研一下專業(yè)英語科技寫作

1英語寫作篇科技論文寫作2科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu):主體部分引言(Introduction)

材料與方法(Materialsandmethods)結(jié)果(Results)討論與結(jié)論(Discussion&Conclusion)3Introduction：重要性顧名思義，引言的作用是引導(dǎo)讀者進(jìn)入本文主題，主要任務(wù)是說明本文寫作的理由，與前人工作的關(guān)系，以及幫助讀者了解本文的背景、事實(shí)、條件等。不同于正文，也不同于摘要。正文著眼于對(duì)提出問題的描述、分析和論證；摘要重點(diǎn)介紹本文的貢獻(xiàn)，而沒有更多的篇幅介紹本文的背景、與前人的關(guān)系等。引言一定要考慮是獨(dú)立于正文和引言的章節(jié)。常看到有些引言把摘要重復(fù)一遍，再加一些文獻(xiàn)綜述，不可取。4Introduction：重要性ThepurposeoftheIntroductionshouldbetosupplysufficientbackgroundinformationtoallowthereadertounderstandandevaluatetheresultsofthepresentstudywithoutneedingtorefertopreviouspublicationsonthetopic.TheIntroductionshouldalsoprovidetherationaleforthepresentstudy.Aboveall,youshouldstatebrieflyandclearlyyourpurposeinwritingthepaper.Choosereferencescarefullytoprovidethemostimportantbackgroundinformation.5Introduction：寫作內(nèi)容包括的內(nèi)容沒有嚴(yán)格規(guī)定，內(nèi)容可以較大伸縮共性：?jiǎn)栴}提出、研究范圍與目的、主要研究方法，有些將結(jié)論和篇章結(jié)構(gòu)寫上一般取決于刊物的習(xí)慣6Introduction：寫作內(nèi)容綜述研究背景：概述本項(xiàng)工作的研究或觀察的理論基礎(chǔ)，給出簡(jiǎn)明的理論或研究背景，一定要列舉重要的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)；指出存在問題：說明為什么要做這項(xiàng)工作；闡述研究目的：說明有別于他人的“主意”(Writeforarangeofinterestedscientists)

“引言”要與“討論”形成“呼應(yīng)”關(guān)系(UseyourDiscussionasaguideline)7Introduction：寫作內(nèi)容SuggestedrulesforagoodIntroductionareasfollows:(1)TheIntroductionshouldpresentfirst,withallpossibleclarity,thenatureandscopeoftheprobleminvestigated.(2)Itshouldreviewthepertinentliteraturetoorientthereader.(3)Itshouldstatethemethodoftheinvestigation.Ifdeemednecessary,thereasonsforthechoiceofaparticularmethodshouldbestated.(4)Itshouldstatetheprincipalresultsoftheinvestigation.(5)Itshouldstatetheprincipalconclusion(s)suggestedbytheresults.Donotkeepthereaderinsuspense;letthereaderfollowthedevelopmentoftheevidence.Ansurpriseendingmightmakegoodliterature,butithardlyfitsthemoldofthescientificmethod.

8Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)繁簡(jiǎn)適度：考慮一下因素(1)讀者水平（2）內(nèi)容復(fù)雜度（3）出版篇幅限制應(yīng)引用“最相關(guān)”的文獻(xiàn)以指引讀者.力戒刻意回避引用最重要的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)；避免不恰當(dāng)?shù)卮罅恳米髡弑救说奈墨I(xiàn)；解釋或定義專門術(shù)語或縮寫詞,以幫助編輯、審稿人和讀者閱讀與理解；一篇不太長(zhǎng)的論文，縮略詞盡可能在引言中注釋。敘述前人工作的欠缺以強(qiáng)調(diào)自己研究的創(chuàng)新時(shí),應(yīng)慎重且留有余地（避免“首次提出”、“重大發(fā)現(xiàn)”，等）

