研究生英語(yǔ)下 Unit7

U8AdditionallnformationfortheTeacher’sReferenceTextThereHasAlwaysBeenOlympicMischiefWarm-upActivitiesFurtherReadingWritingSkillsAdditionalWork1編輯pptWarm-upActivities1.Somepeoplesaymoneyisspoilingthebeautyofsportscompetitionsandthatthetraditionalvirtuesofcourtesyandsportsmanshiphavebeenmoreorlesslost.Othersinsistthatmoneyisnotspoilingthegamebutmakingitevenmorespectacular.Whichsidedoyoutake?2.Doyouhappentoknowanycaseoftrickeryanddishonestyinsports?Warm-up1.12編輯pptWarm-up1.23.AEuropeancoachwasquotedassaying:“Aslongasyouarestillaliveforthevictoryceremony,youshouldgetyourreward.Thereisnoroomforethicsinsportsanymore.〞Doyouagreewithhim?Doyouthinkitpossibleforathletestocompetefiercelyforvictorywhileobservingethicsandcourtesy?3編輯pptErichSegalwasborninBrooklyn,NewYork,thesonofarabbi.AtalentedLatinandGreekclassicist,heattendedHarvardUniversityforundergraduateandgraduatedegrees,taughtatHarvardandPrinceton,andbecameprofessorofcomparativeliteratureatYaleUniversityin1967.Aprolificwriter,heisbestknownasauthorofthescreenplayforYellowSubmarine,1968motionpicturehitbyTheBeatles,aBritishrock-n’-rollgroup;andhisnovelLoveStory,aNewYorkTimesNo.1bestseller,latertranslatedintomorethantwentylanguagesworldwide.Themotionpictureversionreleasedin1971wasthenumberoneboxAIFTTR1.1AdditionallnformationfortheTeacher’sReference1.ErichSegal(1937-)4編輯pptAIFTTR1.2officeattractionofthatyear.TwootherofhisbestsellerswereTheClass(1985)andDoctors(1988).5編輯pptAccordingtotradition,theOlympicgameswerefirstcelebratedintheyear776B.C.TheywereheldinhonourofZeusofOlympiaandwerethusareligiousfestival.WhilsttheathletesintheearlystagesoftheGameswereprobablymainlyfromtheleisuredupper-classesandthereforemaybedefinedas“amateurs〞,thererapidlydevelopedwhatcanonlybecalledprofessionalathletes,forwhomathleticscompetitionwasacareer,andwhomadelargeamountsofmoney(oritsequivalent)fromtheirsuccessinthedifferentathleticgamesandcompetitions.WeactuallyhearofGreekcities“poaching〞athletesfromothercitieswithpromisesoffinancialrewards.AIFTTR2.12.theOlympicGames6編輯pptAIFTTR2.2TheOlympicGameswerewhattheGreekscalled“crownedGames,ie.〞therewerenocashprizesorprizesingoods,butonlyasimplewreathofwildolive.Moreover,unlikethemodernGames,onlythewinnerwascrowned,withnowreathbeingofferedtosecondorthirdplace-getters.Butthefinancialandmaterialrewardswhenthevictoriousathletereturnedhomewereverygreatindeedandasecureandprosperousfutureawaitedhim.Moreover,apartfrombeingidolisedandmadeintopopularheroesbothathomeandthroughouttheHellenicworld,manyanathletegainedimmortalfamebybeingmadethesubjectofavictory-odebyfamouspoets.7編輯pptNotallathletesliveduptothecodeofexcellence.Somewerediscoveredcheatinginthegames.Inthepast,onlyaboutonepercentofathleteshavetestedpositiveforbannedsubstances,andthisnumberisgenerallyconsideredonlyafractionofthosewhouseperformance-enhancingdrugs.Howeverthematterofdopinghasreareditsheadandhasbeendeveloping.Athletesknowhowtousethesesubstancesandavoiddetection.Theathleteshavesupporterswhogetthemthelatestdrugs.Therearealsosomelatestwaystocheat:tattooingtheirdrugsofchoiceundertheskin,procuringthefourthgenerationoferythropoietin(EPO)orpoppingViagramixedwithgulpsoflaughinggas.AIFTTR3.13.CheatinginOlympics8編輯ppt4.DrugtestAdrugtestiscommonlyatechnicalexaminationofurine