南京師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院《830英語語言學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)與翻譯》歷年考研真題及詳解

目錄

2016年南京師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院837英語語言學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)與翻譯考研真

題及詳解

2017年南京師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院830英語語言學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)與翻譯考研真

題及詳解

2018年南京師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院830英語語言學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)與翻譯考研真

題及詳解

2016年南京師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院

837英語語言學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)與翻譯考

研真題及詳解

一、語言文學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)（90分）

Ⅰ.Explainthefollowingtermswithexamples.(20%,5pointsforeach)

1.synchronicstudy

【答案】Asynchronicstudytakesafixedinstant(usuallyatpresent)asits

pointofobservation.Languagecanbestudiedatagivenpointintimeorover

time.Whenwestudylanguageataparticulartime,itiscalledsynchronic

linguistics.Synchroniclinguisticsfocusesonthestateoflanguageatany

pointsinhistory.Forexample,astudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedin

Shakespeare’stimewouldbesynchronic.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronic

studyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.Thereasonisthatunless

thevariousstateofalanguageissuccessfullystudieditwouldbedifficultto

describethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.

2.polysemy

【答案】Polysemymeansasinglewordhavingseveralormanymeanings.

AccordingtoCrystal,polysemyisatermusedinsemanticanalysistoreferto

alexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings.Polysemicwordsare

signsofanadvancedculture.Polysemyisalsoanessentialfeatureofa

language’seconomyandefficiency.Historicallypolysemycanbeunderstood

asthegrowthanddevelopmentorchangeinthemeaningofwords.For

example,tablehasseveralmeanings,includingakindoffurniture,form,

tabulation,etc.

3.illocutionaryact

【答案】AccordingtoAustin’smodel,aspeakermightbeperformingthree

actssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:locutionaryact，illocutionaryact,and

perlocutionaryact.Illocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’s

intention(conveyingmeaningincontext;theintentionofthespeakerwhile

speaking).Itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Forexample,inthe

sentence“Iamthirsty”,thepropositionalmeaningiswhattheutterancesays

aboutthespeaker’sphysicalstate.Theillocutionaryforceistheeffectthe

speakerwantstheutterancetohaveonthelistener.Itmaybeintendedas

requestforsomethingtodrink.

4.blend

【答案】Blend,alsoblending,isthetermforportmanteauword.In

morphology,arelativelyunproductiveprocessofwordformationbywhich

newwordsareformedfromthebeginning(usuallythefirstphonemeor

syllable)ofonewordandtheending(oftentherhyme)ofanother,orby

joiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.Examplesofblendsformedthis

wayareEnglishsmog(formedfromsmokeandfog),brunch(breakfastand

lunch).BlendingisusuallynotconsideredpartofI-Language.

Ⅱ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(30%,10pointsforeach)

5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenlangueandparole?

【答案】

Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandthe

actualphenomenaordataoflinguisticsaslangueandparole.Languerefersto

theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeech

community.Parolereferstotheparticularrealizationoflangueinactualuse.

Itvariesenormouslyaccordingtoindividuals.Thespeeches,theidiosyncratic

utterancesmadebyindividualsareallexamplesofparole.

Langueisrelativestableandsystematic,paroleissubjecttopersonaland

situationalconstraints;langueisnotspokenbyanindividual,paroleisalways

anaturallyoccurringevent.Langueisthesocial,conventionalsideof

language,whileparoleisindividualizedspeech.Whatalinguistshoulddo,

accordingtoSaussure,istodrawrulesfromamassofconfusedfacts,i.e.to

discovertheregularitiesgoverningallinstancesofparoleandmakethemthe

subjectoflinguistics.

6.UseSearle’snotionofindirectspeechacttoexplainthefollowing

exchangebetweenAandB:

A:Let’sgotothefootballmatchtonight.

B:Ihavetopreparetomorrow’spresentation.

【答案】

Aspeechactwhichisperformedindirectlyissometimesknownasan

indirectspeechact.Indirectspeechactsareoftenfelttobemorepoliteways

ofperformingcertainkindsofspeechact,suchasrequestsandrefusals.

AccordingtoSearle,whenaspeakerisusingindirectlanguage,heis

performingtwospeechactssimultaneously:oneistheprimaryspeechactand

theotheristhesecondspeechact.Theprimaryoneisthespeaker’sgoalof

communicationandthesecondoneisthemeansbywhichheachieveshis

goal.