——Totheauthor’sknowledge…/Thereislittleinformationavailableinliteratureabout…；等等

9Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)Manyauthors,especiallybeginningauthors,makethemistake(anditisamistake)ofholdingbacktheirmostimportantfindingsuntillateinthepaper.Inextremecases,authorshavesometimesomittedimportantfindingsfromtheAbstract,presumablyinthehopeofbuildingsuspensewhileproceedingtoawell-concealed,dramaticclimax.However,thisisasillygambitthat,amongknowledgeablescientists,goesoverlikeadoublenegativeatagrammarians'picnic.Basically,theproblemwiththesurpriseendingisthatthereaderseboredandstopreadinglongbeforetheygettothepunchline."Readingascientificarticleisn'tthesameasreadingadetectivestory.Wewanttoknowfromthestartthatthebutlerdidit"(Ratnoff,1981).10Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)Ifyouhavepreviouslypublishedapreliminarynoteorabstractofthework,youshouldmentionthis(withthecitation)intheIntroduction.Ifcloselyrelatedpapershavebeenorareabouttobepublishedelsewhere,youshouldsaysointheIntroduction,customarilyatortowardtheend.Suchreferenceshelptokeeptheliteratureneatandtidyforthosewhomustsearchit.Keepinmindthatyourpapermaywellbereadbypeopleoutsideyournarrowspecialty.Therefore,theIntroductionistheproperplacetodefineanyspecializedtermsorabbreviationsthatyouintendtouse.11Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)(new)要回答重要讀者的問題12Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)(new)要回答重要讀者的問題13Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)(new)要回答重要讀者的問題14Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)設(shè)置可信度基礎(chǔ)范圍：不是所有的假設(shè)都影響范圍，具體假設(shè)在適當(dāng)?shù)胤教岢觯欣谧C明你觀點(diǎn)的正確性。Usingthesameassumptionasin[7],weassumethat…Withoutlossofgenerality,itisalsoassumedthat…Becauseweassumethattheeventisslowvarying,itisreasonabletoupdatetheinformationoneventallocationafterallotherstep.Ourditheringalgorithmdosenotmakeanyassumptionontheresolutionofpictures,nordoesitmakeanyassumptiononthecolourdepthofthepixels.Ourmethoddoesnotneedtoconsiderakernelfunction,nordoseitneedtomapfromalowerdimensionspacetoahigherdimensionspace.15Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)設(shè)置可信度基礎(chǔ)范圍：如果的確是前任未做過工作，也應(yīng)該非常慎重，留有余地，如。Totheauthor’sknowledge…Thereislittleinformationavailableinliteratureabout…Untilnowwepossessscarceinformationconcerning…Untilrecentlythereissomelackofknowledgeabout…16Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)設(shè)置可信度基礎(chǔ)定義:通過定義確定框架。Aneffectiveschemeshouldhavethefollowingdesirablefeatures:(1)security:theabilitytopreventattackedimagesfrompassingverification;(2)robustness:theabilitytotolerateincidentaldistortionsintroducedfromthepredefinedacceptablemanipulationssuchaslossycompression;(3)integrity:theabilitytointegrateauthenticationdatawithhostimageratherthanasseparatedata;and(4)transparency:theembeddedauthenticationdataareinvisibleundernormalviewingconditions.17Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)是主動(dòng)和主觀的引言的撰寫方式與內(nèi)容同等重要是以講故事的形式表達(dá)你的發(fā)現(xiàn)，要盡量活剝、投入、個(gè)性化。被動(dòng)語態(tài)在論文的其他部分易被接受，而在引言中會(huì)有負(fù)面影響.WewerecurioustoseewherewecouldresolvethediscrepancybetweenthesegeneprofilingstudiesbyusingourcurrentunderstandingofthegenedifferencesbetweenGCBandABCDLACL.18Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)是積極的鼓勵(lì)的引言應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)讀者閱讀論文，讀著讀完引言應(yīng)該“充滿激情”。Kumar的觀點(diǎn)：Idon’tusuallyreadintroductions.Mostofwhat’sinthereisrepeatedverbatimelsewhereinthepaperanyway.Theyareawasteoftime.Theyalwayssaythesamething:theproblemisimportant,everybodyelsebuttheauthorisdoingitwrong,andtheyusuallyendupwithaboringtableofcontents.SoIskipthem.19Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)空洞虛偽的開始。20Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)沒有價(jià)值的結(jié)尾。21Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)講述如下：在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域，這個(gè)特定的研究人員做了這件事；那個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室做了那件事；在芬蘭，某研究人員正在做別的什么事；而我們正在…簡(jiǎn)單羅列別人工作22Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)把所有部分整合成一個(gè)整體是必須的23Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)例舉一長(zhǎng)串互不關(guān)聯(lián)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)，使讀者認(rèn)為你保持了所有優(yōu)點(diǎn)摒棄了所有缺點(diǎn)，但這是不可能的。24Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)例舉一長(zhǎng)串互不關(guān)聯(lián)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)，使讀者認(rèn)為你保持了所有優(yōu)點(diǎn)摒棄了所有缺點(diǎn)，但這是不可能的。25Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)抄襲不精確:不完整閱讀或不閱讀造成后果，不能證實(shí)所采用的方法。Manypeoplehavebeenworkinginthisdomain[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8],andothershaverecentlyimprovedwhattheirpredecessorsdid[11,12,13,1,41,5,16,17].后果：錯(cuò)誤滲入你的論文審稿人發(fā)現(xiàn)你專業(yè)知識(shí)太淺，低估你的貢獻(xiàn)你的研究不能被明確定位缺乏細(xì)節(jié)和趣味懷疑你的可信性缺乏可信性的單詞26Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)27Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)形容詞不當(dāng)：poor,good,fast,faster,notreliable,primitive,native,limited避免不當(dāng)?shù)姆椒ǎ褐赋瞿愕墓ぷ髦С炙说墓ぷ?，或與他人有一致性定量而不是定性比較定界你的獨(dú)特性和差異性引用他人支持你觀點(diǎn)的論文28Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)學(xué)術(shù)論文與學(xué)位論文引言的差異基本要求相同還要考察基礎(chǔ)和專業(yè)理論水平，因此篇幅長(zhǎng)一些，參考文獻(xiàn)多一些，詳細(xì)些。舉例：有關(guān)太陽能系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)29Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)30Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)31Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)32Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)33Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)34Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)35Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)36Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)37Introduction：注意事項(xiàng)38Introduction：實(shí)例1