,blood,semen,sweat,ororalfluidsamplestodeterminethepresenceorabsenceofspecifieddrugsortheirmetabolizedtraces.Thereareseveralcommontypesofdrugtestsincludingurinedrugscreen,hairdrugtesting,hairalcoholtesting,salivadrugscreen,sweatdrugscreen.Thedifferenttypesofdrugtestsaretestedinverysimilarways.Beforetestingthesample,thetamper-evidentsealischeckedforintegrity.Ifthesealisdamaged,thetestwillberejected.TherewerenodrugtestsforOlympicathletesintheearlyyearsofourcentury.Asdrugtestingisamatterofsafetyandfairness,sotheIOCinitiatedthedrugtesting.AIFTTR4.19編輯ppt5.1984ByGeorgeOrwell

NineteenEighty-Four(alsotitled1984),byGeorgeOrwell(thepennameofEricArthurBlair),isa1949Englishnovelaboutlifeunderafuturisticauthoritarianregimeintheyear1984.Itisachillingdepictionofhowthepowerofthestatecouldcometodominatethelivesofindividualsthroughculturalconditioning.IttellsthestoryofWinstonSmith,afunctionaryattheMinistryofTruth,whoseworkconsistsofeditinghistoricalaccountstofitthegovernment’spolicies.SmithisdegradedandtorturedafterheisarrestedbytheThoughtPoliceundertheinstructionofthetotalitariangovernmentofOceania.AIFTTR5.110編輯pptAIFTTR5.2Thebookhasbeentranslatedintosixty-twolanguages.Ithasmajorsignificanceforitsvisionofanall-knowinggovernmentwhichusespervasiveandconstantsurveillanceofthepopulace,insidiousandblatantpropaganda,andbrutalcontroloveritscitizens.Thebookhadasubstantialimpactbothinliteratureandontheperceptionofpublicsurveillance.11編輯pptTextThereHasAlwaysBeenOlympicMischiefNotesIntroductiontotheAuthorandtheArticlePhrasesandExpressionsExercisesMainIdeaoftheText12編輯pptMainIdeaoftheText1MainIdeaoftheText

Inthetext,Segal’seruditioninancientGreekandRomanistappedashevividlymakesthecasethat,contrarytoassumption,theearliestOlympicgamessharedmanyoftheimperfectionsdecriedaboutthemodernones,includingtheprofessionalizationofamateurathletes,gambling,cheating,rowdiness,intimidation,commercialization,politicization,andevendosingwithillegal,performance-enhancingdrugs.13編輯pptErichSegal(1937-)wasborninBrooklyn,NewYork,thesonofarabbi.AtalentedLatinandGreekclassicist,heattendedHarvardUniversityforundergraduateandgraduatedegrees,taughtatHarvardandPrinceton,andbecameprofessorofcomparativeliteratureatYaleUniversityin1967.Aprolificwriter,heisbestknownasauthorofthescreenplayforYellowSubmarine,1968motionpicturehitbyTheBeatles,aBritishrock-n’-rollgroup;andhisnovelLoveStory,aNewYorkTimesNo.1bestseller,latertranslatedintomorethantwentylanguagesworldwide.Themotionpictureversionreleasedin1971wasthenumberoneboxofficeattractionofthatyear.TwootherofhisbestsellerswereTheClass(1985)andDoctors(1988).IntroductiontotheAuthorandthearticle1IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheArticle14編輯pptIntroductiontotheAuthorandthearticle2

ThereHasAlwaysBeenOlympicMischiefwasfirstpublishedinTVGuidemagazineonJuly28,1984.InitSegal’seruditioninancientGreekandRomanistappedashevividlymakesthecasethat,contrarytoassumption,theearliestOlympicgamessharedmanyoftheimperfectionsdecriedaboutthemodernones,includingtheprofessionalizationofamateurathletes,gambling,cheating,rowdiness,intimidation,commercialization,politicization,andevendosingwithillegal,performance-enhancingdrugs.15編輯pptEveryfouryears,whentheOlympicsrollaroundagain,journalistsseemautomaticallytorecyclethosemisty-eyednotionsabout“GoodOldDays.