TheutteranceofAisakindofinvitation,whichexpressesthatAwantstogo

tothefootballmatchtonightwithB.ButBdoesn’tdirectlyansweryesorno.

B’sanswer“Ihavetopreparetomorrow’spresentation”,thepropositional

meaningiswhattheutterancesaysaboutthespeaker’supcoming

presentation.TheillocutionaryforceistheeffectAwantstheutteranceto

haveonB.ThatisBturnsdownA’sinvitation.

7.WhatisContrastiveAnalysis?

【答案】

Contrastiveanalysisisanapproachtoanalysisofsecondlanguage

acquisition,basedonabeliefthatamoreeffectiveteachingpedagogywould

comeoutwhenthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweennativelanguageand

targetlanguagearetakenintoconsideration.Contrastiveanalysiscompares

theformsandmeaningsacrossthetwolanguagestospotthemismatchesor

differences.

ContrastiveAnalysisaimstocomparelanguages(e.g.,L1andL2)inorderto

determinepotentialerrorsfortheultimatepurposeofisolatingwhatneedsto

belearnedandwhatdoesnotneedtobelearnedinasecondlanguage

learningsituation.Thegoalofcontrastiveanalysisistopredictwhatareas

willbeeasytolearnandwhatareaswillbehardtolearn.Bysuchan

analysis,itissupposedthatsomeleaningdifficultiescouldbepredictedin

termsoflanguagetransfer.ContrastiveAnalysiswasassociatedinitsearly

dayswithbehaviorismandstructuralism.

Ⅲ.Discussandgivecommentsonthefollowingtopics.(40%,20pointsfor

each)

8.arbitrarinessoflanguage

【答案】

(1)Arbitrarinessisthecorefeatureoflanguage,whichreferstothefactthat

thereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthe

meaningitisassociatedwith.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferent

soundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.

Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityof

languagemakesalanguagebepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.For

example,itisunabletoexplainwhyabookiscalleda/buk/andapena

/pen/.

(2)However,thereseemstobedifferentlevelsofarbitrariness.①Arbitrary

relationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning.Youmay

objecttothiswhenyouthinkofwordswithdifferentdegreesof

onomatopoeia,namely,wordsthatsoundlikethesoundstheydescribe.But

inEnglish,totallydifferentwordsareusedtodescribethesound.For

example,barkinEnglishand汪汪inChinese.②Arbitrarinessatthe

syntacticlevel.AccordingtosystemicfunctionalistsandAmerican

functionalists,languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.Asweknow,

theorderofelementsinasentencefollowscertainrules,andthereisacertain

degreeofcorrespondencebetweenthesequencesofclausesandthereal

happenings.Inotherwords,syntaxislessarbitrarythanwords.E.g.,thereare

twosentences.“Hecameinandsatdown”.“Hesatdownandcamein”.The

firstsentencemeansthatthemancameinfirstandthenhesatdown,butthe

secondsentencemeanstheopposite,perhapshegotintohiswheelchairand

propelledhimselfintotheroom.③ArbitraryandConvention,convention

meansyouhavetosaythingsinthiswayandyoucannotchangethe

expressionanyotherway.Forlearnersofaforeignlanguage,itisthe

conventionalityofalanguagethatismoreworthnoticingthanits

arbitrariness.Thatmaybewhywhenweareburyingourselvesin

memorizingidioms,wefeelnothingofthearbitrarinessofthelanguagebut

aresomewhattorturedbyitsconventionality.

9.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis

【答案】

(1)Sapir-Whorfhypothesissuggeststhatourlanguagewillmouldourview

oftheworldandconsequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpress

theiruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Thehypothesishastwo

importantpoints,linguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity.Linguistic

determinismreferstothenotionthatalanguagedeterminescertain

nonlinguisticcognitiveprocesses.Differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferent

waysofexpressingaround,theythinkandspeakdifferently.Linguistic

relativityreferstothenotionthatsimilaritybetweenlanguageisrelative,the

greatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheir

conceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.