Asimpletrainenergybasedfiniteelementmeshrefinementsheme39Introduction：實(shí)例140Introduction：實(shí)例141Introduction：實(shí)例2

AnewproachtoCNCtoolpathgeneration42Introduction：實(shí)例243Introduction：實(shí)例2

AnewproachtoCNCtoolpathgeneration44Introduction：實(shí)例2

AnewproachtoCNCtoolpathgeneration例3：analysing_bittorrent_seeding_strategies.pdf45科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu):主體部分引言(Introduction)材料與方法(Materialsandmethods)

結(jié)果(Results)討論與結(jié)論(Discussion&Conclusion)46Materialsandmethods:寫作目的Now,inMaterialsandMethods,youmustgivethefulldetails.ThemainpurposeoftheMaterialsandMethodssectionistodescribe(andifnecessarydefend)theexperimentaldesignandthenprovideenoughdetailsothatacompetentworkercanrepeattheexperiments.Many(probablymost)readersofyourpaperwillskipthissection,becausetheyalreadyknow(fromtheIntroduction)thegeneralmethodsyouusedandtheyprobablyhavenointerestintheexperimentaldetail.47Materialsandmethods:寫作目的However,carefulwritingofthissectioniscriticallyimportantbecausethecornerstoneofthescientificmethodrequiresthatyourresults,tobeofscientificmerit,mustbereproducible;and,fortheresultstobeadjudgedreproducible,youmustprovidethebasisforrepetitionoftheexperimentsbyothers.Thatexperimentsareunlikelytobereproducedisbesidethepoint;thepotentialforreproducingthesameorsimilarresultsmustexist,oryourpaperdoesnotrepresentgoodscience.

48Materialsandmethods:寫作內(nèi)容明確描述實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象和方法的選擇,醫(yī)學(xué)論文中還應(yīng)說明實(shí)驗(yàn)過程是否符合倫理學(xué)要求；詳細(xì)描述實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟;列舉建立方法的參考文獻(xiàn)，并做簡(jiǎn)要描述(但不需全部重復(fù)描述);如果對(duì)已有方法進(jìn)行了新的或?qū)嵸|(zhì)性的改進(jìn)，就要清楚地說明改進(jìn)的理由49Materialsandmethods:寫作要求MeasurementsandAnalysis：Beprecise.Methodsaresimilartocookbookrecipes.Ifareactionmixturewasheated,givethetemperature.Questionssuchas"how"and"howmuch"shouldbepreciselyansweredbytheauthorandnotleftforthereviewerorthereadertopuzzleover.50Materialsandmethods:寫作要求Statisticalanalysesareoftennecessary,butyoushouldfeatureanddiscussthedata,notthestatistics.Generally,alengthydescriptionofstatisticalmethodsindicatesthatthewriterhasrecentlyacquiredthisinformationandbelievesthatthereadersneedsimilarenlightenment.Ordinarystatisticalmethodsshouldbeusedwithoutcomment;advancedorunusualmethodsmayrequirealiteraturecitation.

51Materialsandmethods:寫作要求Indescribingthemethodsoftheinvestigations,youshouldgivesufficientdetailssothatacompetentworkercouldrepeattheexperiments.Ifyourmethodisnew(unpublished),youmustprovidealloftheneededdetail.However,ifamethodhasbeenpreviouslypublishedinastandardjournal,onlytheliteraturereferenceshouldbegiven.ButImendmorecompletedescriptionofthemethodiftheonlypreviouspublicationwasin…52Materialsandmethods:寫作要求DonotmakethecommonerrorofmixingsomeoftheResultsinthissection.ThereisonlyoneruleforaproperlywrittenMaterialsandMethodssection:Enoughinformationmustbegivensothattheexperimentscouldbereproducedbyacompetentcolleague.

