計算機常用英語詞匯大全

計算機常用英語詞匯大全第一章計算機硬件1.1計算機的組成audio聲[音]頻的，聲音的bus總線computer計算機centralprocessingunit(CPU)中央處理器ComputerDiskRead-OnlyMemory(CD-ROM)光盤只讀存儲器desktopcomputer臺式計算機DigitalVideoDisk(DVD)數(shù)字視[頻光]盤disk磁盤general-purposemachine通用（計算）機hardware硬件informationprocessing信息處理inputdevice輸入設備Input/Output(I/O)輸入/輸出instruction指令interface接口keyword鍵盤mainmemory主存儲器mainframe主機，特大型機microcomputer微型計算機minicomputer小型計算機monitor監(jiān)視，監(jiān)視器mouse鼠標operatingsystem操作系統(tǒng)outputdevice輸出設備peripheral外圍，外圍設備personalcomputer(PC)個人計算機program程序reset復位setofinstruction指令集，指令系統(tǒng)software軟件special-purposemachine專用（計算）機1.2什么是處理器arithmeticandlogicunit(ALU)算術/邏輯部件clock時鐘controlunit控制器，控制部件decode譯碼，解碼instruction指令instructionset指令系統(tǒng)，指令集machinelanguage機器語言megahertz(MHz)兆赫operand操作數(shù)operation操作、操作碼、操作碼指令processor處理器register寄存器wordsize(wordlength)字長1.3存儲系統(tǒng)benchmark基準測試程序，基準[程序]，測試標準，基準boot引導，啟動，自舉cache高速緩沖存儲器,高速緩存chip芯片CompactDiskROM(CDROM)只讀光盤diskdrive磁盤驅(qū)動器DynamicRAM(DRAM)動態(tài)隨機存儲器floppydisk(diskette)軟磁盤hierarchicalmemory存儲器層次結(jié)構(gòu)laserstorage激光存儲器latency潛伏時間、等待時間magneticdisk磁盤magnetictape磁帶mainmemory主存儲器on-chipcache單片高速緩存pageframe頁幀pagedvirtualmemory頁式虛擬存儲器RandomAccessMemory(RAM)隨機（訪問）存儲器ReadOnlyMemory(ROM)只讀存儲器realmemory(storage)實存儲器registerfile寄存器組silicon-die硅片volatile易失性writeonce,readmany(WORM)一次寫多次讀1.4輸入輸出（I/O）系統(tǒng)accumulator累加器latency潛伏時間、等待時間bandwidth帶寬（外設與存儲器的傳送速率范圍）buffering緩沖channel信道，通道codeconversion代碼轉(zhuǎn)換coherency相關，相干coprocessorI/O協(xié)處理器I/Odirectmemoryaccess(DMA)直接存儲器存取harddisk硬（磁）盤input/outputsystem輸入輸出系統(tǒng)interrupt中斷l(xiāng)oad裝入，加載memorymappedI/O存儲器映射I/Omodem調(diào)制解調(diào)器multiprocessor多處理器path通路，路徑patternofbits位模式peripheral外圍，外圍設備programmedI/O程序控制I/Osynchronization同步化1.5總線和控制器adapter適配器asynchronous異步的bandwidth（頻）帶寬（度）bus總線daisychain菊花鏈decentralized分散式（的）dedicatedbus專用總線distributed分布式（的）general-purposebus通用總線peripheralComponentInterconnect(PCI)外圍部件互連（總線）polling輪詢priority優(yōu)先級share共享synchronous同步的timing定時，同步1-6JUSTWHATISTHEUNIVERSALSERIALBUS?adaptercard適配器卡broadcastquality廣播級質(zhì)量configuration配置download下載FiberChannel光纖通道gamecard游戲卡high-resolution高分辨率hub集線器image圖像，映像，成像informationflow信息流intelligence智能joystick操作桿platform平臺serialport串行（端）口soundcard聲卡surroundsoundstereo環(huán)繞聲，立體聲telecommunication遠程通信，電信trafficflow業(yè)務流UniversalSerialBus