(2)Thus,twoversionsoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesishavebeendeveloped,a

strongversionandaweakversion.Thestrongversionofthetheory

emphasizesthedecisiveroleoflanguageastheshaperofourthinking

patterns.Theweakversionofthehypothesis,however,isamodifiedtypeof

itsoriginaltheory,suggestingthatthereisacorrelationbetweenlanguage,

cultureandthought,butthecross-culturedifferencesthusproducedinour

waysofthinkingarerelativeratherthancategorical.Sofar,manyresearches

andexperimentsconductedprovidesupporttotheweakversion.

(3)Linguisticdeterminism,orthestrongversion,hasbeencriticizedforits

excessiveconcernwithsurfacestructuresofindividuallanguages.Infact,all

languagesarefundamentalofthesameuniversalhumancharacter,including

thelexical-semanticandsyntacticcomponentsoflanguageandallnormal

humanbeingsaregiftedwiththesamelinguisticfacultyandcognitive

capacity.Theflawsofthathypothesiscanberevealedthroughthefollowing

analysis.①Differentgrammaticalstructuresdonotmeanthatspeakersof

differentlanguagesdifferinthinkinglogicorreasoning.②Equivalent

translationisalwayspossibleinspiteofthefactthatinpracticethereare

hardlyanypeopleinperfectcontroloftwogeneticallydifferentlanguages.

③Peoplewhohavegoodcommandoftwogenetic-unrelatedlanguagesdo

nothave“doubleminds”ordonothavetochangetheirthinkinglogicwhen

speakingforeigntongue.

二、翻譯（60分）

Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.

10.

“先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂”這句成語，摘自南宋文學(xué)家兼軍事

政治家范仲淹所著的“岳陽樓記”。

范仲淹少懷大志，想替國家做些工作，可是當(dāng)他做參知政事的時(shí)候卻因

迭次奏請(qǐng)朝廷減輕賦稅，整頓武備，選拔賢能，以及其他有利國計(jì)民生

的建議，招受政敵的仇視。他們?cè)谒稳首诘矍罢u謗他，使他遭受貶謫，

被迫離京，到遙遠(yuǎn)的地方鄧州去做太守。同時(shí)他的好友滕子京也被貶到

岳州做知州。

滕子京受到貶職，極為憤慨。范仲淹深恐他心境狹小，會(huì)惹出禍來，就

想找個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，規(guī)勸他要克制情感，小心謹(jǐn)慎，胸襟寬敞，免遭意外。

恰巧滕子京就職未久，由于他的才能，把岳州治得很好，人民都能安居

樂業(yè)。滕子京覺得心境愉快，就想把陳舊的岳陽樓重新修建，擴(kuò)大規(guī)

模，懇請(qǐng)范仲淹寫篇文章留作紀(jì)念。范仲淹抓住了這個(gè)好機(jī)會(huì)，在文章

里暗暗規(guī)勸他。他指出：一個(gè)品格高尚的君子，不可因物而喜，和一般

游山玩水的俗人一樣；也不可因自己遭遇不幸而悲傷，和一般憂郁的詩

人、被貶的官吏一樣；而要以國事為重，處處想到國家和人民。因此他

在這篇文章的末尾寫道：

“唉！我所探索到的古人的心，與上述今日的游山玩水者和心境憂郁的詩

人有所不同。高尚的人既不受環(huán)境的影響，也不受心境所左右。他若在

廳堂廟宇供職，所關(guān)懷的應(yīng)是人民的福利；雖與宮廷相隔山山水水，但

仍關(guān)懷皇上的安危。所以他無論在職或在野，都滿心憂慮。那么他什么

時(shí)候才快樂呢？答案是：他應(yīng)是先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂。

唉，如果沒有這樣的人，我還有誰可做朋友呢？”

【參考譯文】

Theidiom“Tobethefirsttoworryabouttheaffairsofthestateandthelast

toenjoyoneself!”isanexcerptfromtheYueyangPavilionwrittenbyFan

Zhongyan,aChinesewriter,strategistandstatesmaninNorthernSong

Dynasty.

FanZhongyan,withgreatambition,wantedtodosomeworkforthecountry.