53Materialsandmethods:英文表達(dá)不可遺漏動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者：

——Todetermineitsrespiratoryquotient,theorganismwas…(theorganismdetermine…?) ——Havingcompletedthestudy,thebacteriawereofnofurtherinterest.(thebacteriacompletedthestudy?)文獻(xiàn)引用盡量準(zhǔn)確、具體：

——cellswerebrokenbyaspreviouslydescribed[9]

應(yīng)改為：cellswerebrokenbyultrasonictreatmentaspreviouslydescribed[9].54科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu):主體部分引言(Introduction)材料與方法(Materialsandmethods)結(jié)果(Results)

討論與結(jié)論(Discussion&Conclusion)55Results：內(nèi)容對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)或觀察結(jié)果的表達(dá)要高度概括和提煉(按邏輯順序描述或總結(jié)重要的觀察結(jié)果)；數(shù)據(jù)表達(dá)可采用文字與圖表相結(jié)合的形式(避免使用文字、圖、表重復(fù)同一數(shù)據(jù))；盡可能列出“結(jié)果”的原始數(shù)據(jù)，而不能只報(bào)道統(tǒng)計(jì)處理后的數(shù)據(jù)56Results：總體要求Thereareusuallytwoingredients(材料）oftheResultssection.First,youshouldgivesomekindofoveralldescriptionoftheexperiments,providingthe"bigpicture,"without,however,repeatingtheexperimentaldetailspreviouslyprovidedinMaterialsandMethods.Second,youshouldpresentthedata.

57Results：總體要求Mostimportantly,inthemanuscriptyoushouldpresentrepresentativedataratherthanendlesslyrepetitivedata.Thefactthatyoucouldperformthesameexperiment100timeswithoutsignificantdivergenceinresultsmightbeofconsiderableinteresttoyourmajorprofessor,buteditors,nottomentionreaders,preferalittlebitofpredigestion（簡(jiǎn)化）.58Results：總體要求Aaronson(1977)saiditanotherway:“Thecompulsion（強(qiáng)制）toincludeeverything,leavingnothingout,doesnotprovethatonehasunlimitedinformation;itprovesthatonelacksdiscrimination（辨別力）."Exactlythesameconcept,anditisanimportantone,wasstatedalmostacenturyearlierbyJohnWesleyPowell,ageologistwhoservedasPresidentoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofSciencein1888.InPowell'swords:"Thefoolcollectsfacts;thewisemanselectsthem."

59Results：總體要求Ifoneoronlyafewdeterminationsaretobepresented,theyshouldbetreateddescriptivelyinthetext.Repetitivedeterminationsshouldbegivenintablesorgraphs.

60Results：總體要求Anydeterminations,repetitiveorotherwise,shouldbemeaningful.Supposethat,inaparticulargroupofexperiments,anumberofvariablesweretested(oneatatime,ofcourse).Thosevariablesthataffectthereactionedeterminationsordataand,ifextensive,aretabulatedorgraphed.Thosevariablesthatdonotseemtoaffectthereactionneednotbetabulatedorpresented;however,itisoftenimportanttodefineeventhenegativeaspectsofyourexperiments.Itisoftengoodinsurancetostatewhatyoudidnotfindundertheconditionsofyourexperiments.Someoneelseverylikelymayfinddifferentresultsunderdifferentconditions.61Results：總體要求Ifstatistics

（統(tǒng)計(jì)）areusedtodescribetheresults,theyshouldbemeaningfulstatistics.ErwinNeter,thelateEditor-in-ChiefofInfectionandImmunity,usedtotellaclassicstorytoemphasizethispoint.Hereferredtoapaperthatreputedlyread:“331/3%ofthemiceusedinthisexperimentwerecuredbythetestdrug;331/3%ofthetestpopulationwereunaffectedbythedrugandremainedinamoribund（垂死的）condition;thethirdmousegotaway."

62Results：總體要求StriveforClarity:Theresultsshouldbeshortandsweet,withoutverbiage（廢話）.Mitchell(1968)quotedEinsteinashavingsaid,"Ifyouareouttodescribethetruth,leaveelegancetothetailor."AlthoughtheResultssectionofapaperisthemostimportantpart,itisoftentheshortest,particularlyifitisprecededbyawell-writtenMaterialsandMethodssectionandfollowedbyawell-writtenDiscussion.63Results：總體要求TheResultsneedtobeclearlyandsimplystatedbecauseitistheResultsthatconstitutethenewknowledgethatyouarecontributingtotheworld.Theearlierpartsofthepaper(Introduction,MaterialsandMethods)aredesignedtotellwhyandhowyougottheResults;thelaterpartofthepaper(Discussion)isdesignedtotellwhattheymean.Obviously,therefore,thewholepapermuststandorfallonthebasisoftheResults.Thus,theResultsmustbepresentedwithcrystal（清澈的）clarity.

