研究生英語精讀教程上冊Unit-3

研究生英語精讀教程

(第三版·上)UnitThreeUnitThree

RatsandMen"Insoluble"Problems1.Text2.Exercises3.SupplementaryReadingneurosisn.functionalderangementcausedbydisorderofthenervoussystemorbysomethinginthesubconsciousmind神經(jīng)官能病induce※v.persuadeorinfluence;leadorcause勸誘；促使[1]ProfessorN.R.F.MaieroftheUniversityofMichiganperformedaseriesofexperimentsseveralyearsagoinwhich"neurosis*"isinduced*inrats.Theratsarefirsttrainedtojumpofftheedgeofaplatformatoneoftwodoors.Iftheratjumpstotheright,thedoorholdsfast,anditbumpsitsnoseandfallsintoanet;ifitjumpstotheleft,thedooropens,andtheratfindsadishoffood.Whentheratsarewelltrainedtothisreaction,thesituationischanged.Thefoodisputbehindtheotherdoor,sothatinordertogettheirrewardtheynowhavetojumptotherightinsteadoftotheleft.(Otherchanges,suchasmarkingthetwodoorsindifferentways,mayalsobeintroducedbytheexperimenter.)Iftheratfailstofigureoutthenewsystem,sothateachtimeitjumpsitneverknowswhetheritisgoingtogetfoodorbumpitsnose,itfinallygivesupandrefusestojumpatall.Atthisstage,Dr.Maiersays,"Manyratsprefertostarveratherthanmakeachoice."[2]Next,theratsareforcedtomakeachoice,beingdriventoitbyblasts*ofairoranelectricshock."Animalswhichareinducedtorespondintheinsoluble*problemsituation,"saysDr.Maier,"settledowntoaspecificreaction(suchasjumpingsolelyatthelefthanddoor)whichtheycontinuetoexecute*regardlessofconsequencesblastn.strong,suddenrushofwind一陣突然的勁風(fēng)insolubleadj.thatcannotbesolvedorexplained不能解決executev.carryout執(zhí)行TheresponsechosenundertheseconditionsbecomesfixatedOncethefixation*appears,theanimalisincapableoflearninganadaptiveresponseinthissituation."Whenareactiontotheleft-handdooristhusfixated,theright-handdoormaybeleftopensothatthefoodisplainlyvisible.Yettherat,whenpushed,continuestojumptotheleft,becomingmorepanicky*eachtime.fixationn.fixing固定，執(zhí)著panicky※adj.inastateofunreasoning,uncontrolledfear驚慌的Whentheexperimenterpersistsinforcingtherattomakechoices,itmaygointoconvulsions*,racingaroundwildly,injuringitsclaws,bumpingintochairsandtables,thengoingintoastateofviolenttrembling,untilitfallsintoacoma*.convulsionn.violentdisturbance;(usu.pl.)violentirregularmovementofalimborthebody震動；抽搐coma△n.unusualdeepsleepusu.frominjuryorillness昏迷Inthispassivestate,itrefusestoeat,refusestotakeanyinterestinanything:itcanberolledupintoaballorsuspended*intheairbyitslegs—therathasceasedtocarewhathappenstoit.Ithashada"nervousbreakdown①."suspendv.hangup懸掛[3]Itisthe"insolubility"oftherat'sproblemthatleadstoitsnervousbreakdown,and,asDr.Maiershowsinhisstudiesofdisturbedchildrenandadults,ratsandhumanbeingsseemtogothroughprettymuchthesamestages.First,theyaretrainedtomakehabituallyagivenchoicewhenconfrontedbyagivenproblem;secondly,theygetaterribleshockwhentheyfindthattheconditionshavechangedandthatthechoicedoesn'tproducetheexpectedresults;third,whetherthroughshock,anxiety,orfrustration*,theymayfixateontheoriginalchoiceandcontinuetomakethatchoiceregardlessofconsequences;fourth,theysullenlyrefusetoactatall;fifth,whenbyexternalcompulsion*theyareforcedtomakeachoice,theyagainmaketheonetheywereoriginallytrainedtomake-andagaingetabumponthenose;frustration※n.defeatordisappointment挫折2.compulsion△n.compellingorbeingcompelled強迫，被迫finally,evenwiththegoalvisibleinfrontofthem,tobeattained*simplybymakingadifferentchoice,theygocrazyoutoffrustration.Theyteararoundwildly;theysulkincornersandrefusetoeat;bitter,cynical*,disillusioned*,theyceasetocarewhathappenstothem.attainv.succeedindoingorgetting到達，實現(xiàn)cynicaladj.sneeringorcontemptuous嘲罵的，挖苦的disillusion△v.setfreefrommistakenbeliefs使夢想破滅[4]Isthisanexaggeratedpicture?Ithardlyseemsso.Thepatternrecurs*throughouthumanlife,fromthesmalltragediesofthehometotheworld-shakingtragediesamongnations.Inordertocureherhusband'sfaults,awifemaynaghim.Hisfaultsgetworse,soshenags*himsomemore.recurv.come,happenagain;berepeated重復(fù)nagv.scoldorcriticizesb.continuously嘮叨；責(zé)罵不休