Butwhenhewasapoliticaladviser,hewasenviedbyhispoliticalenemies

forrepeatedlyaskingthecourttoreducetaxes,rectifymilitaryequipment,

selecttalentsandothersuggestionswhichwerebeneficialtothenational

economyandpeople’slivelihood.TheyslanderedhimbeforeEmperor

RenzongoftheSongDynasty,sothathewasbanishedandforcedtoleave

thecapitalandtobeTaishou(similartomayorinancientChina)ofaremote

placecalledDengzhou.Atthesametime,hisfriendTengZijingwasalso

demotedbeZhizhou(similartomayorinancientChina)ofYuezhou.

Beingdemoted,TengZijingfeltveryindignant.AfraidthatTeng’snarrow

mindwouldmakesometroubles,FanZhongyanmanagedtofindan

opportunitytopersuadehimtocontrolhisfeelings,becautiousandbroad-

minded,soastoavoidaccidents.

IthappenedthatalthoughhewasanewZhizhou,TengZijing’sgovernance

overYuezhouisexcellent,duetohistalent.Peopletheregainedwell-being.

TengZijingfeltdelightfulsoheplannedtorebuildtheoldYueyangPavilion

toalargerone.HerequestedFanZhongyantowriteanarticleto

commemorate.FanZhongyanseizedthisopportunityandexhortedhim

tactfullyinhisarticle.Hepointedoutthatamanofloftymindarenot

supposedtobemadehappybynaturalbeautylikethosecommonpeoplewho

enjoytravellinginnaturalscenery,nortobemadesadbyhisownsituation

likethosemelancholicpoetsordemotedofficials.Instead,amanoflofty

mindissupposedtoattachgreatimportancetostateaffairsandthinkofthe

countryandthepeopleallthetime.Sohewroteintheendofthepassage:

“Ah!Ihavetriedtostudythemindsofloftyidealsinancienttimes.Perhaps

theyweredifferentfromthepeopleImotionabove.Whyisthis?Thereason

isthattheywerenotthrownintoecstasiesovertheirsuccess,norfelt

depressedovertheirfailures.Whentheywereinhighpositionatcourt,they

concernedaboutthepeople,whentheywereinremoteplace,theyconcerned

abouttheiremperor.Theyworriedwhentheygotpromotedorwhenthey

weresentintoexile.Then,whenweretheyhappy?Theywouldsay:‘Tobe

thefirsttoworryabouttheaffairsofthestateandthelasttoenjoyoneself!’

Oh,whoelseshouldIseekcompanywithsavethem.”

2017年南京師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院

830英語語言學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)與翻譯考

研真題及詳解

一、英語語言學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)（90分）

Ⅰ.Explainthefollowingtermswithexamples.(20’,5pointsforeach)

1.bilabial

【答案】Therearemanypartsofthemouthandthroat(theoralcavity)that

areusedintheproductionofspeechsounds.Intermsofplaceofarticulation,

consonantscanbegroupedintobilabials,labiodentals,dentals,alveolars,

palatals,velars,andglottal.Bilabialreferstoasoundarticulatedbybringing

togethertheupperandlowerlips.Forexample,English/m/,/p/and/b/inthe

wordsmy,pet,bird.

2.freemorpheme

【答案】Freemorphemesarethosewhichmayoccuraloneorconstitute

wordsbythemselves.Allmono-morphemesarefreemorphemesandpoly-

morphemicwords,whichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,arecompounds.

Forexample,“dog”,“nation”and“close”arefreemorphemes.Free

morphemescanbedividedintotwocategories.Thefirstoneisthesetof

ordinarynouns,verbsandadjectiveswhichcarrythecontentofmessageswe

convey.Thesefreemorphemesarecalledlexicalmorphemesand,sincewe

cancreatenewlexicalmorphemesforthelanguagerathereasily,theyare

calledanopenclassofwords.Thesecondcategoryoffreemorphemesis

calledfunctionalmorphemes.Aswealmostneveraddnewfunctional

morphemestothelanguage,theyarecalledaclosedclassofwords.

3.complementaryantonym

【答案】Themembersofapairincomplementaryantonymyare

complementarytoeachother.Thatis,theydivideupthewholeofasemantic

filedcompletely.Notonlytheassertionofonemeansthedenialoftheother,

thedenialofonealsomeanstheassertionoftheother,e.g.alive/dead,hit/

miss,male/female,boy/girl,etc.Thesentence“Heisalive”means“Heis

notdead”,and“Heisnotalive”alsomeans“Heisdead”.Thereisno

intermediategroundbetweenthetwo.Theadjectivesofthiskindcannotbe

modifiedbyvery,andtheydonothavecomparativeorsuperlativedegrees

either.Thenorminthistypeisabsolute,andthereisnocovertermforthe

twomembersofapair.