〞TheyeulogizetheoriginalGreekGamesasbeingpureanduncommercial.Ifwebelievewhatweread,everyancientcompetitorwasanamateur,andallworshippedfairplay.Part2_T1ErichSegalThereHasAlwaysBeenOlympicMischiefText16編輯pptThisis,ofcourse,sheernonsense.AsLordByronquipped:“Alltimeswhenoldaregood.〞Infact,themythologyofaperfectOlympicsisthemoderninventionofsnobsandself-styledpurists,perpetuatedbysportswriters—andtelevisioncommentatorsatalosstofillairtime.Hereisthenot-so-rosytruth.FromasfarbackasHomer’sIliad—whichportraysgamesofthe12thcenturyB.C.—Greekathletescheatedasamatterofcourse.Theirentireethicwasbasedonwinning—byfairmeansorfoul.Olympicboxershitwheretheyweren’tsupposedto,andtookbribestotakedives.Runnersjumpedthegun(tobeprecise,theGreeksusedatrumpet),andtheyelbowedoneanotherviciouslyonthecurves.Part2_T217編輯pptPart2_T3Thechariotracerswereevenmorebrutal,especiallyintheGamesheldundertheRomanEmpire.Wehaverecordedcasesofdriversstabbingrivalsastheirvehiclesdrovenecktoneck.Perhapsmostamazingofall,ifitwerelaterprovedthat,say,aboxerorawrestlerhaddishonestlywonthroughbribery—hestilldidn’tlosehistitle.Perhapsyouareaskingwherethejudgeswere.Oh,theGreekshadtheusualreferees,umpires,andsoforth.Butthesearbiterswereoftensusceptibletofinancialenticements—andtreats.Andevenifanhonestjudgewasstationedattheturningpostthattherunnershadtocircle,hestillhadgreatdifficultyindeterminingwhoseelbowwassmashingintowhoseribs,18編輯pptbecausetheathletesdidn’twearnumbers.Forthatmatter,theydidn’twearuniformseither.Indeed,onerealdifferencebetweentheancientandmoderngameswasthefactthatalltheGreekathleteswereobligedtocompeteinthenude.YoumightthinkthatthisbarenesswouldhavemadeitimpossibletocommercializetheancientGames.Afterall,thestarscouldn’tbepaidtowearanybody’strackshoesorsweatshirts.Thatmuchistrue,butwewouldbenaivetothinkthattheathletesweretherefore“amateurs.〞Then,asnow,theOlympicsmeantbigbucks(sorry,drachmas)forthechampions.AccordingtoarecentbookbyProfessorDavidYoungoftheUniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbara,thewinnerofthesprintcould,infact,expecttoearntheancientequivalentofseveralhundredthousanddollars!Part2_T419編輯pptTobeginwith,therewastheactualprizemoney.FromatleastthesixthcenturyB.C.theGreeksopenlygavecashawardsforfirstplaceintheOlympics.Afterthattherewerehugefeesthatthesenewlycrownedchampionscoulddemandfor“personalappearances.〞No,Iamnotbeinganachronistic.Promotersofminortrackmeets—whichwereoftenheldtoadvertiselocalproducts(!)—wouldforkoverplentytohavethehottestrunnersofthedaymerelyshowup.What’smore,theathletesweregenerallyabsolvedbytheirhometownfrompayingtaxesandweregivenfreemealsforlife.Part2_T520編輯pptThus,eveninclassicaltimes,theOlympicswereahighlycommercialaffair.Andtheywerealsohighlypolitical.Therewereferociousrivalriesamongthevariouscity-states,bothfromthemainlandandthevariousGreekcolonies,tohaveoneoftheirownwinabigtitle.Iamnotafraidtonamenames.ThegreatestsprinterinantiquitywasacertainAstylos,whohailedfromCrotona,atinyGreekvillageinItaly.AttheGamesof488B.C.hedazzledallbywinningbothsprintevents.Afterwards,AstyloswasapproachedbysomeboysfromSyracuse,thenarichandgrowingcityinSicily,whomadehimanofferhecouldn’trefuse.Part2_T621編輯pptPart2_T7Theysuggestedthathechangecitizenshipsohecouldrunfortheircity’steaminthenextOlympics.Thepricewasright.Andthedealpaidoff.IntheGamesofboth484and480,herepeatedhisamazingdouble.ButheenteredtherecordbooksasAstylosofSyracuse.Whichprovesthatmoneycanbuyanything,includingOlympicchampions.LestIbesmirchthenameofagreatathlete,letmehastentosaythatIdonotimplythatAstylosreallycheated.Hesimplyacceptedalotofcashtomovetoabiggerbaseofoperations.Ithappensallthetimetodaywithcorporateexecutives.22編輯pptPart2_T8Letusconcludethisiconoclasticsurveyofancientmisbehaviorwithtworatherbizarreanecdotes.AccordingtotheauthorityofthegreathistorianPlutarch,KingMithridatesofPontus(firstcenturyB.C.)poisonedtherivalcharioteerwhodaredtobeathiminarace.AndfinallytherewasthemultitalentedemperorNero.InA.D.67,hehadtheofficialsholdaspecialGamesatOlympiainhishonor.Helastedabouttwentyyardsandfelloffhischariot.Buthewasnonethelessdeclaredthewinner.Inthisinstance,thejudgeswerenotbribed.Theyweresimplyscared.23編輯pptWhentheGameswererevivedin1896,alltheancientshenaniganswererevivedwiththem.Andastimeprogressed,refinementswereadded.ItalmostgoeswithoutsayingthattheGreeksoverwhelmedtheircountrymanSpiridonLoues,thewinnerofthemarathon,withnumeroustangiblerewards.(Someaccountssayfemalespectatorsthrewtheirjewelsdowntohimonthetrack.)Butletusquicklysayhewonfairandsquare.Andyetwhenhecrossedthefinishline,hewasalittle“high〞onmorethanjoy—havingfortifiedhimselfalongtheroadwithswigsofsugaredwine.Part2_T924編輯pptPart2_T10Bycontrast,thefirstmarathonertoreachthestadiumintheSt.LouisOlympicsin1904wasoneFredLorzoftheUnitedStates.JustbeforePresidentTeddyRoosevelt’sdaughterwastogivehimhismedal,itwasdiscoveredthatLorzhadnot,afterall,gonetheentiredistanceunderhisownsteam.Havingcrampedupataboutninemiles,heacceptedaridefromapassingcar.Buttheautoalsocrampedupalittlelater,andLorzjumpedoutandjoggedtherestofthewaytothestadium,arrivingwellbeforetheotherracers.This“victory〞isoneofthelightermomentsinthehistoryofOlympiccheating.25編輯pptMoreominousisthefactthatdistancerunnersveryquicklybegantakingstimulants.Strychninewasoneoftheearliestdrugsusedforthispurpose.Indeed,T.J.Hicks,theathletewhoactuallygotthemarathongoldmedalafterLorzwasdisqualified,hadsustainedhimselfenroutewithlargequantitiesofbrandyandsmalldosesofstrychnine.Thoughhisphysicianwasnotsecretiveaboutit,Hicksgottokeephismedal.OfcoursetherewerenodrugtestsforOlympicathletesintheearlyyearsofourcentury.Strychninewasagainusedbytherunnersinthe1908Londongames—duringthefamousmarathoninwhichtheItalianDorandoPietrireachedthestadiumfirstandcollapsedbeforehegottothetape.ThistimePart2_T1126編輯pptPart2_T12oneoftheofficialdoctorsrushedovertogivehimaquickinjectiontohelphimfinish.ButtheshotnearlyfinishedDorando,andhehadtobetakentothehospitalafterbeingdisqualifiedfornotcompletingtheraceonhisown.Sincethen,doctorshavebeenhardatworktryingtoinventsubstancesthatwouldimproveperformancewhileescapingdetection.Thismedicalresearchmayhavehelpedperformancesbutithasoftenharmedathletes.TragiccaseslikethatofKnudJensen,aDanishcyclistinthe1960RomeGameswhocollapsedanddiedfromacombinationofstimulants,spurredtheinternationalOlympicCommitteetoinitiatedrugtesting.27編輯pptPart2_T13In1976,OlympiccheatingenteredtheElectronicAge.Duringthefencingeventofthemodernpentathlon,thelightontheépéeoftheUSSR’sBorisOnischenkoflashedtoindicatethathehadscoredahitagainsthisadversary.Unfortunately,atthetimeitwentoff,theweaponwasnowherenearhisopponent,Britain’sJimFox.Uponinvestigation,thejudgesdiscoveredthatBorishadbeenarathernaughtyboy,havingrewiredhisswordtolightatanymomenthewoulddeemappropriate.BorisandtheentireSovietteamwereimmediatelydisqualified.Theathletehimselfhasnotbeenheardfromsince.PerhapshehasbeensenttoSiberia.Ortoabetterelectronicschool.28編輯pptPart2_T14Thenthereisthematterof“sexcheating.