(USB)通用串行總線video視頻videoconferencing視頻會議1.7REDUCEDINSTRUCTIONSETCOMPUTERSaddressing編址，尋址addressingmode尋址方式algorithm算法branchinstruction轉(zhuǎn)移指令，分支指令compiler編譯器，編譯程序ComplexInstructionSetComputer(CISC)復雜指令系統(tǒng)計算機displacement移位field字段instructionformat指令格式machinecycle機器周期microcode微代碼，微指令microinstruction微指令micro-program微程序op-code操作碼pipeline流水線reducedinstructionsetcomputer(RISC)精簡指令系統(tǒng)計算機superscalar超級標量1.8MEASURINGCOMPUTERPERFORMANCEapplicationenvironment應用環(huán)境benchmarkprogram基準程序bottleneck瓶頸clockrate時鐘頻率computerperformance計算機性能execution-rate執(zhí)行速率floatingpoint浮點metric尺度，指標millionsofinstructionsexecutedpersecond(MIPS)百萬條指令（數(shù)）每秒parameter參量，參數(shù)port移植，端口SystemPerformanceEvaluationCooperative(SPEC)系統(tǒng)性能評價合作組織throughput吞吐量workstation工作站measure度量第二章計算機操作系統(tǒng)2.1操作系統(tǒng)概述jobmanagement作業(yè)管理resourcemanagement資源管理jobqueue作業(yè)隊列input/outputcontrolsystem(IOCS)輸入輸出控制系統(tǒng)batchsystem批處理系統(tǒng)time-sharedoperatingsystem分時操作系統(tǒng)offlineoperation脫機操作real-timesystem實時系統(tǒng)buffering緩沖技術spoolingsystem假脫機系統(tǒng)multiprogramming多道程序設計2.2WINDOWSXP和VISTAdependability可信性、可靠性DynamicLinkLibrary(DLL)動態(tài)鏈接庫firewall防火墻attack攻擊，進攻EncryptingFileSystem(EFS)加密文件系統(tǒng)hacker黑客remoteassistance遠程援助task-oriented面向任務的restack重新堆疊stack棧，堆棧，堆疊interface界面，接口tabletPC平板式計算機notebookcomputer筆記本計算機desktop桌面（計算機）backup備份，后備支援remote遠程definition分辨率，清晰度premium高級，優(yōu)質(zhì)entertainment娛樂menuslide菜單滑塊taskbar任務欄appearance外觀，外部特征customize個性化gadget小工具，小器具systemresource系統(tǒng)資源virus病毒animation動畫switcher 切換器（程序）folder文件夾navigationpane動畫窗格favorite收藏夾（頁）filter篩選器visual可視的threat威脅digitalmedia數(shù)字媒體PhotoGallery照片庫exposure曝光，泄露export導出，輸出，引出clip剪輯share共享wirelessnetwork無線網(wǎng)絡2.3UNIX和LINUXUNIX一種計算機操作系統(tǒng)concurrently并發(fā)地terminal終端multi-user多用戶multitask多任務job作業(yè)kernel內(nèi)核interface接口programminglanguage程序設計（編程）語言background后臺systemcall系統(tǒng)調(diào)用interpreter解釋程序file文件redirection重定向device-independent設備無關的shell外殼（程序）、命令解釋程序GeneralPublicLicense(GPL)公用授權協(xié)議Linux以Linux命名的操作系統(tǒng)sourcecode源代碼PortableOperatingSystemUNIX(POSIX)可移植的UNIX系統(tǒng)Gnu’sNotUNIX(GNU)一個自由軟件組織2.4THEMIDDLEWAREpersistentstorage持久儲存器middleware中間件ApplicationProgramInterface(API)應用程序接口variable-lengthfile可變長文件relationaldatabase關系型數(shù)據(jù)庫bundle捆，卷，捆綁件hostname主機名2.5ACACHINGMODELOFOPERATINGSYSTEMKERNELFUNCTIONALITYcachingmodel高速緩存模型micro-kernel微內(nèi)核monolithic單塊（片）的virtualmemorysystem虛擬存儲系統(tǒng)copy-on-write按寫拷貝domain-specific特定域resourceallocation資源分配randomaccess隨機訪問sequentialaccess順序訪問resourcemanagement資源管理failure故障，失效applicationmodule應用模塊server服務器activeobject活動對象addressspace地址空間thread線程Inter-ProcessCommunication(IPC)進程間通信mapping映像，鏡像descriptor描述符pageframe頁面幀supervisor-level管理層programminginterface編程接口emulator仿真器第三章個人計算機（PC）的使用3.1選擇和設置PC系統(tǒng)PC(PersonalComputer)個人電腦power-hungry耗電的applicationsuite應用（軟件）套件，應用程序集wordprocessor字處理程序spreadsheet電子表格taxpreparation稅收預處理（軟件）drawing繪圖（軟件）homepublishing家庭出版（軟件）referencesoftware參考軟件game游戲（軟件）platform平臺configuration配置tower塔式all-in-one一體化，全內(nèi)置monitor監(jiān)視器peripheraldevice外圍設備fluctuation波動surgesuppressor浪涌抑制器port端口expansioncard擴展卡USB(UniversalSerialBus)通用串行總線hub集線器CD(CompactDisk)光盤，激光唱盤，高密度磁盤customize定制，按指定規(guī)格制造setting設置，調(diào)整，裝配screensaver屏幕保護裝置（程序）screenresolution屏幕分辨率menu菜單desktop桌面shortcutitems快捷項toolbar工具條backgroundimage背景圖（映）像colorscheme配色方案theme主題controlpanel控制面板quicklaunchtoolbar快速發(fā)送工具條3.2使用PCboot自舉，引導，啟動，引導程序standbymode等待模式，待機模式wear-and-tear長時間使用之后的損耗，消耗operatingsystem操作系統(tǒng)utility實用程序，實用工具virus病毒userinterface用戶接口text-based基于文本的GUI(GraphicalUserInterface)圖形用戶接口desktop桌面icon圖標taskbar任務欄dialogbox會話框pull-down(drop-down)menu下拉式菜單3.3PC系統(tǒng)維護systemmaintenance系統(tǒng)維護backup備份、備用、后備支援removableharddisk可移動硬盤storagemedium存儲媒體surgesuppression浪涌抑制UPS(UninterruptiblePowerSupply)不間斷電源CD(CompactDisk)光盤DVD(DigitalVideoDisk)數(shù)字視頻光盤zipdisk大容量磁盤troubleshooting故障查找（診斷、排除）diagnose診斷3.4UPGRADINGPCUpgrade升級，提高RAM(RandomAccessMemory)隨機存儲器，內(nèi)存peripheralequipment外圍設備imagescanner圖像掃描儀colorprinter彩色打印機motherboard主（機）板version版本release（軟件產(chǎn)品）發(fā)布，版本bug故障，錯誤，安全漏洞upwardcompatible向上兼容downwardcompatibility向下兼容性crosscompatibility交叉兼容性boldfacing粗（黑）體的italicizing斜體的RTF(RichTextFormat)多功能文本格式PDF(PortableDocumentFormat)可移植文檔格式HTML(Hyper-TextMarkupLanguage)超文本標記語言第四章計算機網(wǎng)絡4.1計算機網(wǎng)絡的體系結(jié)構(gòu)computernetwork計算機網(wǎng)絡networkarchitecture網(wǎng)絡體系結(jié)構(gòu)protocol協(xié)議opensysteminterconnectionreferencemodel(OSI/RM)開放系統(tǒng)互連參考模型TransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocol(TCP/IP)傳輸控制協(xié)議/互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議channel信道frame幀packet分組，包message報文