4.functionalshift

【答案】Functionalshiftreferstoachangeinthegrammaticalfunctionofa

word,asintheuseofthenouninputasaverborthenounfunasanadjective.

Wordsmayshiftfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionof

affixes.Conversionisalsoknownasfunctionalshift.Inlinguistics,

functionalshiftoccurswhenanexistingwordtakesonanewsyntactic

function.Forexample,theword“l(fā)ike”,formerlyonlyusedasaprepositionin

comparisons(asin“eatslikeapig”),isnowalsousedinthesamewayasthe

subordinatingconjunctionasinmanydialectsofEnglish(asin“soundslike

hemeansit”).

Ⅱ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(30’,10pointsforeach)

5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenprescriptiveanddescriptive?

【答案】

Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptivesciencemeansthatlinguiststriedto

discoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguage-community

actuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,or

norms,ofcorrectness.Prescriptivelinguisticsaimstolaydownrulesforthe

correctuseoflanguageandsettlethedisputesoverusageonceandforall.

Descriptiveapproachtolanguageattemptstotellwhatisinthelanguage,

whileprescriptiveapproachtolanguagetellspeoplewhatshouldbeinthe

language.

Forexample,“Don’tsayX”isaprescriptivecommand;“Peopledon’tsayX”

isadescriptivestatement.Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthings

oughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.Inthe18thcentury,allthemain

Europeanlanguageswerestudiedprescriptively.However,modern

linguisticsismostlydescriptivebecausethenatureoflinguisticsasascience

determinesitspreoccupationwithdescriptioninsteadofprescription.

6.Howdoessensedifferfromreference?

【答案】

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthe

collectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-

contextualized.Forexample,thesenseoftheword“dog”is“adomesticated

caninemammal,occurringinmanybreedsthatshowagreatdomesticated

caninemammal,occurringinmanybreedsthatshowagreatvarietyinsize

andform”.Itdoesnotrefertoanyparticulardogthatexistsintherealworld,

butappliestoanyanimalthatmeetsthefeaturesdescribedinthedefinition.

Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;it

dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticunitandthenon-linguistic

worldofexperience.Ifwesay“Thedogisbarking”,wemustbetalking

aboutacertaindogexistentinthesituation.Theword“dog”referstoadog

knowntoboththespeakerandthehearer.Thisisthereferenceoftheword

“dog”inthisparticularsituation.

Itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweentheformandthereality.Inother

words,Leech’sconceptualmeaninghastwosides:senseandreference.

Everywordhasasense,i.e.someconceptualcontent;butnoteverywordhas

areference.Forexample,grammaticalwordslike“and”,“if”,“but”donot

refertoanything.

7.WhatarethefourmaximsofCooperativePrinciple?

【答案】

TherearefourmaximsundertheCooperativePrinciple:themaximof

quantity,quality,relationandmanner.Theyareasfollows:

Quantity.(1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthe

currentpurposesoftheexchange).(2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmore

informativethanisrequired.

Quality.Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.(1)Donotsaywhat

youbelievetobefalse.(2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequate

evidence.

Relation.Berelevant.

Manner.Beperspicuous.(1)Avoidobscurityofexpression.(2)Avoid

ambiguity.(3)Bebrief(avoidprolixity).(4)Beorderly.

Ⅲ.Discussandgivecommentsonthefollowingtopics.(40’,20pointsfor

each)

8.componentialanalysis

【答案】

(1)Themeaningofawordisananalyzableunit.Itmaybeseenasacomplex

ofdifferentsemanticfeatures.Therearesemanticunitssmallerthanthe

meaningofaword.Byshowingthesemanticcomponentsofaword,wemay

betteraccountforsenserelations.Componentialanalysisisawayproposed

bythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachis

baseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedinto

meaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.Usually,componential

analysisisappliedtoagroupofrelatedwordswhichmaydifferfromone

anotheronlybyoneortwocomponents.