〞Thiscaninvolvewomentakingsuchlargedosesofmalehormonestoimprovetheirperformancethattheylosenearlyallfemalecharacteristicsandshouldreallynotbeallowedtousetheladiesroom.(Insomecasesthesexoftheathleteisamatterofconjecture.)ThereisnoneedtoconjectureaboutDoraRatjen,theGermanathletewhojustmissedagoldmedalinthewomen’shighjumpinthenotoriousOlympicsof1936.“She〞subsequentlysetworldrecordsinthiseventthatremainedonthebooksuntilyearslater,whenitwasdiscoveredthat“Dora〞was,infact,HermannRatjen,amediocremaleathlete,butanexcellentfemaleimpersonator.29編輯pptAsIlookoverwhatIhavewritten,IfeelthatIhavepresentedanexcessivelybleakpictureofaninherentlygloriousevent.Thoughthemisbehaviordescribedistragicbuttrue,Istilldonotsharethepessimismofthewriterwhosemostfamousworkhasgivenhimanear-franchiseonthedigit“1984.〞GeorgeOrwellviewedtheOlympicsas“boundupwithhatred,jealousy,boastfulness,disregardofallrulesandsadisticpleasureinwitnessingviolence;inotherwords,itisawarwithouttheshooting.〞Thisisgoingmuchtoofar.TheOlympicsarenothingmoreorlessthanareflectionofeverythingthatisgoodaswellasbadinhumannature.TheanecdotesofancientGreekskulduggeryprovethattheGameshavealwayssufferedfromwhatwemightbenevolentlycall“humanfrailty.〞Part2_T1530編輯pptAndonemightarguethatourownagecanactuallyclaimatinybitofmoralsuperiorityoverclassicalGreece.Veryfewofus,Ithink,wouldsubscribetotheviewofaEuropeancoach,whowasrecentlyquotedassaying:“Aslongasyouarestillaliveforthevictoryceremony,youshouldgetyourreward.Thereisnoroomforethicsinsportsanymore.〞Thisiscynicalintheextreme.IfirmlybelievethatthemajorityofspectatorstodaywatchtheOlympicstosee“pure〞excellence.LikeMarkSpitz’ssevengoldmedals.Ortheupsetvictoryofthefresh-facedAmericanhockeyteamin1980.OrtheeagerlyawaitedperformanceofCarlLewisthistime.ThatiswhattheOlympicsarereallyabout.Part2_T1631編輯pptRomanEmpire:theempireofancientRomethatlastedfrom27B.C.,whenitwasestablishedbyAugustus,to395A.D.,whenitwasdividedintotheEasternRomanEmpireorByzantineEmpire〔395-1453A.D.〕andtheWesternRomanEmpire〔395-476A.D.〕NotesPart2_TA_Notes1LordByron(GeorgeGordonByron,1788-1824):Englishpoetatalosstofillairtime:nothavingenoughnewstoreport,to“fill〞one’sbroadcastingtimeslotHomer’sIliad:alongGreekepicpoemaboutthesiegeofIlium,orTroy,bytheGreeks.Homer(c.900-800B.C.)issupposedtobeitsauthor.32編輯pptPart2_TA_Notes2NotesKingMithridatesofPontus:Mithridates(c.132-63B.C.),KingofPontus(120-63B.C.),alsocalledMithridatesEupator;Pontus,anancientcountryinnortheasternAsiaMinor,borderingtheBlackSea,lateraRomanprovinceSantaBarbara:acityandseasideresortinSouthernCaliforniaSicily:thelargestislandintheMediterranean,anautonomousregionofItaly,fromwhichitisseparatedbythestraitofMessinaPlutarch:(46-120A.D.)Greekbiographer,philosopherandmoralist,authorofthefamousParallelLives33編輯pptPart2_TA_Notes3NotesTeddyRoosevelt(