64Results：總體要求AvoidRedundancy:Themostcommonfaultistherepetitioninwordsofwhatisalreadyapparenttothereaderfromexaminationofthefiguresandtables.Evenworseistheactualpresentation,inthetext,ofallormanyofthedatashowninthetablesorfigures.Donotbeverboseincitingfiguresandtables.Donotsay"ItisclearlyshowninTable1thatnocillininhibitedthegrowthofN.gonorrhoeae."Say"NocillininhibitedthegrowthofN.gonorrhoeae(Table1)."65Results：總體要求Somewritersgotoofarinavoidingverbiage,however.Suchwritersoftenviolatetheruleofantecedents,themostcommonviolationbeingtheuseoftheubiquitous“it.”Hereisanitemfromamedicalmanuscript:“Theleftlegbecamenumb（麻木）attimesandshewalkeditoff....Onhersecondday,thekneewasbetter,andonthethirddayithadcompletelydisappeared."Theantecedentforboth"its"ispresumably"thenumbness,"butIratherthinkthatthewordinginbothinstanceswasaresultofdumbness.

66ThechoicebetweenaFigureoraTable表格：很方便地列舉大量精確數(shù)據(jù)或資料；圖形：直觀、有效地表達(dá)復(fù)雜數(shù)據(jù)，尤其是不同組數(shù)據(jù)間的比較、關(guān)聯(lián)、趨勢(shì)等；表格和圖形應(yīng)具有“自明性”

；圖表題名：準(zhǔn)確而清楚地表達(dá)出數(shù)據(jù)或資料的含義,切忌簡(jiǎn)單地描述數(shù)據(jù)—圖表是論文中的空白處(blankarea)67TableAtabularpresentationofdataisoftentheheartor,better,thebrain,ofascientificpaper.Asarule,donotconstructatableunlessrepetitivedatamustbepresented.Therearetworeasonsforthisgeneralrule.First,itissimplynotgoodsciencetoregurgitatereamsofdatajustbecauseyouhavetheminyourlaboratorynotebooks;onlysamplesandbreakpointsneedbegiven.Second,thecostofpublishingtablesisveryhighcomparedwiththatoftext,andallofusinvolvedwiththegenerationandpublicationofscientificliteratureshouldworryaboutthecost.

68FigureGraphs(whicharecalledlinedrawingsinprintingterminology)areverysimilartotablesasameansofpresentingdatainanorganizedway.Infact,theresultsofmanyexperimentscanbepresentedeitherastablesorasgraphs.Howdowedecidewhichispreferable?Thisisoftenadifficultdecision.Agoodrulemightbethis:Ifthedatashowpronounced（顯著的）trends,makinganinterestingpicture,useagraph.Ifthenumbersjustsitthere,withnoexcitingtrendinevidence,atableshouldbesatisfactory(andcertainlyeasierandcheaperforyoutoprepare).Tablesarealsopreferredforpresentingexactnumbers.

69FigureSizeandArrangementofGraphs:First,theletteringmustbeofsufficientsizetowithstandreductiontocolumnorpagewidth.Second,becausewidthistheimportantelementfromtheprinter‘spointofview,itisoftenadvisabletocombinefigures“overandunder”（交叉）ratherthan“sidebyside.”IfthethreepartsofFig.4hadbeenpreparedinthe“overandunder”arrangement,thephotographicreductionwouldhavebeennowherenearasdrastic（極端）,andthelabelswouldhavebeenmuchmorereadable.

