2023年招收攻讀碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試試題(A卷) 基礎(chǔ)英語

PAGE12023年招收攻讀碩士學(xué)位研究生入學(xué)考試試題(A卷)*******************************************************************************************招生專業(yè)與代碼：050205日語語言文學(xué)、050203法語語言文學(xué)考試科目名稱及代碼：241基礎(chǔ)英語考生注意：所有答案必須寫在答題紙（卷）上，寫在本試題上一律不給分。PartICloze(10points)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassageandwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.Howwonderfulitwouldbenottoworryaboutchasingcustomerinvoices.butstillgetpaidin__1__andontime.Thisisperfectlypossiblebysimply__2__aninvoicewithanonlinecustomeraccountssystemand__3__whenit'sgoingtobepaid.Suchsupplychainmanagementsystemsaretraditionallythe__4__ofmultinationalswithbigITbudgets,butrisingexpectationsonthepartofcustomersare__5__smallerbusinessestobuyintoboththeconceptandthesystem.Thisis__6__evidentinmanufacturing,financialservices.telecommunicationsandthemedia.KenYamato,chairmanofLogisticsInc.,saysthisisadifficultculturechangeformanysmallbusinesses.When,forexample,themultinationalUnilever__7__itsinformationandsupplychainstogetabetter__8__ofwhatwasgoingonwithitsorders,onesmallsupplierfeltitwas__9__toomuch.ButYamatobelievesitisjustasimportantforsmallercompaniesto__10__inITsystemstomanagethesupplychainasitisforlargerones,andthatmay__11__losingcustomersiftheydonothavethe__12__tomonitorordersandstock__13__andmanageproductionandpurchasing.Theonlinecustomeraccountssystemoffersa__14__edge,hesays.MarkKinslerofbusinesssoftwarecompanyITXsays,‘Companieshavetosupply"justintime"andhavemore__15__relationshipswiththeircustomers.’Forhim,theinteractivenatureofanonlinesystembrings__16__benefits,especiallynowthatcompaniesusemorethird-partysuppliers.‘Companiesgetabetterideaofwhatishappeningandcan__17__thatdifferentlinksinthesupplychain__18__certaintasks.Thiswould__19__selfbillingand,whenthecustomerhas__20__theproduct,automaticallyproducingtheinvoiceforthethird-partysupplier.1.A.caseB.fullC.totalD.turn2.A.detectingB.seekingC.trackingD.following3.A.inspectingB.comparingC.testingD.checking4.A.zoneB.positionC.locationD.territory5.A.encouragingB.promotingC.supportingD.advancing6.A.particularlyB.stronglyC.considerablyD.intensely7.A.mixedB.associatedC.integratedD.united8.A.understandingB.thoughtC.intelligenceD.conclusion9.AmandingB.demandingC.claimingD.directing10.A.devoteB.purchaseC.investD.exclude11.A.chanceB.riskC.gambleD.speculate12.A.innovationB.anxietyC.capacityD.curiosity13.A.levelsB.degreesC.channelsD.amounts14.A.sharpB.amusingCpetitiveD.preferable15.A.potentialB.unusualC.collaborativeD.original16.A.leadingB.mainC.centralD.key17.A.secureB.confirmC.ensureD.achieve18.A.makeB.operateC.perform

D.dispatch19.A.countB.includeC.consistD.enclose20.A.allowedB.awardedC.permittedD.approvedPartIIReadingComprehensionSectionA(40points)Directions:Thereare4passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.The$11billionself-helpindustryisbuiltontheideathatyoushouldturnnegativethoughtslike"Ineverdoanythingright"intopositiveoneslike"Icansucceed."ButwaspositivethinkingadvocateNormanVincentPealeright?Istherepowerinpositivethinking?

ResearchersinCanadajustpublishedastudyinthejournalPsychologicalSciencethatsaystryingtogetpeopletothinkmorepositivelycanactuallyhavetheoppositeeffect:itcansimplyhighlighthowunhappytheyare.

