaboonsandmarmosets.Thesecentresthen____24____primatestolabsacrossAmerica.NPRCshavefulfilledonlyathirdofrequestsforuntested-onmacaquesin2021andpriceshavesoared.Beforethecovid-19pandemicarhesusmacaquecost$8,000;by2022theyhad____25____$24,000.Anotherspecies,long-tailmacaques,isprobablyperpoundcurrentlythemostexpensive____26____wildlife,saysLisaJones-Engel,ascienceadviseratPETA,ananimal-rightsgroup.Gettinglabmonkeysfromabroadbecameharderduringthepandemic.Chineseauthoritiesbannedtheexportofallprimatesinearly2020.TheChinesegovernmentwantedto____27____thecountry’swildlifetrade,whichisthoughttoencouragethe____28____ofpathogens—likesars-cov-2—fromanimalstohumans.ThatforcedAmericancompaniestorelyonless____29____South-EastAsiansuppliers.ManyscientistsbelievepoachingisprevalentacrossCambodia.InFebruary,theDepartmentofJusticesubpoenaedCharlesRiverover1,000juvenilemacaquesthepharmaceuticalcompanyhadboughtfromCambodia;theDoJsuspectedtheywere____30____inthewildthenexported.TheseprimatesarenowinTexasandMarylandbutalsoindilemma:theycannotbetestedon,norcantheybeflownbacktoCambodia.【答案】21.E22.H23.B24.A25.C26.G27.I28.K29.J30.F【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是新聞報道。本文報道了美國當(dāng)局在2020年逮捕了柬埔寨官員和走私集團(tuán)，涉嫌走私長尾猴。文章還討論了美國靈長類動物研究中心的現(xiàn)狀以及從國外獲取實驗室猴的困難。此外，文章還提到了中國禁止靈長類動物出口和某制藥公司涉嫌從柬埔寨購買幼年長尾獼猴的案件。整篇文章展示了靈長類動物走私和實驗室猴供應(yīng)的問題?！?1題詳解】考查副詞。句意：違禁品：猴子，特別是長尾獼猴。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處應(yīng)是副詞做狀語，修飾后文long-tailedmacaques，所以specifically意為“特別是”符合語境。故選E項?！?2題詳解】考查名詞。句意：據(jù)稱，他的團(tuán)伙在柬埔寨國家公園捕獲野生獼猴，并賄賂官員，讓他們給這些獼猴貼上圈養(yǎng)繁殖的標(biāo)簽。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空前是形容詞性物主代詞，所以空處應(yīng)填名詞作主語，gang意為“團(tuán)伙”符合語境。故選H項?！?3題詳解】考查動詞。句意：聯(lián)邦政府資助了7個國家靈長類動物研究中心(nprc)，總共飼養(yǎng)了大約2萬只靈長類動物，不僅有獼猴，還有狒狒和狨猴。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句是which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，從句中缺少謂語動詞，所以空處應(yīng)填動詞，house意為“安置”符合語境。故選B項?！?4題詳解】考查動詞。句意：然后這些中心將靈長類動物授予美國各地的實驗室。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句缺少謂語把動詞，所以空處應(yīng)填動詞，award意為“授予”符合語境。故選A項。【25題詳解】考查動詞。句意：在2019冠狀病毒病大流行之前，一只恒河猴的價格為8000美元；到2022年，這一價格已達(dá)到2.4萬美元。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處用過去完成時，空前已有had，所以空處應(yīng)填動詞過去分詞形式，hit意為“到達(dá)”為過去分詞形式，符合語境。故選C項?！?6題詳解】考查形容詞。句意：動物權(quán)利組織善待動物組織(PETA)的科學(xué)顧問麗莎·瓊斯-恩格爾(LisaJones-Engel)說，另一種物種，長尾獼猴，可能是目前交易中每磅最昂貴的野生動物。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空后是名詞，所以空處應(yīng)填形容詞，traded意為“被交易的”符合語境。故選G項?！?7題詳解】考查動詞。句意：中國政府希望禁止該國的野生動物貿(mào)易，因為人們認(rèn)為野生動物貿(mào)易會鼓勵像sars-cov-2這樣的病原體從動物傳播給人類。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空前的to是不定式的標(biāo)志，所以空處應(yīng)填動詞原形，bar意為“禁止”符合語境。故選I項?！?8題詳解】考查名詞。句意：中國政府希望禁止該國的野生動物貿(mào)易，因為人們認(rèn)為野生動物貿(mào)易會鼓勵像sars-cov-2這樣的病原體從動物傳播給人類。