(2)Plusandminussignsareusedtoindicatewhetheracertainsemantic

featureispresentorabsentinthemeaningofaword,andthesefeature

symbolsarewrittenincapitalizedletters.Forexample,theword“woman”is

analyzedascomprisingthefeaturesof+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,

+FEMALE.

(3)Componentialanalysisprovidesaninsightintothemeaningofwordsand

awaytostudytherelationshipsbetweenwordsthatarerelatedinmeaning.

However,ashavebeenfound,therearealsodifficultiesintheapproachto

analyzethemeaningofawordintermsofsemanticcomponents.First,many

wordsarepolysemy.Theyhavemorethanonemeaning;consequentlythey

willhavedifferentsetsofsemanticcomponents.Second,somesemantic

componentsareseenasbinarytaxonomies.However,sometimesthe

distinctiontodifferentiatetwosemanticcomponentssuchas“ADULT”and

“YOUNG”israthervague.Third,apartfromtheneatlyorganizedpartsofthe

vocabulary,therearewordswhosesemanticcomponentsaredifficultto

ascertain.Forexample,thesemanticcomponentsthemselves,likeHUMAN,

ADULT,arenotordinarywordsofEnglish;theybelongtoameta-language.

Tosomeonewhodoesnotknowthemeta-language,thesemanticcomponents

explainnothing.

9.inputhypothesis

【答案】

(1)Inputhypothesisclaimsthat“Humanacquirelanguageinonlyoneway—

byunderstandingmessagesorbyreceiving‘comprehensibleinput’”.

AccordingtoKrashen,inputthatisusefulforL2acquisitionmustbeneither

toodifficultnortooeasytounderstandandoughttobetunedjustrightto

learner’scurrentlevel,representedas“i”.InthecourseofacquiringtheL2,

learnersprogressfromoneleveltoanother.Thenextleveliscalled“i+1”.

For“i+1”tooccur,theinputhastobeslightlybeyondthelevelatwhich

learnersarewellproficient.Thegapbetween“i”and“i+1”isbridgedby

comprehensibleinput,whichistheinformationdrawnfromthecontextand

previousexperience.Comprehensibleinputisconsideredbothnecessaryand

sufficientforL2acquisitiontooccurandoutputplayslittlerole.Inother

words,L2learningtakesplacebecausethedatatowhichlearnersareexposed

containcomprehensibleinput.

(2)AccordingtoKrashen’sacquisition-learninghypothesis,therearetwo

waystoapproachlanguagelearning:acquisitionandlearning.Acquisition

helpsusproducenatural,rapid,andfluentspeech.Learning,whichisa

consciousstudyofform,helpsuseditthisspeech.Inotherwords,whenwe

learnsomethingitwon’thelpusproducefluentcommunication,butitwill

helpusmonitorourcommunicationandcorrectminorerrors.

(3)Althoughthevalueofinputinlanguagelearningisself-evident,research

oninputhasbeenhamperedbymanyproblems,oneofwhichisthelackof

linguisticanalysisofdifferenttypesofinput.Itisprobablytruethatvarious

typesofinputleadtodifferenteffectsinlanguagelearning,butwedonot

knowtheactuallinguisticdifferencesamongthesetypesofinput.

二、翻譯（60分）

Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.

10.

不要拋棄學(xué)問

胡適

諸位畢業(yè)同學(xué)：

你們現(xiàn)在要離開母校了，我沒有什么禮物送你們，只好送你們一句話

罷。

這一句話是：“不要拋棄學(xué)問。”以前的功課也許有一大部分是為了這張

畢業(yè)文憑，不得已而做的，從今以后，你們可以依自己的心愿去自由研

究了。趁現(xiàn)在年富力強(qiáng)的時(shí)候，努力做一種專門學(xué)問。少年是一去不復(fù)

返的，等到稍力衰時(shí)，要做學(xué)問也來不及了。即為吃飯計(jì)，學(xué)問決不會(huì)

辜負(fù)人的，吃飯而不求學(xué)問，三年五年之后，你們都要被后來少年淘汰

掉的。到那時(shí)再想做點(diǎn)學(xué)問來補(bǔ)救，恐怕已太晚了。

有人說：“出去做事之后，生活問題急需解決，哪有功夫去讀書？即使

要做學(xué)問，既沒有圖書館，又沒有實(shí)驗(yàn)室，哪能做學(xué)問？”