Naturallyhisfaultsgetworsestill-andshenagshimevenmore.Governed,liketherat,byafixatedreactiontotheproblemofherhusband'sfaults,shecanmeetitonlyinoneway.Thelongershecontinues,theworseitgets,untiltheyarebothnervouswrecks.

[5]Again,whitepeopleinanortherncity,deploring*theilliteracy*andhighcrimerateamongNegroes,segregatethem,persecutethem(itiswellknownthatthepolicearealmostalwaystougheronNegrosuspectsthanonwhites),anddenythemopportunitiesforemploymentandadvancement.deplorev.beverysorryabout(andconsiderwrong)哀嘆，痛惜illiteracy※n.(instanceof)beingunabletoreadorwrite文盲，未受教育；無知Thedenialofopportunityperpetuatestheilliteracyandthehighcrimerate,whichinturnperpetuatethesegregation,persecution,anddenialofopportunity.Thesearchforawaytobreakupthisviciouscircletaxesthebestmindsamongthoseinterestedinorderlysocialchange:citycouncilmen,educators,urbanplanners,Negroorganizations,aswellasstategovernmentsandfederalauthorities.perpetuate※v.preservefrombeingforgotten使永存vicious△adj.havingfaults;

corrupt錯誤的；墮落的；惡意的，兇惡的；惡性的taxv.beaburdenorstrain使負(fù)重荷，使受壓力[6]Tociteanotherexample,studentstryingtoexpressthemselvesinwritingmaywritepoorly.Inordertoimprovetheirwriting,saystheEnglishteacher,Imustteachthemthefundamentalsofgrammar,spelling,andpunctuation.Bythusplacingexcessive*emphasisongrammarandmechanicswhileignoringthestudents'ideas,theteacherquicklydestroysstudentinterestinwriting.Thatinterestdestroyed,thestudentswriteevenmorepoorly.