TheodoreRoosevelt,1858-1919):26thPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1901-1909)Nero(NeroClaudiusCaesarGermanicus,37-68A.D.):degenerateRomanemperor(54-68A.D.)Siberia:alargeregionoftheformerSovietUnioninAsia,extendingfromtheUralMountainstothePacificOcean:politicalprisonersordissentersoftenimprisonedthereduringthetimeoftheU.S.S.R.34編輯pptPart2_TA_Notes4Noteswhosemostfamousworkhasgivenhimanear-franchiseonthedigit“1984〞:1984isanovelwrittenbyEnglishnovelistGeorgeOrwell(1903-1950).Itisaboutaman’sstruggleagainsttotalitarianismofthefutureandhisfinaldefeatbyacceptingit.Heretheauthormeansthenovel1984makesOrwellsofamousthatonlyhehasthespecialrighttousethedigit“1984〞.MarkSpitz(1950-):U.S.swimmer,winnerofsevengoldmedalsatthe1972Olympicstheupsetvictory:theunexpectedvictory35編輯pptPart2_TA_Notes5NotesCarlLewis(1961-):U.S.trackstarwhowonfourgoldmedalsinthe1984LosAngelesOlympics36編輯pptrollaround:goroundandround;returnataregularorusualtimefairplay:equaltreatmentofbothorallsidesbecauseofrespectfortherulesbyfairmeansorfoul:byhonestorunfairmethodstakeadive:loseamatchonpurposejumpthegun:startrunningbeforethegunsignalmarkingthebeginningoftheracehasbeenfirednecktoneck:(alsoneckandneck,inhorse-racingorincontest,struggle,etc.)withneitheronenortheotherhavinganadvantageorleadforkover:handover;payoutPhrasesandExpressionsPart2_TA_PhrasesandExpressions137編輯ppthailfrom:comefromin(sb.’s/sth.’s)honor:outofrespectfor(sb./sth.)fairandsquare:justly;honestlyunderone’sownsteam:withouthelpfromothers;unaidedcrampup:causetohaveacontractionorparalysisofmuscles;havespasmsgooff:takeplaceorhappeninthewayspecifiedPart2_TA_PhrasesandExpressions238編輯ppt舞弊行為常伴奧運(yùn)會(huì)Part2_TA_t1每逢四年一度的奧運(yùn)盛會(huì)，記者們似乎總會(huì)自然而然地對(duì)“過去的好時(shí)光〞產(chǎn)生一些模糊的概念。他們稱頌古希臘奧運(yùn)會(huì)的純潔性和非商業(yè)性。要是相信他們所寫的文章，那么古代的每一個(gè)運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)都只是業(yè)余愛好者，都崇尚公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這當(dāng)然純粹是一派胡言。詩(shī)人拜倫有一句妙語(yǔ)，“無論是哪個(gè)時(shí)代，只要過去了就會(huì)變得美好起來。〞事實(shí)上，曾經(jīng)有過完美的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)的神話只是現(xiàn)代的勢(shì)利小人和一群自封為純粹主義者的家伙的杜撰，通過體育文章撰稿人和轉(zhuǎn)播期間閑得發(fā)慌的電視評(píng)論員流傳下來。TranslationofText厄里奇?塞戈?duì)?9編輯pptPart2_TA_t2真實(shí)情況并非如此美好。早在荷馬所著的?伊利亞特?一書中就提到了在公元前12世紀(jì)舉行的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上希臘運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)想當(dāng)然地在比賽中作弊。他們所有的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都是建立在取得勝利的根底上，無論手段是否光明正大。拳擊手攻擊規(guī)那么不允許的部位，或收受賄賂成心輸?shù)舯荣?。長(zhǎng)短跑選手不等槍響〔更確切地說，希臘人用的發(fā)令槍是喇叭〕，搶先沖出起跑線，并在彎道上惡意地用肘部相互推搡。參加馬車比賽的選手甚至更為殘忍，尤其是在羅馬帝國(guó)時(shí)期舉行的奧運(yùn)會(huì)上。據(jù)記載，兩輛馬車在比賽中并駕齊驅(qū)時(shí)，車手竟然用刀刺戳對(duì)手。也許最令人感到震驚的是即使事后證實(shí)某位拳擊手或摔跤手通過賄賂的手段不榮耀地贏得了比賽，他們也不會(huì)因此而失去冠軍頭銜。40編輯pptPart2_TA_t3你也許會(huì)問，裁判在哪里呢？希臘人通常為各項(xiàng)比賽設(shè)置裁判，但是這些比賽的主宰者往往經(jīng)不起金錢以及盛宴的誘惑。而且即便在運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)必經(jīng)的拐彎處安置一位人品正直的裁判，他也很難分辨是誰(shuí)用肘部擊打了誰(shuí)的肋部，因?yàn)閰①愡x手沒有編號(hào)，也不穿統(tǒng)一的比賽服裝。事實(shí)上，古代運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)和現(xiàn)代運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)之間真正的區(qū)別在于古希臘的運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)必須一絲不掛地參加角逐。