Thestudy'sauthors,JoanneWoodandJohnLeeoftheUniversityofWaterlooandElainePerunovicoftheUniversityofNewBrunswick,beginbycitingolderresearchshowingthatwhenpeoplegetfeedbackwhichtheybelieveisoverlypositive,theyactuallyfeelworse,notbetter.IfyoutellyourdimfriendthathehasthepotentialofanEinstein,you'rejustunderlininghisfaults.Inone1990sexperiment,ateamincludingpsychologistJoelCooperofPrincetonaskedparticipantstowriteessaysopposingfundingforthedisabled.Whentheessayistswerelaterpraisedfortheirsympathy,theyfeltevenworseaboutwhattheyhadwritten.

Inthisexperiment,Wood,LeeandPerunovicmeasured68students'self-esteem.Theparticipantswerethenaskedtowritedowntheirthoughtsandfeelingsforfourminutes.Every15seconds,onegroupofstudentsheardabell.Whenitrang,theyweresupposedtotellthemselves,"Iamlovable."

Thosewithlowself-esteemdidn'tfeelbetteraftertheforcedself-affirmation.Infact,theirmoodsturnedsignificantlydarkerthanthoseofmembersofthecontrolgroup,whoweren'turgedtothinkpositivethoughts.

Thepaperprovidessupportfornewerformsofpsychotherapythaturgepeopletoaccepttheirnegativethoughtsandfeelingsratherthanfightthem.Inthefighting,wenotonlyoftenfailbutcanmakethingsworse.Meditationtechniques,incontrast,canteachpeopletoputtheirshortcomingsintoalarger,morerealisticperspective.Callitthepowerofnegativethinking.

21.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraphabouttheself-helpindustry?

A.Itisahighlyprofitableindustry.

B.Itisbasedontheconceptofpositivethinking.

C.ItwasestablishedbyNormanVincentPeale.

D.Ithasyieldedpositiveresults.

22.WhatisthefindingoftheCanadianresearchers?A.Encouragingpositivethinkingmaydomoreharmthangood.

B.Therecanbenosimpletherapyforpsychologicalproblems.

C.Unhappypeoplecannotthinkpositively.

D.Thepowerofpositivethinkingislimited.

23.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"…you'rejustunderlininghisfaults"(Line4,Para.3)?

A.Youarenottakinghismistakesseriouslyenough.

B.Youarepointingouttheerrorshehascommitted.

C.Youareemphasizingthefactthatheisnotintelligent.

D.Youaretryingtomakehimfeelbetterabouthisfaults.24.WhatdowelearnfromtheexperimentofWood,LeeandPerunovic?

A.Itisimportantforpeopletocontinuallyboosttheirself-esteem.

B.Self-affirmationcanbringapositivechangetoone'smood.

C.Forcingapersontothinkpositivethoughtsmaylowertheirself-esteem.

D.Peoplewithlowself-esteemseldomwritedowntheirtruefeelings.

25.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?

A.Theeffectsofpositivethinkingvaryfrompersontoperson.

B.Meditationmayprovetobeagoodformofpsychotherapy.

C.Differentpeopletendtohavedifferentwaysofthinking.

D.Peoplecanavoidmakingmistakesthroughmeditation.Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Severalrecentstudieshavefoundthatbeingrandomlyassignedtoaroommateofanotherracecanleadtoincreasedtolerancebutalsotoagreaterlikelihoodofconflict.Recentreportsfoundthatlodgingwithastudentofadifferentracemaydecreaseprejudiceandcompelstudentstoengageinmoreethnicallydiversefriendships.AnOhioStateUniversitystudyalsofoundthatblackstudentslivingwithawhiteroommatesawhigheracademicsuccessthroughouttheircollegecareers.Researchersbelievethismaybecausedbysocialpressure.InaNewYorkTimesarticle,SamBoakye–theonlyblackstudentonhisfreshmanyearfloor-saidthat"ifyou'resurroundedbywhites,youhavesomethingtoprove."Researchersalsoobservedproblemsresultingfrompairinginterracialstudentsinresidences.Accordingtotworecentstudies,randomlyassignedroommatesofdifferentracesaremorelikelytoexperienceconflictssostrainedthatoneroommatewillmoveout.AnIndianaUniversitystudyfoundthatinterracialroommateswerethreetimesaslikelyastwowhiteroommatestonolongerlivetogetherbytheendofthesemester.GraceKao,aprofessoratPennsaidshewasnotsurprisedbythefindings."Thismaybethefirsttimethatsomeofthesestudentshaveinteracted,andlived,withsomeoneofadifferentrace,"shesaid.AtPenn,studentsarenotaskedtoindicateracewhenapplyingforhousing.“Oneofthegreatthingsaboutfreshmanhousingisthat,withsomeexceptions,theprocessthrowsyoutogetherrandomly,”saidUndergraduateAssemblychairmanAlecWebley.“Thisisthedefinitionofintegration.”“I’veexperiencedroommateconflictsbetweeninterracialstudentsthathavebothbrokendownstereotypesandreinforcedstereotypes,”saidonePennresidentadvisor(RA).TheRAoftwoyearsaddedthatwhilesomeconflicts“providedmoremulticulturalacceptanceandmelding,”therewerealso“jarringculturalconfrontations.”TheRAsaidthattheseconflictshavealsooccurredamongroommatesofthesamerace.Kaosaidshecautionsagainstforminganygeneralizationsbasedonanyoneofthestudies,notingthatmorebackgroundcharacteristicsofthestudentsneedtobestudiedandexplained.26.Whatcanwelearnfromsomerecentstudies?A.Conflictsbetweenstudentsofdifferentracesareunavoidable.B.Studentsofdifferentracesareprejudicedagainsteachother.C.Interraciallodgingdoesmoreharmthangood.D.Interraciallodgingmayhavedifferentoutcomes.27.WhatdoesSamBoakye’sremarkmean?A.Whitestudentstendtolookdownupontheirblackpeers.B.Blackstudentscancompetewiththeirwhitepeersacademically.C.Blackstudentsfeelsomewhatembarrassedamongwhitepeersduringthefreshmanyear.D.Beingsurroundedbywhitepeersmotivatesablackstudenttoworkhardertosucceed.28.WhatdoesAlecWebleyconsidertobethe“definitionofintegration”?A.Theschoolrandomlyassignsroommateswithoutregardtorace.B.Studentsofdifferentracesarerequiredtosharearoom.C.Interraciallodgingisarrangedbytheschoolforfreshmen.D.Lodgingisassignedtostudentsofdifferentraceswithoutexception.29.WhatdoestheIndianaUniversitystudyshow?A.Assigningstudents’lodgingrandomlyisnotagoodpolicy.B.Fewwhitestudentslikesharingaroomwithablackpeer.C.Interracialroommatesaremorelikelytofallout.D.Roommatesofdifferentracesjustdon’tgetalong.30.WhatdoesGraceKaosayaboutinterraciallodging?A.Itisunscientifictomakegeneralizationsaboutitwithoutfurtherstudy.B.Schoolsshouldbecautiouswhenmakingdecisionsaboutstudentlodging.C.Students’racialbackgroundshouldbeconsideredbeforelodgingisassigned.D.Experiencedresidentadvisorsshouldbeassignedtohandletheproblems.Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Forsometimeinthepast,ithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabiesandothercreatureslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto“rewards”;andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitalsousedtobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards,atleastintheearlystages,hadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological(生理的)“drives”asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords,ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort,nototherwise.Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultswithnoreward.Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward”thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements,suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren'sresponsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“switchedon”adisplayoflights—andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresult,forinstance,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside.Papousek’slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinterestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould“smileandbubble”whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccesstheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblemandinmasteringtheskill.Thereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol.31.Accordingtotheauthor,babieslearntodothingswhich_____________.A.aredirectlyrelatedtopleasureB.willmeettheirphysicalneedsC.willbringthemafeelingofsuccessD.willsatisfytheircuriosity32.Papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy_____________.A.wouldmakelearnedresponseswhenitsawthemilkB.wouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrinkC.wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswithoutbeinggivenmilkD.wouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwhenithadenoughtodrink33.InPapousek’sexperimentbabiesmakelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto________.A.havethelightsturnedonB.berewardedwithmilkC.pleasetheirparentsD.bepraised34.Thebabieswould“smileandbubble”atthelightsbecause____________.A.thelightsweredirectlyrelatedtosomebasic“drives”B.thesightofthelightswasinterestingC.theyneednotturnbacktowatchthelightsD.theysucceededin“switchingon”thelights35.AccordingtoPapousek,thepleasurebabiesgetinachievingsomethingisareflectionof________.A.abasichumandesiretounderstandandcontroltheworldB.thesatisfactionofcertainphysiologicalneedsC.theirstrongdesiretosolvecomplexproblemsD.afundamentalhumanurgetodisplaytheirlearnedskillsQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Therearevariouswaysinwhichindividualeconomicunitscaninteractwithoneanother.Thesebasicwaysmaybedescribedasthemarketsystem,theadministeredsystem,andthetraditionalsystem.Inamarketsystemindividualeconomicunitsarefreetointeractamongeachotherinthemarketplace.Itispossibletobuygoodsfromothereconomicunitsorsellgoodstothem.Inamarket,transactionsmaytakeplacethroughbarterormoneyexchange.Inabartereconomy,realgoodssuchasautomobiles,shoes,andricearetradedagainsteachother.Obviously,findingsomebodywhowantstotrademyoldcarinexchangeforasail-boatmaynotalwaysbeaneasytask.Hence,theintroductionofmoneyasamediumofexchangeeasestransactionsconsiderably.Inthemodernmarketeconomy,goodsandservicesareboughtorsoldformoney.Analternativetothemarketsystemisadministrativecontrolbysomeagencyoveralltransactions.Thisagencywillissuecommandsastohowmuchofeachgoodsandserviceshouldbeproducedandconsumedbyeacheconomicunit.Centralplanningmaybeonewayofrunningsuchaneconomy.Thecentralplan,drawnupbythegovernment,showstheamountsofeachgoodsproducedbythevariousfirmsandsharedamongdifferenthouseholdsforconsumption.Thisisanexampleofcompleteplanningofproduction,consumption,andexchangeforthewholeeconomy.Inatraditionalsociety,productionandconsumptionpatternsaregovernedbytradition;everyperson’splacewithintheeconomicsystemisfixedbyfatherhoodormotherhood,religion,andcustom.Transactionstakeplaceonthebasisoftradition,too.36.Themainpurposeofthepassageis_____________.A.tooutlinedifferenttypesofeconomicsystemsB.toexplainthescienceofeconomicsC.toarguethatoneeconomicsystemisbetterthantheothersD.tocomparebarterandmoney-exchangemarkets37.Inthesecondparagraph,thephrase“bartereconomy”couldprobablymean_____________.A.moneyeconomyB.marketeconomyC.productexchangeeconomyD.centralplanningeconomy38.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.Themarketsystemworksbetterthantheadministeredsystemorthetraditionalsystem.B.Inanadministeredsystemonlythegovernmentmakesdecision.C.Inamarketeconomyservicescanbesoldorbought.D.Thetraditionalsystemisgoodforasocietythatdevelopsslowly.39.Accordingtothepassage,abartereconomycanleadto____________.A.rapidspeedoftransactionB.misunderstandingC.inflationD.difficultiesfortraders40.Accordingtothepassage,whohasthegreatestdegreeofcontrolinanadministeredsystem?individualhousehold.majorcorporations.smallbusinesses.thegovernment.SectionB(20points)Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(41)PsychologistsagreethatI.Q.contributesonlyabout20percentofthefactorsthatdeterminesuccess.Afull80percentcomesfromotherfactors,includingwhatIcall

emotionalintelligence.Followingaretwo

ofthemajorqualitiesthatmakeupemotionalintelligence,andhowtheycanbedeveloped.(42)1.Self-awareness.

Theabilitytorecognizeafeelingasithappensisthekeystoneofemotional

intelligence.Peoplewithgreatercertaintyabouttheiremotionsarebetterpilotsoftheirlives.Developingself-awarenessrequirestuningintowhatneurologistAntonioDamasiocalls“gutfeelings”.Gutfeelingscanoccurwithoutapersonbeingconsciouslyawareofthem.Forexample,whenpeoplewhofearsnakesareshownapictureofasnake,sensorsontheirskinwilldetectsweat,asignofanxiety,even

thoughthepeoplesaytheydonotfeelfear.Thesweatshowsupevenwhenapictureispresentedsorapidlythatthesubjecthasnoconsciousawarenessofseeingit.(43)Emotionalself-awarenessisthebuildingblockofthenextfundamentalofemotionalintelligence:beingabletoshake

offabadmood.2.MoodManagement.

Badaswellasgoodmoods

spice

lifeandbuildcharacter.Thekeyisbalance.Weoftenhavelittlecontroloverwhenwearesweptbyemotion.Butwecanhavesomesayinhow

longthatemotionwilllast.Psy