excessiveadj.toomuch;extreme過多的；極端的Thereupontheteacherredoubleshisdoseofgrammarandmechanics.Thestudentsbecomeincreasinglyboredandrebellious.Suchstudentsfilltheranksof“remedial*English"classesinhighschoolandcollege.remedialadj.providingaremedy矯正的，補習(xí)的[7]Again,anation,believingthattheonlywaytosecurepeaceanddignityisthrougharmedstrength,mayembark*onahugearmaments*program.Theprogramarousesthefearsofneighboringnations,sothattheytooincreasetheirarmamentstomatchthoseofthefirstnation.embark※v.(onsth.)start;takepartin開始，從事armament※n.militaryforcesandtheirequipment軍隊；軍備Anxietyandtensionincrease.Itisclear,thefirstnationdeclares,thatweshallcontinuetofeelanxiousaboutournationalsecuritysolongaswearenotadequatelypreparedforallemergencies;wemustthereforedoubleourarmaments.Thisnaturallymakestheneighboringnationsevenmoreanxious,sothattheytoodoubletheirarmaments.Anxietyandtensionincreaseevenmore.Itisclear,thefirstnationdeclares,thatourmistakehasbeentounderestimateourdefenseneeds.Thistimewemustbesuretobesufficientlyarmedtopreservepeace.Wemusttripleourarmaments[8]Ofcoursetheseinstancesareoversimplified,butitisoftenbecauseofviciouscirclesofthiskindthatweareunabletogetatordoanythingabouttheconditionsthatleadtodisaster.Thepatternisfrequentlyrecognizable;thegoalmaybeinsight,attainablebyamerechangeinmethods.Nevertheless,governedbyfixatedreactions,therat"cannot"getfood,thewife"cannot"cureherhusband'sfaults,Negroeswillhavetowaittwoorthreegenerations"untilthetimeisripe"forsocialchange,andwe"cannotafford"tostopdevisingandmanufacturingweaponssodeadlythattheycannotbeusedwithoutdestroyingcivilizationitself.[9]Thereis,however,animportantdifferencebetweentheinsolubilityoftherat'sproblemsandtheinsolubilityofhumanproblems.Dr.Maier'sratsweredriventotheirnervousbreakdownsbyproblemsmorecomplicatedthanwouldnaturallyoccurinarat'senvironment.Buthumanbreakdownsareordinarilycausedbyproblemsthathumanbeingsthemselveshavecreated:problemsofreligiousandethical*belief;problemsofmoneyandcreditandmortgages*andtrustfundsandstockmarketfluctuations;problemsofman-madecustomandetiquette*andsocialorganizationandlaw.ethicaladj.ofmoralsormoralquestions道德的mortgagen.actofgivingsb.aclaimonasasecurityforpaymentofadebtorloan抵押etiquetten.rulesforformalrelationsorpolitesocialbehaviouramongpeople,orinaclassofsocietyoraprofession禮節(jié)，禮儀[10]RatscanhardlybeblamedfornotbeingabletosolveproblemssetforthembyDr.Maier;therearelimitstoarat'spowersofabstraction.Buttherearenoknownlimitstothehumancapacitytoabstractandorganizeandmakeuseofabstractions.Hence,ifhumanbeingsfindproblemsinsolublebecauseoffixatedreactions-iftheyarefrustratedbecausetheycanrespondinonlyoneway,regardlessofcontextorcircumstances,tocertainsymbolicallydefinedsituations-theyarefunctioningatlessthanfullhumancapacity.Theycanbesaid,inKorzybski's①

suggestivephrase,tobe"copyinganimals"intheirreactions.WendellJohnson②summarizedthisideaaptlywhenhesaid,"Toamouse,cheeseischeese;that'swhymousetrapswork."Howdothesefixationsoccurinhumanbeings?Exercises

Ⅰ.Comprehension

Ⅱ.Vocabulary

Ⅲ.Cloze

Ⅳ.Translation(EnglishtoChinese)Ⅴ.Translation(ChinesetoEnglish)

Ⅵ.WritingⅠ.ComprehensionAnswerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingstatementsbychoosingthebestalternativeA,B,CorDundereach.Youareallowed2minutes30secondsforthispart.1.Accordingtothepassage,iftheratfailstofigureoutthenewsystem,__________.itfinallysucceedsingettingfooditjumpsandbumpsitsnoseitrefusestojumpatallitfindsanewwaytosolvetheproblemⅠ.Comprehension2.Iftheratsettlesdowntoaspecificreaction,itwould__________.jumptotherightandthentotheleftjumpatthedoorwhichismarkedjumpattheopendoorjumpsolelyatoneparticulardoor3.AccordingtoDr.Maier,_____________.onlyhumanbeingshavenervousbreakdownsratsandhumanbeingsarealikeintheiractionswhentheyhavenervousbreakdownsratsandhumanbeingsgothroughdifferentstagesratsandhumanbeingshavethesameproblem4.Accordingtothearticle,whatcausestherat'sneurosis?Theimportanceoftheproblem.Thecomplexityoftheproblem.Theinvolvementoftheexperimenter.Theinsolubilityoftheproblem.5.Whathappensinthefinalstageoftheirneurosis?Theyareforcedtomakeachoice.Theygocrazyandceasetocareaboutanything.Theyrefusetoactatall.Theyfixateontheoriginalchoice.Ⅰ.Comprehension6.Accordingtothepassage,thewifenagsherhusbandmoreandmorebecauseof___________.afixatedreactionangeratherhusbandanxietyaboutherhusband'sfaultsimpatiencewithherhusband'smistakes7.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthelistofpeoplewhoareinterestedinorderlysocialchange?A.Collegeteachers. B.Congressmen.C.Salesmen. D.Mayors.Ⅰ.Comprehension8.Ifastudentwritespoorly,theteachershould______.A.sethimmoregrammarexercisestodoB.tellhimnottowritecarelesslyC.redoublehisdoseofmechanicsD.notmakehimfeelnointerestinwritingⅠ.Comprehension9.Judgingfromthearticle,_______.thewriterquitedisapprovesof“remedialEnglish〞classesthewriterlikes“remedialEnglish〞classesthewriterwantstobanishsuchclassesthewritertriestosetupsuch“remedialEnglish〞classesⅠ.Comprehension10.WhenWendellJohnsonsaid“Toamouse,cheeseischeese;that’swhymouse-trapswork〞,hemeantthat______.A.amanisasstupidasamouseB.humanbeingscannotabstractC.ratsaremorecapableofabstractionthanmenD.arat’spowersofabstractionarelimitedⅠ.ComprehensionⅡ.VocabularyA.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.1.Highrateofunemploymentandviolencearedeploredbymanypeople.A.condemned B.convincedC.declared D.perpetuated2.Theyareplanningtoembarkonanewbusinessundertaking.A.gofor B.gowith C.gointo D.goonⅡ.VocabularyA.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.3.IntheMiddleAges,manypeopleinEuropesufferedpersecutionfortheirreligiousbeliefs.A.treatment B.punishmentC.disillusion D.execution4.Wecouldn’tinducetheoldladytotravelbyair.A.drive B.convince C.force D.suggestⅡ.VocabularyA.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.5.Hewentintoacomabecauseofseriouslossofblood.A.badcoughB.whitenessC.tremblingD.stateofprofoundinsensibilityⅡ.VocabularyA.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.6.Theethicsofhisdecisionaredoubtful.A.race B.aesthetics C.morals D.cause7.Thepatientstaxthedoctor'spatiencebyaskinghimsomanysillyquestions.A.pest B.areastrainonC.injure D.destroyⅡ.VocabularyA.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.8.Theybrokeupthealliance.A.broughttoanend B.dispersedC.stoppedtoenterinto D.changedfortheworse9.Theboysweresummonedinturntoseetheexaminer.A.separately B.occasionallyC.all D.insuccessionⅡ.VocabularyA.IdentifyoneofthefourchoicesA,B,C,orDwhichwouldkeepthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordorphrase.10.Theytraveledalloverthecountry,regardlessofexpense.A.unkindto B.payingnoattentiontoC.forgetting D.concernedwithⅡ.VocabularyB.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.11.Thestorywassofunnythatwewereallin__________.A.excitement B.convulsionsC.emotion D.fixation12.Gluttonyisjustasmucha__________asdrunkenness.A.vice B.vicinityC.viciousness D.vicissitudeⅡ.VocabularyB.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.13.Eachroomisdecoratedwithalamp________fromtheceiling.A.dropped B.pulledC.suspended D.fallen14.Myfirstmeetingwithheroften__________tomymemory.A.fells B.recalls C.refreshes D.recursⅡ.VocabularyB.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.15.Hewriteslikea(n)__________:therearemistakesineverysentence.A.pupil B.illiterateC.teenager D.schoolboy16.Thegoalisnotyet____________.A.togain B.tosustainC.torestrain D.toattainⅡ.VocabularyB.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.17.Itwasreportedthatduringthebombing,manypeoplewerekilledorwoundedby_____________.A.flow B.blast C.current D.stream18.Shelearnttoswimatonce-sheseemedtotallywithout_________ofthewater.A.panic B.fear C.terror D.terriblenessⅡ.VocabularyB.Choosethecorrectanswer.Onlyoneansweriscorrect.19.Weraisedawemustpayoffitthisyear______.A.credit B.goodsumC.loan D.mortgage20.Somechildrencomplainthattheirparentsatthemallday.A.blame B.scoldC.nag D.cryⅢ.ClozeReadthepassagethroughandchooseonesuitablewordorphrasemarkedA,B,CorDforeachblankinthepassage.Planningisaveryimportantactivityinourlives.Itcangivepleasure,evenexcitement,1causequitesevereheadaches.Themoresignificantthetaskahead,themorecarefultheplanningrequired.Gettingtoschoolortoworkontimeisataskrequiring2ornoplanning,itisalmostaroutine.A.so B.then C.or D.butA.few B.little C.much D.plentyAmonth’stouringholidayabroad,orbetter3,gettingmarried,isadifferentmatteraltogether.Ifthe4involvesachurchwedding,with50guests,areception,ahoneymooninVeniceandreturningtoanewhome,itrequiresevenmoreplanningtomake5thatitissuccessful.A.more B.yet C.still D.offA.first B.second C.former D.latterA.known B.believe C.sure D.clearPlanningisourwayoftryingtoensuresuccessand6avoidingcostlyfailureswecannot7.Itisequallyessentialtomankindasa8,toindividualnations,tofamiliesandsinglepeople;thescalemay9,butthedegreeofimportancedoesnot.10,anationplanningitsresourcesandneedsdoesnot11fromafamilyplanningitsweeklyshoppingormonthlyhouseholdbudget.A.in B.for C.of D.byA.afford B.suffer C.stand D.bearA.group B.whole C.fact D.unityA.change B.vary C.range D.floatA.However B.Moreover C.Inessence D.Inoneword11.A.differ B.change C.vary D.shift12aredesignedtoensureanadequatesupplyofessentials,13arateofspendingwithinthelimitsofincome,and14properlycarriedoutwill15shortages,wastage,oroverexpenditure.A.Some B.Many C.All D.BothA.with B.by C.at D.inA.though B.if C.how D.nomatterwhatA.keep B.avoid C.cause D.solveⅣ.Translation(EnglishtoChinese)Therattlesnake,oftenconsideredthedeadliestofallNorthAmericansnakes,hasoftenbeenthesubjectofresearchanddiscussionamongnaturalists.Thissnakeearnsitsnamefromthepresenceofringsoftoughskinonitstailthatremainwhensloughing,orthedroppingoffofskin,occurs.Wheneverarattlesnakeisagitated,itbeginstomoveitstail,amotionthatcausestheringsofhardenedskintomakearattlingnoise.Ⅳ.Translation(EnglishtoChinese)Mostnaturalistsbelievethatthisnoiseisaninvoluntaryreactionthatresultsfromthenervousnessofthereptile;theydonotthinkthattherattlesnakeisattemptingtoconveyawarningtoitspossiblevictim.Studieshaverevealedthattherattlesnakeistheonlyvenomoussnakethatgivesasignalbeforestriking,and,infact,thisreptileistheonlyspeciesthathasrattles.Ⅳ.Translation(EnglishtoChinese)However,boththebullsnakeandthefoxsnakealsovibratetheirtailsrapidlywhenevertheybecomenervous.Whetherornottherattlesnakeshouldbecalled"thegentlemanamongsnakes"becauseofthenoiseitmakesbeforestrikingisaninterestingquestion.Ⅴ.Translation(ChinesetoEnglish)尊敬的編輯同志：非?？鞓分醒腚娨暸_和貴報舉辦“我與電視〞征文活動。我很遺憾地告訴您我是位殘疾人。當(dāng)您看到我的稿子時，一定覺得我的字跡很亂吧。那是因為我的手不能動，多年來一直叼著筆用嘴寫字，這些年來，我用嘴寫出了一篇篇文章，一首首小詩?，F(xiàn)在我懷著無比沖動的心情把這篇征文寄給您。祝好！殘疾青年王麗Ⅵ.WritingTitle:AFootballMatchTimelimit:30minutesWordlimit:120～150wordsⅠ.SupplementaryReadingⅡ.QuestionsSupplementaryReadingSupplementaryReading[1]Inthe1940s,psychologistAbrahamMaslowrecognizedthatworkersperformastheydoinordertosatisfyawidevarietyofneeds.Herealizedthattheseneedswouldhavetobeclassifiedtoexplainmotion.ThemodelheworkedoutiscalledMaslow’sladder.Twoprinciplesunderliethismodel:Ahumanbeingisananimalwithmanyneeds,andonlythoseneedsnotyetfullysatisfiedcauseapersontoact.Whenneedsonalowerlevelaresatisfied,atleastinpart,therungabovebecomesagoalapersonwillstrivetoreach.Withtheseprinciplesinmind,letusnowtakealookateachsetofneedsdepictedinthemodel.SupplementaryReading[2]Allthebasicdrivesthatsustainlife—food,clothingandshelter—arecalledphysiologicalneeds.Apersonmustsatisfytheseneedsbeforepursuinganyotherobjective.Mostpeople,ofcourse,stronglydesiremorethantheminimumlevelofsatisfactionrequiredforsurvival:Theywantthreemealsadayinsteadofoneandahouseinsteadofahut.SupplementaryReading[3]Thephysiologicalneedsarereadilysatisfiedinmodernsocietiesbymoney.Eventhefewpenniesearnedbynineteenth-centurylaborerswerestrongmotivationtopeoplewhohadnoteatenforseveraldays.Theywouldsufferalmostanyabusetocollectthemandliveanotherday.SupplementaryReading[4]Peoplehaveastrongdesiretofeelprotected.Usuallythismeansprotectionagainstlossofthephysicalnecessities,theideaofcushionagainstmisfortune.Oncemore,moneywilleffectivelysatisfythislevelofneed.Eventodayfewpeolesucceedinearningenoughmoneytofeelcompletelysecure.Thisiswhytheclassicaltheoryofmotivationheldonsolong.SupplementaryReading[5]Businessnowdoesareasonablygoodjobofmeetingtheworker’sdemandsforsafety.Wagesarehighenoughtoallowmostworkerstosaveforarainyday.Guaranteedjobsecurity,pensionplans,healthinsurance,lifeinsurance,andemployercontributionstoSocialSecurityareallexamplesofdirectsatisfactionofsafetyneeds.SupplementaryReading[6]Humansaresocialanimals.Theirdesirestoassociatewithothersandtobelovedbyothersarenearlyasstrongastheirwilltosurvive.Indeed,evenwhentheneedforsafetyisnottotallysatisfied,peoplebeginfeelingsocialneeds.[7]Thisisthefirstlevelofneedsthatmoneycannotreadilysatisfy.SupplementaryReadingAstheHawthorneStudiesclearlyshowed,workers’desiretobeacceptedbyco-workerscouldmotivatethemmorestronglythanthedesiretoearnmoremoney.Furthermore,workersneednoimpetusfrommanagementtoseeksatisfactionoftheirsocialneeds.Itisthisdrivethatgivesrisetotheinformalorganization.SupplementaryReading[8]Peopleneedtofeelself-esteem,asenseofpersonalworthderivedfromtheircompetence,achievement,orindependence.Theyalsoneedtherespectofothers,arespectbasedonarecognitionoftheircompetenceratherthanonfriendship(asocialneed).Theneedforesteemiscloselytiedtotheideaofstatus.SupplementaryReading[9]Statusisone’srankincomparisonwithothersinthesamesocialgroup.Apersonwithhighstatusisonewhoiswellregardedbyfriendsandassociates.Severalfactorscangiveapersonhighstatusinsociety.Theseincludewealth,socialstanding,advancededucation,andaprestigiousoccupation.WeareallfamiliarwithstatussymbolssuchasaCadillacoramansion.Sincethesefamiliarsymbolsofstatusallcostmoney,itiscommontomistakeastrivingforstatusasadrivetoaccumulatewealth.Whileearningamilliondollarsmayindeedbestowstatusonanindividual,apersonmotivatedbyesteemneedsseeksthestatus,notthemoney.SupplementaryReadingPeopleinbusinessoftenseeksatisfactionoftheiresteemneedsbypursuingapromotion.Tosomeindividuals,thestatusconferredbythetitle“vice-president〞ismoreimportantthanthesalarythatalsocomeswiththejob.Ofcourse,peoplealsomanifesttheneedforesteemwhentheyseekoneoftheoccupationsthatoursocietyholdsinhighesteem,suchasphysician,writer,artist,actor,universityprofessor,lawyer,ormusician.SupplementaryReading[10]Maslowdefinedtheneedforself-realizationas"thedesiretobecomemorewhatoneis,tobecomeeverythingoneiscapableof".Apersonwhooperatesonthislevelusuallyviewsworkassomethingtobedoneinordertofeelcompleteasapersontofulfillapersonalphilosophy.Itisahigherlevelneedthantheoneforesteembecausethepersoninvolvedalreadyfeelsthatheorhisworkisworthwhileandrespected.Suchpeoplefindtheirworkintrinsicallyinterestingandsatisfying.SupplementaryReading[11]Relativelyfewpeopleeverreachthestagewheretheyaredominatedbytheneedforself-realization.ThereisatendencytothinkthatonlyaSchweitzeroranEinsteinisinthisposition.Maslowfelt,however,thateveryoneiscapableoffeelingthisneedtosomedegree.[12]Maslow'sladderisaconvenientwaytoclassifyhumanneeds.Butifyouseeitasasimplestepatatimeprocedure,youmakeaseriousmistake.SupplementaryReadingItisnotnecessaryforapersontosatisfyeachlevelofneedcompletelybeforebeingmotivatedbyahigherlevel.Inoursociety,themajorityofpeoplehavereachedatleastthefourthrungofneeds.Thus,inreallifenearlyallneedsareinteractingwithintheindividual.Inotherwords,allfiveneedlevelsoperateinanindividualatonce,andhewillactivelystrivetoimprovehispositiononallfiverungssimultaneously.SupplementaryReading[13]Thereisanotherfactortobeconsideredasneedsworkoutinreallife.Aspeoplepartiallysatisfyeachneed,theytendtorequiremoreofitforfullsatisfaction.Thisisknownasthephenomenonofrisingexpectations.Itpartiallyexplainswhyworkerstodayareunhappywiththeirearningseventhoughearningshaveneverbeenhigher.Astarvingfactoryworkerofthe1800swasoverjoyedtoearnenoughtobuyanextrapotato.Afactoryworkertodaybecomesangryifhecannotaffordsteak.QuestionsInsummary,thispassagepresentsthesequenceinwhich_______.humanneedsareusuallysatisfiedpeoplediscovertheyhaveneedsMaslowdiscoveredhumanneedspeoplesatisfytheneedsofothersⅠ.Completethefollowingstatementsbychoosingthebestalternative(A,B,CorD)undereach.Questions2.Thesummaryisbeststatedinthe______.A.firstpartofthefirstparagraphB.secondpartofthefirstparagraphC.firstpartofthesecondparagraphD.secondpartofthesecondparagraphⅠ.Completethefollowingstatementsbychoosingthebestalternative(A,B,CorD)undereach.Questions3.Thatwhichi