，消息connectionless無連接的connectionoriented面向連接的userdatagramprotocol(UDP)用戶數(shù)據(jù)報協(xié)議datacommunication數(shù)據(jù)通信resourcesharing資源共享dataformat數(shù)據(jù)格式layer-based分層次的physicalmedium物理媒體（介質(zhì)）InternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)國際標準化組織DepartmentOfDefense(DOD)（美國）國防部industrialstandard行業(yè)標準transportlayer傳輸層，運輸層networklayer網(wǎng)絡層applicationlayer應用層end-to-end端對端，終點到終點bytestream字節(jié)流virtualterminal虛擬終端4.2局域網(wǎng)（LAN）LAN(LocalAreaNetwork)局域網(wǎng)client-server客戶服務器(方式)peer-to-peer對等(方式)hub集線器switch交換機topology拓撲(結(jié)構(gòu))startopology星型拓撲Ethernet以太(局域)網(wǎng)randomly隨機地CSMA/CD(CarrierSenseMultipleAccess/CollisionDetection)載波偵聽多路訪問/沖突檢測UTP(UnshieldedTwistedPair)非屏蔽雙絞線coaxialcable同軸電纜NIC(NetworkInterfaceCard)網(wǎng)絡接口卡(網(wǎng)卡)multi-portbridge多端口網(wǎng)橋router路由器ASIC(Application-SpecificIntegratedCircuit)專用集成電路GigabitEthernet千兆位以太網(wǎng)fiber-optic光纖FDDI(FiberDistributedDataInterface)光纖分布式數(shù)據(jù)接口ATM(AsynchronousTransferMode)異步轉(zhuǎn)移(傳輸)模式WLAN(WirelessLocalAreaNetwork)無線局域網(wǎng)ISM(Industrial,Scientific,andMedical)band工業(yè)、科學和醫(yī)藥頻段FHSS(FrequencyHoppingSpreadSpectrum)跳頻擴頻DSSS(DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrum)直序擴頻CDMA(CodeDivisionMultipleAccess)碼分多址MAC(MediumAccessControl)媒體訪問控制WAP(WirelessApplicationProtocol)無線應用協(xié)議cellphone蜂窩電話pager尋呼機wirelessbridge無線網(wǎng)橋leasedline租用線4.3廣域網(wǎng)（WAN）WAN(WideAreaNetwork)廣域網(wǎng)packetswitchingnetwork分組交換網(wǎng)prioritycode優(yōu)先級代碼sourceaddress源地址destinationaddress目的地址datagram數(shù)據(jù)報virtualcircuit虛電路(SVC)SwitchedVirtualCircuit交換式虛電路(PVC)PermanentVirtualCircuit永久式虛電路multiplex多路復用leasedlinenetwork租用線(路)網(wǎng)framerelay幀中繼CPE(CustomerPremisesEquipment)客戶設備accessline接入線port端口route路由，路徑backbone主干網(wǎng),骨干網(wǎng)trunk干線,[局內(nèi)]中繼線,信息通路4.4WINDOWSSERVER2008utility實用程序，實用工具virtualization虛擬化InformationTechnology(IT)信息技術workload工作負荷shell外殼（程序），命令解釋程序hypervisor管理程序VirtualPrivateNetwork(VPN)虛擬專用網(wǎng)InternetInformationServices(IIS)因特網(wǎng)信息服務clientcomputer客戶計算機diagnostic診斷troubleshooting故障查找（診斷、排除）NetworkAccessProtection(NAP)網(wǎng)絡訪問保護ActiveDirectory(AD)活動目錄HighPerformanceComputing(HPC)高性能計算4.5ABOUTNETWORKCONVERGENCESessionInitiationProtocol(SIP)會話起始協(xié)議InternetMultimediacorenetworkSubsystem(IMS)因特網(wǎng)多媒體核心網(wǎng)子系統(tǒng)convergence收斂（性），會聚（性、度