70做好視圖的原則不要提出過多的問題只支持本文的貢獻(xiàn)復(fù)雜性與讀者的理解力一致基礎(chǔ)是成果而不是制作的容易性各組成安排一目了然內(nèi)容不多不少，否則會(huì)降低說明能力除了圖題，無正文也可被理解71做好視圖的原則不要提出過多的問題72做好視圖的原則只支持本文的貢獻(xiàn)73做好視圖的原則復(fù)雜性與讀者的理解力一致應(yīng)放在正文首次提及的地方復(fù)雜視圖放在最后多次提及的視圖可以分解74做好視圖的原則基礎(chǔ)是成果而不是制作的容易性75做好視圖的原則各組成安排一目了然76做好視圖的原則各組成安排一目了然77做好視圖的原則各組成安排一目了然78做好視圖的原則內(nèi)容不多不少，否則會(huì)降低說明能力79做好視圖的原則內(nèi)容不多不少，否則會(huì)降低說明能力80做好視圖的原則除了圖題，無正文也可被理解81做好視圖的原則除了圖題，無正文也可被理解82圖題與表題的撰寫同論文題目一樣，表題和圖題一般為名詞性短語，力求準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔、清楚避免使用不常見的縮寫83圖題與表題的撰寫84圖題與表題的撰寫85圖題與表題的撰寫86圖題與表題的撰寫87圖表的編排盡量符合期刊的習(xí)慣，力求使表題、標(biāo)注、欄頭、單位、數(shù)據(jù)等要素條理清楚、層次分明。欄頭：行和列，單位標(biāo)于此，可以縮寫數(shù)據(jù)公用的單位：應(yīng)在標(biāo)題或欄頭中指出數(shù)據(jù)：不能太多或太少，行列排齊，小數(shù)點(diǎn)格式：一般是三線表88表格的修改TypeofattackClassicalPopJazzEchoaddition0.0%0.1%0.27%NoiseAddition1.2%1.42%1.6%Bandequalization2.31%2.5%2.73%TypeofattackClassical(%)Pop(%)Jazz(%)Echoaddition 0 0.100.27Noiseaddition1.20 1.421.60Bandequalization2.31 2.502.73三線表/共用單位/有效數(shù)字89圖表的編排90圖表的編排91圖表的編排92插圖的制作不要因追求美術(shù)效果而將圖形做得過于花哨(如增加不必要的陰影或立體效果等)；坐標(biāo)圖的標(biāo)值應(yīng)盡量取0.1–1000之間的數(shù)值；坐標(biāo)軸的說明應(yīng)清楚,量和單位缺一不可照片圖必須具備高清晰度，顯微照片的放大倍數(shù)應(yīng)使用圖示法(標(biāo)尺刻度)表示，照片中的符號(hào)、字母、數(shù)字等，必須在圖注中詳細(xì)說明93無需使用色彩94

顯微照片：

清晰

明亮

對(duì)比度

字體、字號(hào)一致95科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu):主體部分引言(Introduction)材料與方法(Materialsandmethods)結(jié)果(Results)討論與結(jié)論(Discussion&Conclusion)

96Discussion-討論“討論”的重點(diǎn)在于對(duì)研究結(jié)果的解釋和推斷,并說明作者的結(jié)果是否支持或反對(duì)某種觀點(diǎn)、是否提出了新的問題或觀點(diǎn)等；撰寫討論時(shí)要避免含蓄,盡量做到直接、明確,以便審稿人和讀者了解論文為什么值得引起重視（Placeyourresultsinawidercontext）

“Selling”mydata!97Discussion：基本內(nèi)容對(duì)結(jié)果提出說明、解釋或猜測(cè);根據(jù)這些結(jié)果,能得出何種結(jié)論或推論？指出研究的局限性以及這些局限對(duì)研究結(jié)果的影響;并建議進(jìn)一步的研究題目或方向;指出結(jié)果的理論意義(支持或反駁相關(guān)領(lǐng)域中現(xiàn)有的理論、對(duì)現(xiàn)有理論的修正)和實(shí)際應(yīng)用98Discussion：基本內(nèi)容Ibelievethemaincomponentswillbeprovidedifthefollowinginjunctions（警告）areheeded（注意到）:1.Trytopresenttheprinciples,relationships,andgeneralizationsshownbytheResults.Andbearinmind（記?。?inagoodDiscussion,youdiscuss—youdonotrecapitulate—theResults.2.Pointoutanyexceptionsoranylackofcorrelationanddefineunsettledpoints.Nevertakethehigh-riskalternativeoftryingtocoverup（掩蓋）orfudge（捏造）datathatdonotquitefit.3.Showhowyourresultsandinterpretationsagree(orcontrast)withpreviouslypublishedwork.4.Don'tbeshy;discussthetheoreticalimplicationsofyourwork,aswellasanypossiblepracticalapplications.5.Stateyourconclusionsasclearlyaspossible.6.Summarizeyourevidenceforeachconclusion.Or,asthewiseoldscientistwilltellyou,“Neverassumeanythingexcepta4%mortgage（抵押）."99Discussion：注意事項(xiàng)對(duì)結(jié)果的解釋要重點(diǎn)突出,簡(jiǎn)潔、清楚：著重討論本研究的重要發(fā)現(xiàn)，以及由此得出的結(jié)論，不要過細(xì)地重復(fù)引言或結(jié)果中的數(shù)據(jù)或資料；推論要符合邏輯,避免實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)不足以支持的觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論；對(duì)結(jié)果的科學(xué)意義和實(shí)際應(yīng)用的表達(dá)要實(shí)事求是,適當(dāng)留有余地；討論的最后最好是論文的最重要的結(jié)論(take-home-message)100Discussion：注意事項(xiàng)TheDiscussionshouldendwithashortsummaryorconclusionregardingthesignificanceofthework.IlikethewayAndersonandThistle(1947)saidit:“Finally,goodwriting,likegoodmusic,hasafittingclimax（高潮）.Manyapaperlosesmuchofitseffectbecausetheclearstreamofthediscussionendsinaswampy（松軟的）delta（三角洲）."Or,inthewordsofT.S.Eliot,manyscientificpapersend"Notwithabangbutawhimper."