你也許會(huì)認(rèn)為由于運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)都是赤身裸體地參加比賽，因此古代奧運(yùn)會(huì)不可能商業(yè)化。畢竟，體育明星無論穿誰(shuí)的釘鞋或汗衫都是得不到任何報(bào)酬的。以上情況盡管屬實(shí)，但如果我們就此認(rèn)為運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)都是“業(yè)余的〞，那就太過天真了。和現(xiàn)在的情況一樣，當(dāng)時(shí)的奧運(yùn)會(huì)對(duì)冠軍而言也意味著巨額美元〔應(yīng)該是巨額希臘幣〕。位于圣塔?巴巴拉市的加州大學(xué)的戴維?揚(yáng)教授在其新著中稱，短跑冠軍實(shí)際上有望獲得相當(dāng)于70萬(wàn)美元的獎(jiǎng)金！41編輯pptPart2_TA_t4首先，當(dāng)時(shí)確實(shí)存在獎(jiǎng)金。至少?gòu)墓?世紀(jì)起，希臘人就開始向奧運(yùn)冠軍公開授予現(xiàn)金獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。此后新加冕的冠軍還可索取巨額“出場(chǎng)費(fèi)〞。并不是我弄錯(cuò)了年代。當(dāng)時(shí)，一些小型比賽的發(fā)起者，通常是為了給當(dāng)?shù)氐漠a(chǎn)品做廣告〔！〕，確實(shí)會(huì)向當(dāng)紅短跑明星支付大筆的酬金，請(qǐng)他們到場(chǎng)露露臉。此外，運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)的家鄉(xiāng)通常給予他們免稅的待遇，并終生免費(fèi)提供一日三餐。因此，即使在古代，奧運(yùn)會(huì)也是高度商業(yè)化、政治性的比賽。來自希臘外鄉(xiāng)和各領(lǐng)地的城邦都為了爭(zhēng)奪冠軍頭銜展開了劇烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。我可以指出一些具體的名字。古代最優(yōu)秀的短跑選手是來自位于意大利境內(nèi)的希臘小村克洛托納的一個(gè)叫阿斯特洛斯的小伙子。在公元前488年舉行的奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，他在兩項(xiàng)短跑比賽中技?jí)喝盒?，一舉成名。不久，位于西西里的一個(gè)新興城市西拉庫(kù)斯派人與他接洽，勸說他改變國(guó)籍42編輯pptPart2_TA_t5代表西拉庫(kù)斯參加下一屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)。他們提出的優(yōu)厚待遇使阿斯特洛斯難以拒絕。事實(shí)證明，阿斯特洛斯物有所值。在公元前484年和480年的兩屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)上他兩度蟬聯(lián)雙料冠軍。然而，阿斯特洛斯是作為西拉庫(kù)斯的運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)而載入史冊(cè)的。這證明了金錢是無所不能的，甚至可以購(gòu)置奧運(yùn)冠軍。請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我趕緊聲明我并不是說阿斯特洛斯欺騙了世人，以免有辱一代名將的一世英名。他只是接受了一筆錢，投靠了一個(gè)實(shí)力更強(qiáng)大的城市。這種情況在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的公司管理人員中是司空見慣的。上文概述了古代體育比賽中的種種舞弊行為，這些記載有悖于傳統(tǒng)觀念，我想用兩件異乎尋常的軼事對(duì)此做一小結(jié)。據(jù)偉大的歷史學(xué)家普魯塔赫的權(quán)威記載，龐帝斯國(guó)王米特里德斯〔公元前1世紀(jì)〕在一次馬車比賽中落敗后，下毒害死了膽敢戰(zhàn)勝他的對(duì)手。公元67年，多才多藝的羅馬皇帝尼羅讓手下官員在奧林匹亞專門為他舉辦了一場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。43編輯pptPart2_TA_t6他駕著馬車行駛了20碼后，從車上摔了下來。然而，皇帝仍被奉為比賽的勝者。當(dāng)值裁判沒有收受賄賂，而是懾于王威?，F(xiàn)代奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)于1896年重燃戰(zhàn)火，古代的種種騙術(shù)也隨之死灰復(fù)燃，而且形式日益隱蔽。當(dāng)希臘選手斯普里敦?洛伊斯獲得馬拉松比賽的冠軍時(shí)，希臘人給予他們的同胞大量物質(zhì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)?！灿腥嗣枋霎?dāng)時(shí)有些女觀眾甚至向場(chǎng)內(nèi)的英雄拋擲珠寶首飾?！澄覀儽仨氌s緊聲明洛伊斯還是光明正大地贏得了比賽。盡管在沖過終點(diǎn)線時(shí)，他顯得與其說是興奮還不如說有點(diǎn)“醉醺醺〞的——因?yàn)樗谕局写罅匡嬘脫搅颂堑钠咸丫埔员３煮w力。相比之下，1904年圣?路易斯奧運(yùn)會(huì)的馬拉松比賽中，率先進(jìn)入體育場(chǎng)的是美國(guó)人弗雷德?洛茲。正當(dāng)特迪?羅斯福總統(tǒng)的女兒給他頒獎(jiǎng)之際，洛茲被發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有獨(dú)立跑完全程。他在9英里處腿部抽筋，便搭乘44編輯pptPart2_TA_t7了一輛路過的汽車，但不久汽車拋錨了，洛茲跳下汽車?yán)^續(xù)比賽，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)領(lǐng)先于其他選手到達(dá)體育場(chǎng)。這一不榮耀的“勝利〞只是歷史悠久的奧運(yùn)騙術(shù)中的一次小作弊。后果更為嚴(yán)重的是長(zhǎng)跑運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)不久便開始使用興奮劑。馬錢子堿是最早使用的興奮劑之一。在那屆比賽中，洛茲被取消比賽資格后，金牌被授予T?J??？怂?。盡管他的醫(yī)生透露在比賽過程中，?？怂故强看罅康陌滋m地和小劑量的馬錢子堿跑完全程的，他還是保住了金牌。當(dāng)然，在本世紀(jì)早期的奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，對(duì)參賽選手不設(shè)興奮劑檢測(cè)。1908年的倫敦奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，長(zhǎng)跑選手再次使用了馬錢子堿。在著名的馬拉松比賽中，意大利選手多蘭多?皮埃特里率先進(jìn)入體育場(chǎng)，但未及沖過終點(diǎn)線就癱軟在地。此時(shí)，一位隊(duì)醫(yī)沖進(jìn)場(chǎng)地，迅速為他注射了一針，幫助他完成比賽。