），會聚，學科交叉networktraffic網(wǎng)絡通信（業(yè)務）量corenetwork核心網(wǎng)networklayerprotocol網(wǎng)絡層協(xié)議subscriber用戶roam漫游cellularnetwork蜂窩式網(wǎng)絡BroadbandInternet寬帶因特網(wǎng)accessnetwork接入網(wǎng)login登錄PersonalDigitalAssistant(PDA)個人數(shù)字助理account賬戶，賬號node節(jié)點TimeDivisionMultiplex(TDM)時分多路復用第五章因特網(wǎng)5.1因特網(wǎng)概述Internet因特網(wǎng)ARPAnetARPA計算機網(wǎng)，阿帕網(wǎng)packetswitchingnetwork分組交換網(wǎng)，包交換網(wǎng)interoperability互操作性WWW（worldwideweb）萬維網(wǎng)，環(huán)球信息網(wǎng)hypertext超文本client客戶browser瀏覽器download下載HTTP（hypertexttransferprotocol）超文本傳送協(xié)議URL（uniformresourcelocator）統(tǒng)一資源定位地址searchengine搜索引擎searchcriteria搜索條件Webpage網(wǎng)頁GUI（graphicaluserinterface）圖形用戶接口IE（InternetExplorer）（微軟公司的）瀏覽器軟件Mosaic美國計算機安全協(xié)會（NCSA）的公共WWW瀏覽器Navigator（網(wǎng)景公司的）瀏覽器electronicmail電子郵件SMTP（SimpleMailTransferProtocol）簡單郵件傳送協(xié)議POP（PostOfficeProtocol）郵局協(xié)議FTP（FileTransferProtocol）文件傳送協(xié)議Telnet（Telecommunicationnetwork）遠程通信網(wǎng)遠程登錄（服務）TCP/IP（TransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocol）傳輸控制協(xié)議/互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議5.2與因特網(wǎng)連接ISP(InternetServiceProvider)因特網(wǎng)服務提供商access訪問，接入portability便攜（設備）animation動畫videochip視頻剪輯mobileWeb移動萬維網(wǎng)wirelessWeb無線萬維網(wǎng)notebook筆記本（電腦）handheld手持的built-in內(nèi)置的mobilephone移動電話pager尋呼機modem調(diào)制解調(diào)器videoondemand(VOD)視頻點播premise前提，處所treetopology樹型拓撲opticalfiber光纖WAN(WideAreaNetwork)廣域網(wǎng)LAN(LocalAreaNetwork)局域網(wǎng)dedicatedconnection專線連接wirelessconnection無線連接transceiver收發(fā)器coaxialcable同軸電纜cableTV有線電視ADSL(AsymmetricDigitalSubscriberLine)非對稱數(shù)字用戶線downstream下行，順流，下游upstream上行，逆流，上游CO(CentralOffice)中心（交換）局HFC(HybridFiberCoax)混合光纖同軸電纜（網(wǎng)）MSO(MultipleSystemOperator)多系統(tǒng)操作員headend頭端器，數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換器RF(RadioFrequency)射頻，無線電頻率cablemodem電纜調(diào)制解調(diào)器backbonenetwork主（骨）干網(wǎng)duplex雙工5.3萬維網(wǎng)瀏覽器和服務器hyperlink超（級）鏈接click單擊，點擊Webserver萬維網(wǎng)服務器transaction事務，事務處理，交易UNIX一種操作系統(tǒng)daemon守護程序，后臺駐留程序，端口監(jiān)控程序dial-uptelephone撥號電話package程序包，軟件包shareware共享（軟）件HTML(HypertTextMarkupLanguage)超文本標記語言MSIE(MicroSoftInternetExplorer)微軟公司的因特網(wǎng)瀏覽器commercialpackage商業(yè)軟件包IIS(InternetInformationServer)因特網(wǎng)信息服務器5.4網(wǎng)絡安全digitallibrary數(shù)字圖書館virtuallaboratory虛擬實驗室multicasting多播,組播QualityofService(QoS)服務質(zhì)量NextgenerationInternet(NGI)下一代因特網(wǎng)5.5NETWORKSECURITYnetworksecurity網(wǎng)絡安全virus病毒unauthorizedaccess非授權訪問firewall防火墻boot自舉,引導,啟動sector(磁盤)扇區(qū),扇面macrovirus宏病毒floppydisk軟(磁)盤download下載,卸載identification識別,驗證,鑒定authentication驗證,鑒別password口令，密碼accesscard存取卡biometricdevice生物統(tǒng)計儀器filter過濾,濾波block封鎖NFS(NetworkFileSystem)網(wǎng)絡文件系統(tǒng)gateway網(wǎng)關relayservice中繼業(yè)務packetfiltering分組(包)過濾circuitgateway電路網(wǎng)關application-levelgateway應用級網(wǎng)關screeningrouter屏蔽路由器bastionhost堡壘主機dual-homedgateway雙宿主網(wǎng)關screened-hostgateway屏蔽主機網(wǎng)關screenedsubnet屏蔽子網(wǎng)六、因特網(wǎng)應用6.1VIRTUALPRIVATENETWORK(VPN)VPN(VirtualPrivateNetwork)虛擬專用網(wǎng)publicnetwork公用網(wǎng)gateway網(wǎng)關router路由器firewall防火墻protocol協(xié)議link鏈路，鏈接encryption加密authentication驗證tunneling隧道技術ISP(InternetServiceProvider)因特網(wǎng)服務提供商POP(Point-Of-Presence)接入點roaminguser漫游用戶Intranet因特網(wǎng)內(nèi)部網(wǎng)Extranet因特網(wǎng)外部網(wǎng)Webserver萬維網(wǎng)服務器laptop膝上（電腦）6.2ELECTRONICCOMMERCEelectroniccommerce電子商務ElectronicFundsTransfer(EFT)電子資金傳送（轉(zhuǎn)賬），電子匯款Business-to-Business(BtoB,B2B)商業(yè)對商業(yè)transaction事務[處理]，交易，會刊，學報ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI)電子數(shù)據(jù)交換communicationsmedium通信媒體digitalform數(shù)字格式revenue稅收，收入，收益6.3BUSINESSNETWORKINGinformationage信息時代InformationTechnology(IT)信息技術computer-aideddesign(CAD)計算機輔助設計globalpositioningsatellite(GPS)全球定位衛(wèi)星cashregister現(xiàn)金出納機EnterpriseResourcePlanning(ERP)企業(yè)資源計劃knowledgemanagement知識管理smartappliance智能設備businessnetworking商業(yè)聯(lián)網(wǎng)sub-process子過程，子進程electronicservice電子服務，電子業(yè)務framework框架，架構(gòu)，構(gòu)架businessmodel商業(yè)模式pointofview觀點Background后臺trafficinformation通信信息，業(yè)務信息sensor傳感器supplychain供應鏈online-database在線數(shù)據(jù)庫Internetbanking因特網(wǎng)銀行業(yè)務electronicmarket電子市場automaticmeasurement自動測量productcatalog產(chǎn)品目錄6.4WHATISERP?EnterpriseResourcePlanning(ERP)企業(yè)資源計劃acronym首字母縮略詞humanresources人力資源warehouse倉庫integratedsoftwareprogram綜合軟件程序share共享status狀態(tài)item項，項目customer顧客，客戶Inventory目錄，存貨，庫存，清單log登錄decision決策online在線responsibility響應度productivity生產(chǎn)力（率）ChiefExecutionOfficer(CEO)首席執(zhí)行官，行政主管manufacturingprocesses生產(chǎn)（加工）工藝package包coreERPprogram核心ERP程序6.5ABOUTINTERNETTELEPHONYInternettelephony因特網(wǎng)電話transcontinental橫貫大陸的QualityofService(QoS)服務質(zhì)量applet小應用