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空前是冠詞，所以空處應(yīng)填名詞作賓語，transmission意為“傳染”符合語境。故選K項。【29題詳解】考查形容詞。句意：這迫使美國公司依賴不那么有原則的東南亞供應(yīng)商。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空后是名詞，所以恐嚇粗應(yīng)填形容詞作定語，principled意為“有原則的”符合語境。故選J項?！?0題詳解】考查動詞。句意：今年2月，美國司法部傳喚了查爾斯河制藥公司從柬埔寨購買的1000多只獼猴幼崽；司法部懷疑這些獼猴是在野外捕獲的，然后出口。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)句意可知，grabbed意為“抓住”和空前的be動詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)，表達(dá)“被抓”之意，符合語境。故選F項。Ⅲ.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Climateexpertshavewarnedaboutthemanywaysawarmingplanetcannegativelyaffecthumanhealth.____31____globaltemperaturesarepredictedtoincreaseby1.5℃bythe2030s,thatriskisbecomingincreasinglyreal.Onelong-heldpredictionthatappearstobecomingtrue—accordingtotheresultsofastudyrecentlypublishedinNatureScientificReports—ishowclimatechangemightenhance____32____ofbacteriathatthriveandspreadthroughwarmseawatersandcauseaninfectionwithaparticularlyhigh____33____rate.Vibriovulnificus(創(chuàng)傷弧菌)flourishesinsaltyorbrackishwatersabove68℉.InfectionsarecurrentlyrareintheU.S.,butthat’slikelytochange.Using30yearsofdataoninfections,scientistsattheUniversityofEastAngliaintheU.K.foundthatVibriovulnificusis____34____fromitshistoricGulfCoastrange,withmoreNorthernstatesreportinginfectionsaswatersbecomewarmer.“We’reseeingthecore____35____ofinfectionsextendingtoareasthattraditionallyhaveveryfewandveryrarecases,”saysElizabethArcher,aPh.D.researcherand____36____authorofthestudy.“Buttheseareasarenowcomingintothemainareaofinfections.”Basedonthelatestdataonhowmuchtheworld’swaterandairtemperatureswillrise,thescientistspredictthatby2081,VibriovulnificusinfectionscouldreacheverystatealongtheU.S.EastCoast.Currently,onlyabout80casesarereportedintheU.S.eachyear;by2081,thatcouldgouptooverthree-fold,theauthorssay.Suchaproliferationcouldhaveserioushealthconsequences.Vibriovulnificuskillsapproximately20%ofthehealthypeopleitinfects,and50%ofthosewithweakenedimmunesystems.Thereislittleevidencethatantibioticscan____37____theinfection,butdoctorsmayprescribetheminsomecases.Peoplecangetinfectedeitherbyeatingrawshellfishlikeoystersorbyexposingsmall____38____towaterswherethebacterialive,whichcanleadtoseriousskininfections.Warmingseatemperaturesaren’ttheonlyreasonsbehindtheriseofVibriovulnificus.Hotterairalsodrawsmorepeopletothecoastsandbays,bringingthemintoclosercontactwiththebacteria.“Thebacteriaarepartofthenaturalmarineenvironment,soIdon’tthinkwecan____39____itfromtheenvironment,”saysArcher.“It’smoreaboutmitigatinginfectionsbyincreasing____40____oftherisk.”Toalertpeopletothegrowingthreat,____41____systemsareneededtotrackwhenconcentrationsofbacteriastarttorise,similartocurrentlyavailablepollenandpollutionalarm.Vbriovulnificusisso____42____totemperaturechangesthatconcentrationscouldbloomafterevenadayofwarmerwater,soconsistentmonitoringandalertsarecritical,saysIainLake,professorofenvironmentalepidemiologyatUniversityofEastAngliaandseniorauthorofthepaper.LakesaystheexpansionofVibriovulnificusisconcerningforpublichealthsincethebacteriaarenowinvadingwatersclosertoheavily____43____areas,suchasNewYorkandPhiladelphia.“EveryonecangetaVibriovulnificusinfection,”hesays.“Butthemore____44____thereisbetweenwarmerwatersandpeople,themorethebacteriacanmoveintopopulations____45____theelderlyandthosewithotherhealthconditions,whoaremorevulnerabletoinfections.”31.A.Evenif B.Exceptwhen C.Theinstant D.Incase32.A.numbers B.ranges C.coverages D.concentrations33A.failure B.fatality C.survival D.acid34.A.ranging B.varying C.expanding D.shifting35.A.distribution B.launch C.community D.sample36.A.principle B.lead C.principal D.hit37.A.boost B.accelerate C.contain D.remove38.A.harms B.damages C.injuries D.wounds39.A.relieve B.dissolve C.resolve D.erase40A.conscience B.awareness C.panic D.alert41.A.monitoring B.processing C.managing D.delivering42.A.sensible B.vital C.vulnerable D.sensitive43A.populated B.dense C.paralleled D.bordered44.A.reaction B.interaction C.intervention D.relativity45.A.ratherthan B.exceptfor C.suchas D.otherthan【答案】31.C32.B33.B34.C35.A36.C37.D38.D39.D40.B41.A42.D43.B44.B45.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了因為全球變暖，導(dǎo)致細(xì)菌的感染范圍擴(kuò)大，從而導(dǎo)致致死率特別高的感染?！?1題詳解】考查連接詞詞義辨析。句意：據(jù)預(yù)測，到2030年代，全球氣溫將立即上升1.5攝氏度，這種風(fēng)險正變得越來越現(xiàn)實。A.Evenif即使；B.Exceptwhen除了當(dāng)……時候；C.Theinstant一……就；D.Incase萬一。根據(jù)后文“globaltemperaturesarepredictedtoincreaseby1.5℃bythe2030s”可知，這是會立即發(fā)生的事，所以應(yīng)該用Theinstant引導(dǎo)。故選C項?！?2題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：根據(jù)最近發(fā)表在《自然科學(xué)報告》(NatureScientificreports)上的一項研究結(jié)果，一個長期以來的預(yù)測似乎正在成為現(xiàn)實，即氣候變化可能會擴(kuò)大細(xì)菌的范圍，這些細(xì)菌會在溫暖的海水中繁殖和傳播，并導(dǎo)致致死率特別高的感染。A.numbers數(shù)量；B.ranges范圍；C.coverages保險范圍；D.concentrations集中。根據(jù)后文“thriveandspreadthroughwarmseawaters”可知，細(xì)菌會在溫暖的海水中繁殖和傳播，所以是擴(kuò)大細(xì)菌的范圍。故選B項?！?3題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：根據(jù)最近發(fā)表在《自然科學(xué)報告》(NatureScientificreports)上的一項研究結(jié)果，一個長期以來的預(yù)測似乎正在成為現(xiàn)實，即氣候變化可能會擴(kuò)大細(xì)菌的范圍，這些細(xì)菌會在溫暖的海水中繁殖和傳播，并導(dǎo)致致死率特別高的感染。A.failure失??；B.fatality(疾病的)致命性；C.survival生存；D.acid酸。根據(jù)后文“Vibriovulnificuskillsapproximately20%ofthehealthypeopleitinfects,and50%ofthosewithweakenedimmunesystems.”可知，細(xì)菌擴(kuò)散會導(dǎo)致致死率特別高的感染。故選B項?！?4題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：英國東安格利亞大學(xué)(UniversityofEastAnglia)的科學(xué)家利用30年的感染數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)，創(chuàng)傷弧菌(Vibriovulnificusis)從其歷史上的墨西哥灣沿岸范圍擴(kuò)張，隨著海水變暖，越來越多的北部州報告感染。A.ranging變化；B.varying(使)多樣化；C.expanding擴(kuò)大；D.shifting轉(zhuǎn)移。根據(jù)后文“withmoreNorthernstatesreportinginfectionsaswatersbecomewarmer.”可知，此處是指創(chuàng)傷弧從其歷史上的墨西哥灣沿岸范圍擴(kuò)張。故選C項。【35題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：我們看到感染的核心分布延伸到了傳統(tǒng)上病例很少、非常罕見的地區(qū)。A.distribution分布；B.launch發(fā)射；C.community社區(qū)；D.sample樣品。根據(jù)后文“Buttheseareasarenowcomingintothemainareaofinfections.”可知，這些地區(qū)現(xiàn)在正成為感染的主要地區(qū)，所以是感染的核心分布延伸到了這。故選A項?！?6題詳解】考查名詞和形容詞詞義辨析。句意：該研究的主要作者、博士伊麗莎白·阿徹(ElizabethArcher)說。A.principle原則；B.lead領(lǐng)先地位；C.principal主要的；D.hit擊中。根據(jù)前文“scientistsattheUniversityofEastAngliaintheU.K”可知，這項研究是英國東安格利亞大學(xué)的科學(xué)家們一起做的，此處應(yīng)用的應(yīng)該是主要作者的話，符合實際。故選C項?！?7題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：幾乎沒有證據(jù)表明抗生素可以消除感染，但醫(yī)生可能會在某些情況下開抗生素。A.boost促進(jìn)；B.accelerate加快；C.contain包含；D.remove去除。根據(jù)前文“Thereislittleevidence”，以及后文“butdoctorsmayprescribetheminsomecases.”可知，此處應(yīng)是“沒有證據(jù)表明抗生素可以消除感染”之意符合語境。故選D項?！?8題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：人們可以通過食用生的貝類(如牡蠣)或?qū)⑿诒┞对诩?xì)菌生活的水中而感染，這可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的皮膚感染。A.harms傷害；B.damages損壞；C.injuries傷害；D.wounds傷口。根據(jù)后文“waterswherethebacterialive,whichcanleadtoseriousskininfections”結(jié)合常識，應(yīng)是傷口暴露在細(xì)菌生活的水中而感染符合實際。故選D項。【39題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：細(xì)菌是自然海洋環(huán)境的一部分，所以我認(rèn)為我們不能把它從環(huán)境中抹去。A.relieve解除；B.dissolve使溶解；C.resolve解決；D.erase清除。根據(jù)前文“Thebacteriaarepartofthenaturalmarineenvironment”可知，細(xì)菌是自然的一部分，不能把它從環(huán)境中清除。故選D項?！?0題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：更多的是通過提高對風(fēng)險的認(rèn)識來減輕感染。A.conscience良心；B.awareness意識；C.panic恐慌；D.alert警報。根據(jù)前文“It’smoreaboutmitigatinginfections”結(jié)合選項可知，應(yīng)是提高對風(fēng)險的認(rèn)識來減輕感染符合語境。故選B項?！?1題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：為了提醒人們注意日益嚴(yán)重的威脅，需要監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)來跟蹤細(xì)菌濃度何時開始上升，類似于目前可用的花粉和污染警報。A.monitoring監(jiān)視；B.processing處理；C.managing管理；D.delivering遞送。根據(jù)后文“trackwhenconcentrationsofbacteriastarttorise,similartocurrentlyavailablepollenandpollutionalarm.”可知，是一個來跟蹤細(xì)菌濃度何時開始上升的系統(tǒng)，應(yīng)該是監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)。故選A項?！?2題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：該論文的資深作者、東安格利亞大學(xué)(UniversityofEastAnglia)環(huán)境流行病學(xué)教授伊恩·萊克(IainLake)說，創(chuàng)傷弧菌對溫度變化非常敏感，甚至在水溫升高一天后，其濃度就會爆發(fā)，因此持續(xù)的監(jiān)測和警報至關(guān)重要。A.sensible明智的；B.vital至關(guān)重要的；C.vulnerable脆弱的；D.sensitive敏感的。根據(jù)后文“concentrationscouldbloomafterevenadayofwarmerwater”可知，在水溫升高一天后，其濃度就會爆發(fā)，所以對溫度變化是敏感的。故選D項?！?3題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：萊克說，創(chuàng)傷弧菌的擴(kuò)張對公眾健康造成了影響，因為這種細(xì)菌現(xiàn)在正在侵入更靠近人口稠密地區(qū)的水域，比如紐約和費城。A.populated有人口居住的；B.dense密集的；C.paralleled平行的；D.bordered有邊的。根據(jù)后文的舉例“suchasNewYorkandPhiladelphia.”可知，這兩個城市都是人口稠密地區(qū)。故選B項。【44題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：但是，溫暖的海水和人之間的互動越多，細(xì)菌就越容易進(jìn)入老年人和其他健康狀況不佳的人群，這些人群更容易受到感染。A.reaction反應(yīng)；B.interaction相互影響；C.intervention干預(yù)；D.relativity相對性。根據(jù)后文“themorethebacteriacanmoveintopopulations”可知，應(yīng)是海水和人之間的互動越多，細(xì)菌就越容易進(jìn)入人群。故選B項?！?5題詳解】考查介詞短語辨析。句意：但是，溫暖的海水和人之間的互動越多，細(xì)菌就越容易進(jìn)入老年人和其他健康狀況不佳的人群，這些人群更容易受到感染。A.ratherthan而不是；B.exceptfor除了；C.suchas例如；D.otherthan不同于。根據(jù)后文“theelderlyandthosewithotherhealthconditions”可知，這里是舉具體的例子。故選C項。SectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)ManufacturersofproductsthatclaimtobeenvironmentallyfriendlywillfacetighterrulesonhowtheyareadvertisedtoconsumersunderchangesproposedbytheFederalTradeCommission.Thecommission’srevised“GreenGuides”warnmarketersagainstusinglabelsthatmakebroadclaims,like“eco-friendly”.Marketersmustqualifytheirclaimsontheproductpackagingandlimitthemtoaspecificbenefit,suchashowmuchoftheproductisrecycled.“Thisisreallyabouttryingtocutthroughtheconfusionthatconsumershavewhentheyarebuyingaproductandthatbusinesseshavewhentheyaresellingaproduct,”saidJonLeibowitz,chairmanofthecommission.Therevisionscomeatatimewhengreenmarketingisontherise.Accordingtoanewstudy,thenumberofadvertisementswithgreenmessagesinmainstreammagazineshasrisensince1987,andpeakedin2008at10.4%.In2009,thenumberdroppedto9%.Butwhilethenumberofadvertisementsmayhavedipped,therehasbeenarapidspreadofeco-labeling.Therearebothgoodandbadplayersintheeco-labelinggame.Inthelastfiveyearsorso,therehasbeenanexplosionofgreenclaimsandenvironmentalclaims.Itisclearthatconsumersdon’talwaysknowwhattheyaregetting.Ahandfuloflawsuitshavebeenfiledinrecentyearsagainstcompaniesaccusedofusingmisleadingenvironmentallabels.In2008and2009,class-actionlawsuits（集體訴訟）werefiledagainstSCJohnsonforusing“Greenlist”labelsonitscleaningproducts.Thelawsuitssaidthatthelabelwasmisleadingbecauseitgavetheimpressionthattheproductshadbeencertifiedbyathirdpartywhenthecertificationwasthecompany’sown.“Wewillprevailinthesecases,”ChristopherBeard,directorofpublicaffairsforSCJohnson,said,whileacknowledgingthat“thishasbeenanareathatisdifficulttonavigate.”Companieshavealsotakenituponthemselvestocontesteachother’sgreenclaims.DavidMallen,associatedirectoroftheCouncilofBetterBusinessBureau,saidinthelasttwoyearstheorganizationhadseenanincreaseinthenumberofclaimscompanieswerebringingagainsteachotherforfalseormisleadingenvironmentalproductclaims.“Aboutonceaweek.IhaveaclientthatwillbringupanewcertificationI’veneverevenheardofandI’minthisindustry,”saidKevinWilhelm,chiefexecutiveofficerofSustainableBusinessConsulting.“It’skindofa