但這一針差點(diǎn)要了多蘭多的命，他因未能跑完全程而被取消比賽資格，隨即被送往醫(yī)院。45編輯pptPart2_TA_t8自那時(shí)起，醫(yī)學(xué)人員就開始致力于研制開發(fā)有助于提高比賽成績(jī)同時(shí)又能不被覺察的藥物。這項(xiàng)醫(yī)學(xué)研究也許能提高運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)的成績(jī)，但通常會(huì)對(duì)他們的身體造成傷害。1960年的羅馬奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，丹麥自行車手克努德?簡(jiǎn)森因服用多種興奮劑而暈倒并最終死亡。此類悲劇促使國(guó)際奧委會(huì)決定設(shè)置興奮劑檢測(cè)。1976年，奧運(yùn)會(huì)上的騙術(shù)進(jìn)入電子時(shí)代。在五項(xiàng)全能的擊劍比賽中，前蘇聯(lián)選手伯利斯?奧涅琴科的佩劍上的燈亮了，這意味著他擊中對(duì)手得分了。然而很不幸，燈亮?xí)r伯利斯的劍連對(duì)手英國(guó)選手吉姆??？怂沟囊陆嵌紱]沾上。經(jīng)過調(diào)查，裁判發(fā)現(xiàn)狡猾的伯利斯重新設(shè)計(jì)了其佩劍中的電路，因而燈何時(shí)會(huì)亮完全操縱在他本人手中。結(jié)果，伯利斯和整個(gè)蘇聯(lián)代表隊(duì)立即被取消比賽資格。此人也就此從人們的視線中消失了，也許被囚禁在西伯利亞，也許在某個(gè)更好的學(xué)校中學(xué)習(xí)電子技術(shù)。46編輯pptPart2_TA_t9此外，還有在“性別〞上做手腳。女選手為了提高比賽成績(jī)服用大劑量的男性荷爾蒙，以至于幾乎完全喪失了女性特征，甚至應(yīng)被禁止進(jìn)入女廁所〔在某些情況中，判斷運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)的性別靠的是猜測(cè)〕。然而，德國(guó)運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)朵拉?拉特金的性別是不容置疑的。在臭名昭著的1936年奧運(yùn)會(huì)上錯(cuò)失了女子跳高金牌后，“她〞隨后在這個(gè)工程中屢屢改寫世界紀(jì)錄。直到多年以后，人們才發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)“朵拉〞是個(gè)男人，真名叫赫爾曼?拉特金，此人水平一般，但男扮女裝的演技確實(shí)非常高超。讀罷我寫下的這些文字，我感到自己把這項(xiàng)具有輝煌歷史的體育盛會(huì)描繪得過于黑暗。盡管文中所述的這些可悲的舞弊行為是真實(shí)存在的，但我從內(nèi)心深處仍不贊同那位因一部名著而對(duì)“1984〞這個(gè)數(shù)字幾乎享有特權(quán)的作家所持的悲觀態(tài)度。喬治?奧維爾認(rèn)為，奧運(yùn)會(huì)“交織著仇恨、妒忌、夸耀、對(duì)規(guī)那么的藐視，以及從觀看暴力行為中獲得的變態(tài)的快感。換句話說，這是一場(chǎng)沒有硝煙的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)〞。47編輯pptPart2_TA_t10他的話過于偏激了。奧運(yùn)會(huì)反映的只是人性中一切美好和丑陋的方面。對(duì)古希臘體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中的欺詐行為的記載證明了奧運(yùn)會(huì)總是不斷地受到所謂的“人性的弱點(diǎn)〞的影響。也許有人會(huì)提出，現(xiàn)代人在道德水準(zhǔn)上要略高于古希臘人。我想，很少有人會(huì)贊同一位歐洲教練近來發(fā)表的觀點(diǎn)，“只要你還活著為勝利而慶賀，就應(yīng)該得到報(bào)酬。體育比賽中沒有倫理道德的位置。〞這只是一種極端的憤世嫉俗的態(tài)度。我堅(jiān)信當(dāng)今絕大多數(shù)的觀眾觀看奧運(yùn)比賽是為了看到一種“純潔〞的勝利，如馬克?斯比茲獲得的7枚金牌，美國(guó)曲棍球隊(duì)在1980年奧運(yùn)會(huì)上的處子演出中大爆冷門，以及本屆比賽中人們期待已久的卡爾?劉易斯的表現(xiàn)。這才是真正的奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)。〔黃鶯譯〕48編輯pptPart2_TA1_…whenthe…...whentheOlympicsrollaroundagain,journalistsseemautomaticallytorecyclethosemisty-eyednotions...whentheOlympicsreturnataregulartimeagain,itseemsnaturalthatjournalistswillrepeatthosesentimentalnotions49編輯pptPart2_TA2_Alltimeswhen…Alltimeswhenoldaregood.Alltimesaregoodwhentheyaregone.50編輯pptPart2_TA2_atalosstofill…...atalosstofillairtimenothavingenoughnewstoreport,to“fill〞one’sbroadcastingtimeslot51編輯pptPart2_TA2_Runners…Runnersjumpedthegun...Runnersstartrunningbeforethegunsignalmarkingthebeginningoftheracehasbeenfired52編輯pptPart2_TA2_refinements……refinementswereadded.methodsofcheatingbecamemoresubtleandlessdetectable53編輯pptPart2_TA2_gonetheentire

…...gonetheentiredistanceunderhisownsteam.gonetheentiredistancewithouthelpfromothers54編輯pptPart2_TA7_quipExamples:quip

vt.—makecleverorsarcasticremarksIpunchhimplayfullyonthechestandquipthatI’dhatetohavemethimifhewastense.HequippedbeforekissingAliciawhentheyremarriedlastJune.55編輯pptPart2_TA8_snobExamples:snob

n.—apersonwhoisoverlyproudofhavingspecialknowledgeorjudgmentinasubject,orofbelongingtoapresumablysuperiorsocialclassIhavetoadmitthatInearlydidfallintothetrapofbecomingasnob.He’sabitofasnobandwon’tspeaktothelikesofme.56