101Discussion：注意事項(xiàng)DefiningScientificTruth:Inshowingtherelationshipsamongobservedfacts,youdonotneedtoreachcosmic（宇宙的）conclusions.Seldomwillyoubeabletoilluminatethewholetruth;moreoften,thebestyoucandoisshineaspotlightononeareaofthetruth.Youroneareaoftruthcanbeilluminatedbyyourdata;ifyouextrapolatetoabiggerpicturethanthatshownbyyourdata,youmayappearfoolishtothepointthatevenyourdata-supportedconclusionsarecastintodoubt.102Discussion：時(shí)態(tài)回顧研究目的：過去時(shí)Thisresearchinvestigatedtheeffectsoftwodifferentlearningmethods.Inthisstudy,theeffectsoftwodifferentlearningmethodswereinvestigated.Weoriginallyassumedthatworkerwhoenjoyedagreaterdegreeofprivacywouldbemoresatisfiedwiththeirjobs.103Discussion：時(shí)態(tài)

概述重要結(jié)果：現(xiàn)在時(shí)：具有普遍的意義推論或結(jié)論：

——Theexperimentalandtheoreticalvaluesfortheyieldsagree

well. ——Ourdatasuggestthatthereactionratemaybedeterminedbytheamountofoxygenavailable. ——OurfindingsareinsubstantialagreementwiththoseofSmith(1986). ——Theseresultscontradict(areconsistentwith)theoriginalhypothesis.過去時(shí)：所概述推論的有效性只是針對(duì)本次特定的研究：

——Inthefirstseriesoftrials,theexperimentalvalueswere

alllowerthanthetheoreticalpredictions.104Discussion：時(shí)態(tài)105Discussion：時(shí)態(tài)106Discussion：時(shí)態(tài)107Discussion：時(shí)態(tài)108Conclusion

-結(jié)論有時(shí)也可將“結(jié)論”單獨(dú)列為一節(jié)

(通常可包括在“討論”或“結(jié)果與討論”中)；“結(jié)論”中的基本內(nèi)容:

作者本人研究的主要認(rèn)識(shí)或論點(diǎn);

總結(jié)性地闡述本研究結(jié)果可能的應(yīng)用前景、研究的局限性及需要進(jìn)一步深入的研究方向;

結(jié)論中不應(yīng)涉及新的事實(shí),也不能簡(jiǎn)單地重復(fù)摘要、引言、結(jié)果或討論等章節(jié)中的句子109科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu)論文題名+眉題作者姓名+通訊地址摘要+關(guān)鍵詞引言(Introduction)材料與方法(Materialsandmethods)結(jié)果(Results)討論與結(jié)論(Discussion&Conclusion)致謝參考文獻(xiàn)

WheredoIstart?110科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu):篇尾部分致謝(Acknowledgements)

參考文獻(xiàn)(References)111Acknowledgements對(duì)于不夠署名條件,但對(duì)研究成果確有貢獻(xiàn)者,可以“致謝”的形式列出,作為致謝的對(duì)象通常包括:—協(xié)助研究的實(shí)驗(yàn)人員;—為研究提供方便(儀器、測(cè)試等)的機(jī)構(gòu)或人員;—提出過指導(dǎo)性意見的人員;—資金資助項(xiàng)目或類別(但不宜列出得到經(jīng)費(fèi)的數(shù)量)112AcknowledgementsAstotheAcknowledgments,twopossibleingredientsrequireconsideration.First,youshouldacknowledgeanysignificanttechnicalhelpthatyoureceivedfromanyindividual,whetherinyourlaboratoryorelsewhere.Youshouldalsoacknowledgethesourceofspecialequipment,cultures,orothermaterials.Youmight,forexample,saysomethinglike"ThanksareduetoJ.

JonesforassistancewiththeexperimentsandtoR.Smithforvaluablediscussion."(Ofcourse,mostofuswhohavebeenaroundforawhilerecognizethatthisissimplyathinlyveiledwayofadmittingthatJonesdidtheworkandSmithexplainedwhatitmeant.)Second,itisusuallytheAcknowledgmentswhereinyoushouldacknowledgeanyoutsidefinancialassistance,suchasgrants,contracts,orfellowships.(Inthesedays,youmightsnidelymentiontheabsenceofsuchgrants,contracts,orfellowships.)113AcknowledgementsTheimportantelementinAcknowledgmentsissimplecourtesy.Thereisn‘tanythingreallyscientificaboutthissectionofascientificpaper.Thesamerulesthatwouldapplyinanyotherareaofcivilizedlifeshouldapplyhere.Ifyouborrowedaneighbor’slawnmower（割草機(jī)）,youwould(Ihope)remembertosaythanksforit.Ifyourneighborgaveyouareallygoodideaforlandscapingyourpropertyandyouthenputthatideaintoeffect,youwould(Ihope)remembertosaythankyou.Itisthesameinscience;ifyourneighbor(yourcolleague)providedimportantideas,importantsupplies,orimportantequipment,youshouldthankhimorher.Andyoumustsaythanksinprint,becausethatisthewaythatscientificlandscapingispresentedtoitspublic.

114致謝：盡量具體、如實(shí)應(yīng)盡量指出致謝對(duì)象的具體幫助與貢獻(xiàn)；致謝某人可能暗含著某人贊同論文的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論:

如果被感謝的人并不同意論文的全部觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論,那么論文公開后被感謝的人和作者都會(huì)很尷尬；表示應(yīng)有的禮貌和尊重:

投稿前應(yīng)請(qǐng)所有被感謝的對(duì)象閱讀論文的定稿(尤其要包括“致謝”部分),以獲得允許或默認(rèn)115致謝：用詞要恰當(dāng)致謝的開始就用“Wethank”,不要使用“Wewishtothank”,“Wewouldliketothank”,等；

如果說“IwishtothankJonesfor…”則是在浪費(fèi)單詞,并且也可能蘊(yùn)含著我希望感謝JohnJones的幫助,但這種幫助并不那么大);

用“IthankJones”更顯得簡(jiǎn)明和真誠(chéng)Iwishthattheword''wish"woulddisappearfromAcknowledgments.Wishisaperfectlygoodwordwhenyoumeanwish,asin"Iwishyousuccess."However,ifyousay"IwishtothankJohnJones,"youarewastingwords.Youmayalsobeintroducingtheimplicationthat"IwishthatIcouldthankJohnJonesforhishelpbutitwasn'tallthatgreat.""IthankJohnJones"issufficient.

116基金資助項(xiàng)目的致謝國(guó)內(nèi)大部分期刊將基金資助項(xiàng)目作為首頁腳注，國(guó)外則多將其作為致謝的一部分。以腳注形式舉例：117基金資助項(xiàng)目的致謝基金的表示：118基金資助項(xiàng)目的致謝基金的表示：119致謝舉例120致謝舉例121科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu):篇尾部分致謝(Acknowledgements)參考文獻(xiàn)(References)

122References：基本原則所選用文獻(xiàn)的主題必須與論文密切相關(guān);必須是親自閱讀過;優(yōu)先引用論文:最新發(fā)表/特定期刊/特定作者;避免過多的作者自引;遵循擬投稿期刊的體例要求；確保文獻(xiàn)各著錄項(xiàng)(作者姓名,論文題目,期刊或?qū)Ｖ?等)正確無誤123References：基本原則TherearetworulestofollowintheReferencessection,justasintheAcknowledgmentssection.First,youshouldlistonlysignificant,publishedreferences.Referencestounpublisheddata,abstracts,theses,andothersecondarymaterialsshouldnotclutteruptheReferencesorLiteratureCitedsection.Ifsuchareferenceseemsabsolutelyessential,youmayadditparentheticallyorasafootnoteinthetext.ApaperthathasbeenacceptedforpublicationcanbelistedinLiteratureCited,citingthenameofthejournalfollowedby“Inpress.”Second,checkallpartsofeveryreferenceagainsttheoriginalpublicationbeforethemanuscriptissubmittedandperhapsagainattheproofstage.Takeitfromanerstwhile（以前的）librarian:TherearefarmoremistakesintheReferencessectionofapaperthananywhereelse.Anddon'tforget,asafinalcheck,makesurethatallreferencescitedinthetextareindeedlistedintheLiteratureCitedandthatallreferenceslistedunderLiteratureCitedareindeedcitedsomewhereinthetext.124ReferencesBaiCH…1995…CernyL,andLenton…1995……WuGH,HuCH,RoedderH…1995…ZouAQ,HanAH,ChenAF…2004…Worldwideresearchonpegmatiteshasinvolvedthestudyoftheirpetrogenesis(Solodov,2002),classification(CernyandLenton,1995),textureandstructure(Zouetal.,2004),rareelementgeochemistry(Li,1982a,1982b,1991),mineralogy(Roedder,1984),andexperimentalpetrology(Bai,1995;ZengandJin,19