我要對(duì)你們說：凡是要等到有了圖書館才讀書的，有了圖書館也不肯讀

書。凡是要等到有了實(shí)驗(yàn)室方才做研究的，有了實(shí)驗(yàn)室也不肯做研究。

你有了決心要研究一個(gè)問題，自然會(huì)撙衣節(jié)食去買書，自然會(huì)想出法子

來設(shè)置儀器。

—至于時(shí)間，更不成問題。達(dá)爾文一生多病，不能多工作，每天只能做

一點(diǎn)鐘的工作。你們看他的成績(jī)！每天花一點(diǎn)鐘看10頁有用的書，每年

可看3600多頁書，30年可讀11萬頁書。

諸位，11萬頁書可以使你成一個(gè)學(xué)者了?？墒牵刻炜慈N小報(bào)也得費(fèi)

你一點(diǎn)鐘的功夫，四圈麻將也得費(fèi)你一點(diǎn)半鐘的光陰?？葱?bào)呢？還是

打麻將呢？還是努力做一個(gè)學(xué)者呢？全靠你們自己的選擇！

易卜生說：“你的最大責(zé)任是把你這塊材料鑄造成器。”

學(xué)問是鑄器的工具。拋棄了學(xué)問便是毀了你們自己。

再會(huì)了！你們的母校眼睜睜地要看你們十年之后成什么器。

【參考譯文】

NeverGiveUpthePursuitofLearning

HuShih

DearstudentsoftheGraduatingClass,

Asyouareleavingyouralmamater,Ihavenothingtoofferyouasagift

exceptawordofadvice.

Myadviceis,“Nevergiveupthepursuitoflearning.”Youhaveperhaps

finishedyourcollegecoursesmostlyforobtainingthediploma,or,inother

words,outofsheernecessity.However,fromnowonyouarefreetofollow

yourownbentinthechoiceofstudies.Whileyouareintheprimeoflife,

whynotdevoteyourselvestoaspecialfieldofstudy?Youthwillsoonbe

gonenevertoreturn.Anditwillbetoolateforyoutogointoscholarship

wheninyourdecliningyears.Knowledgewilldoyouagoodturnevenasa

meansofsubsistence.Ifyougiveupstudieswhileholdingajob,youwillina

coupleofyearshavehadyourselvesreplacedbyyoungerpeople.Itwillthen

betoolatetoremedythesituationbypickingupstudiesagain.

Somepeoplesay,“Onceyouhaveajob,you’llcomeupagainsttheurgent

problemofmakingaliving.Howcanyoumanagetofindtimetostudy?

Evenifyouwantto,willitbepossiblewithnolibraryornolaboratory

available?”

Nowletmetellyouthis.Thosewhorefusetostudyforlackofalibrarywill

mostprobablycontinuetodosoeventhoughthereisalibrary.Andthose

whorefusetodoresearchforlackofalaboratorywillmostprobably

continuetodosoeventhoughalaboratoryisavailable.Aslongasyouset

yourmindonstudies,youwillnaturallycutdownonfoodandclothingto

buybooksordoeverythingpossibletoacquirenecessaryinstruments.

Timeisnoobject.CharlesDarwincouldonlyworkonehouradayduetoill

health.Yetwhataremarkablemanhewas!Ifyouspendonehouraday

reading10pagesofabook,youcanfinishmorethan3600pagesayear,and

110000pagesin30years.

Dearstudents,110000pageswillbequiteenoughtomakealearnedmanof

you.Itwilltakeyouonehourtoreadthreetabloidsaday,andoneandhalf

hourstofinishfourroundsofmah-jongaday.Readingtabloids,playing

mah-jongorstrivingtobealearnedman,thechoicelieswithyou.

HenrikIbsensays,“itisyoursupremedutytocastyourselfintoauseful

implement.”Learningisthecastingmould.Forsakelearning,andyouwill

ruinyourself.

Farewell!Youralmamateriswatchingeagerlytoseewhatwillbecomeof

youtenyearsfromnow.

2018年南京師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院

830英語語言學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)與翻譯考

研真題及詳解

Ⅰ.Definethefollowingterms.(5’×4=20’)

1.Displacement

【答案】Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheirusersto

symbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenot