新目標(biāo)大學(xué)英語泛讀.2（第3版）課件 - 副本

Unit7RedCultureinChinaDreamersandTheirFightingSpirit1921年,中國共產(chǎn)黨第一次全國代表大會在浙江嘉興南湖的一條游船(后稱“紅船”)上勝

利閉幕,莊嚴(yán)宣告了中國共產(chǎn)黨的誕生。中國革命的航船從這里揚(yáng)帆起航,體現(xiàn)了“開天辟

地、敢為人先”的首創(chuàng)精神。TheCPCisapoliticalpartyrisingbyarmingitselfwithMarxism.The

Party

sbirthendowed1therevolutioninChinawithfirmideasandapower-

fulspirit.TheFirstNationalCongress2oftheCPC,whichwasheldinthe

WhiteTerrorandmarkedtheofficialestablishmentoftheCPC,wasmoved

fromShanghaitoaboatonSouthLakeofJiaxing.Thiswasaccomplished

throughmaintainingafirmstance3onidealsandremainingundaunted4by

setbacks.

Maintaining

a

Firm

Stance

on

Ideals.Remaining

Undaunted

by

Set-

backs,and

Pursuing

the

Ideals

of

Communism

and

Unfailing5

Belief

in

Marx-ismInthefaceofdifficultyandfrustration,themembersoftheCPCcarriedouta

longandextraordinary6fight,andasaresult,beganaroadofrevolutionand

developmentwithChinesecharacteristics.TheRussianOctoberRevolution

broughtMarxism-LeninismtoChina.Fromadiversity7ofviewpointsand

possiblepathstobetaken,afterrepeatedcomparisonanddifferentiation8,

someprogressivesresolutely9choseMarxism-Leninism,andtheyclungto

theloftyidealoffightingfortherealizationofcommunism.①Fromthattime

on,theCPCneverwavered10initsbeliefinorpursuitofMarxism,anditsmembersunderstoodtheimportanceofseekingtruthfromfacts.Theyunder-

stoodthatadaptingMarxismtoChineseconditionswasindeedpartofhold-

ingfastto11Marxism.Inthe90-plusyearssinceitsbirth,theCPChasex-

celled12atintegratingtheuniversaltruthsofMarxismwithChina

scondi-

tionsandhassuccessfullyunitedthemaximumprogramandminimumpro-

gram.Ithasremainedconstantontheoretical13innovation14andkeepingup

withthetimeswithaformofMarxismthatfitstheconditionsinChina.It

holdsfasttousingtheachievementsofthesetheoriestoarmthePartyande-

ducatethepeople,reflectingafirmdedicationtoidealsandaninexhaustible1

5spiritoftheoreticalinnovation.

Fighting

Spirit

of

Maintaining

a

Firm

Stance

on

Ideals

and

Remaining

Undaunted

by

Setbacks

Is

the

Pillar16of

the

Red

Boat

Spirit

and

Foundation

of

VictoryChina

sroadofdevelopmentsincemoderntimeshasbeenmarkedbyun-

commondifficulties.Inthefaceofsuchhardshipsandfrustrations,somebe-

lievedtheCPCwassuretofail,whileothersbelievedtheywouldwinwith-

outhavingtofight.ThosewithinthePartywhowereweakgaveuptheiride-

alsanddeserted17orbetrayedtherevolutionandallied18themselveswiththe

enemy.However,theCPChasalwaysbeenabletoovercomedifficulties,revived19itselfinthefaceofhopelesscircumstances,andopenedupnew

roadstorevolutionanddevelopment.Thiswasaccomplishedthroughthe

spiritofmaintainingafirmstanceonidealsandremainingundauntedbyset-

backs.ItisonlybecauseofthisfightingspiritthatChinawasabletoexpel20in-

vadersandestablishthePeople

sRepublicofChina;thatagreatmanypeo-

pleincludingChenTanqiu,HeShuheng,WangJinmei,XiaMinghan,Fang

Zhimin,DengZhongxia,YunDaiyingandXiangJingyusacrificedtheir

livesfortherevolution;thatWangJiegavehislifeforrescuingothersduringaperiodofpeace,OuyangHaigavehislifetosaveacollidingtrain,Su

Ninggavehislifetosaveafellowsoldier,andcountlessotherpeopleper-

formedheroicdeeds;thattheCPCwonnumerousvictoriesalongtheborders

fromoutsideattacks;thatthePLAsoldiersbuiltonebarrierafteranother,

usingbothfloodbagsandeventheirownbodies,tostopthefloodwatersin1

998,touchingtheheartsofhundredsofmillionsofChinesepeople;that

heroicfeats21werewitnessedduringtheWenchuanandYushuearthquakes

in2008and2010;thatorderwasbroughtfromchaos22andanewstagehigh-

lighting23thereformandopeningupwasushered24in;andthatChinahas

beenabletocarryonwiththedifficultfightof“Four-ProngedComprehen-siveStrategy”alongtheroadofsocialistmodernizationwithChinesechar-

acteristicssoastorealizetheChineseDreamofthegreatrejuvenation25of

theChinesenation.②——From

Spirit

of

the

Red

Boat,Lan

Yingjie,Foreign

Languages

Press,20

17(648words)Notes①Fromadiversityofviewpointsandpossiblepathstobetaken,afterre-

peatedcomparisonanddifferentiation,someprogressivesresolutelychose

Marxism-Leninism,andtheyclungtotheloftyidealoffightingforthereal-

izationofcommunism.經(jīng)過反復(fù)的比較和辨別,一些進(jìn)步人士在多種觀點和可選的道路中,堅定

地選擇了馬克思列寧主義,和堅持為實現(xiàn)共產(chǎn)主義而奮斗的崇高理想。②…andthatChinahasbeenabletocarryonwiththedifficultfightof

“Four-ProngedComprehensiveStrategy”alongtheroadofsocialistmod-

ernizationwithChinesecharacteristicssoastorealizetheChineseDreamof

thegreatrejuvenationoftheChinesenation.……中國能夠在中國特色社會主義現(xiàn)代化道路上繼續(xù)進(jìn)行“四個全

面”戰(zhàn)略的艱苦奮斗,實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復(fù)興的中國夢。ExercisesⅠ.There

are

five

questions

or

unfinished

statements

based

on

the

passage.For

each

of

them

choose

the

best

answer

from

the

four

choices

marked

A,B,

C

and

D.1.Accordingtothepassage,what

sthefightingspiritofthedreamers?A.ResolutelychoosingMarxism-Leninism.B.Maintainingafirmstanceonidealsandremainingundauntedbysetbacks.C.Seekingtruthfromfacts.D.AdaptingMarxismtoChineseconditions.2.Theunderlinedword“deserted”inparagraph3means

.A.supportedB.struggledagainstC.opposedtoD.abandoned3.Sinceitsbirth,whichofthefollowingisn

ttheaccomplishmentthatCPC

hasachieved?A.IntegratingtheuniversaltruthsofMarxismwithChina

sconditions.B.Constantlyseekingtheoreticalandpracticalinnovation.C.ArmthePartywithachievementsofthetheories.D.Educatepeoplewithachievementsofthetheories.4.WhichofthefollowingisnotthereactionofthosewithinthePartywho

wereweakwhenfacinghardshipsandfrustrations?A.Givinguptheirideals.B.Betrayingtherevolution.C.Overcomingdifficulties.D.Allywiththeenemy.5.Bymeansofthisfightingspirit,Chinahasmadegreatachievementinthe

followingexcept

.A.expellinginvadersB.establishingthePeople

sRepublicofChinaC.realizingChineseDreamD.encouragingcountlesspeopletoperformheroicdeedsⅡ.Fill

in

the

blanks

in

the

following

sentences,using

the

words

or

phrases

given

below.Change

the

form

where

necessary.endowstancecharacteristicsclingtopursuitconstantexpelwitnessrevivededication

1.Hostilitytowardsoutsidersis

ofbothhumanandnon-

humananimals.2.Throughoutthetrial,shehad

thebeliefthathewasinnocent.3.Indiahas

manypoliticalchangesinrecentyears.4.Thelittleprincessis

withwealth,goodhealthandahappy

life.5.Shesuggeststhatwomenareunder

pressuretobeabnormally

thin.6.Theconferencedrewupafive-pointplanto

thesocialist

cause.7.Heexpressedthehopethathewould

aneutralandbalanced

policyforhiscountry.8.Theyhadfacedonedifficultyafteranotherwithbraveryand

.9.TheCongresshadagreedtoreconsiderits

onthearmed

struggle.10.AnAmericanacademic(高?？蒲腥藛T)was

fromthecoun-

tryyesterday.Ⅲ.Translate

the

following

Chinese

sentences

into

English.1.她要取得成功的決心從未動搖過。2.里克的烹飪技術(shù)一直不錯,但這次簡直是好上加好。3.報告特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了當(dāng)今社會所面臨的主要問題。4.盡管他的思想屢遭非難,他似乎仍然百折不撓。SectionAIn

this

section,you

are

going

to

read

a

passage

with

ten

statements

attached

to

it.Each

statement

contains

information

given

in

one

of

the

paragraphs.I-

dentify

the

paragraph

from

which

the

information

is

derived.You

may

choose

a

paragraph

more

than

once.Each

paragraph

is

marked

with

a

letter.PioneeringSpiritoftheRevolutionariesA)Chinahititsdarkestpointintheearly1920sasthepeople

sufferedgreatlyandtherewasnowayoutinsight.Itwasatthis

timethatanewrevolutionaryfirewaslittoshineonthevast,

darklandofChina.Thirteenprogressivesaveragingonly28

yearsoldheldameetinginanoldShanghaineighborhood,and

movedthevenuetoaboatinSouthLakeofJiaxing.Onthelast

day,thebirthoftheCPCwasproclaimed.B)Thus,acompletelynew,unitedpartyoftheproletariat(無產(chǎn)

階級)emergedinthebackwardcountryofChina.Itwasaparty

whichheldtotheprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandmain-

taineditsobjectivesastheestablishmentofasocialist,commu-

nistgovernment.Excepttheincidentwiththepoliceinthe

FrenchConcession(法租界),theestablishmentofthePartyof

only58membersdidnotattractmuchattention;atfirst,itwas

asthoughnothinghadeverhappened.C)However,thePartyhadthemostprogressiveideological

weaponofMarxism,anditwasfullyconfidentinthefactthat

itsresponsibilitywastochangethecountryforthebetter,to

gainindependenceforChina,andtoliberatethepeople.Bring-

ingaboutthegreatidealsofcommunismrequiredthePartyto

forgeonwithperseverancethroughdifficulttrials.Foracountry

thatwashalf-colonizedandhalf-feudal,thefoundingofthe

CPCwasanepoch-makingevent,aninitiativetowardacoura-geousfightforthepeople.D)DuringtheFirstNationalCongressoftheCPCatSouth

Lake,thefirstProgramandResolutionwerepassed,andthese

werefulloftherevolutionaryspiritoftheCPCtocompletely

transformthecountry.TheResolutionstatedthatthebasicmis-

sionofthePartywastoorganizetradeunions,establishpublica-

tionsandschoolsforworkers,publicizesocialism,awakenthe

workingclass,andbeginthelabormovement.TheProgramstatedthattheCPCwouldthoroughlyabolishclassesandpri-

vateownership.ItwouldalsoconnectChina

srevolutionwith

theworldwideproletarianrevolutionbymeansofanarmyofthe

proletariatandsocialrevolutionpoweredmainlybythework-

ingclass.E)ThisissomethingthathadneverhappenedinChinesehisto-

ry.Neverhadanysocialclass(oranypoliticalparty)inChina

directedarevolutiontosuchanextent.Therevolutionreachedacompletelynewlevel,andtheChinesesocietywastogo

throughanearthshakingtransformation.TheProgramandReso-

lutionpassedbytheFirstNationalCongresssignaledthepio-

neeringspiritoftheCPCinitsprogressivedevelopmentand

boldexploration.The

Pioneering

Spirit

Is

the

Essence

of

the

Red

Boat

Spirit

F)Howtocultivateapioneeringspirit?Thefirststepisalwaysthehardest.

Thetransformationfirstrequiredheroicprogressivestoholdtotheloftyide-alsofcommunism,tohavethecouragetobravestormsandtosavetheir

country.ThesepeoplewereneededasorganizersandleadersoftheChinese

revolution.Thefirst58membersoftheCPCwereindeedoutstandingfigures

intheChinesesocietyoftheirtime.G)These58peoplehadallhadatleastsecondary-schooleducation,and

mostofthemhadbeenactiveparticipantsintheMayFourthMovement.The

majorityofthemwereteachers,journalists,andstudents.Theircommitted

effortstowardtherevolutionwerebynomeansforced,norweretheyseek-

ingpersonalinterests.BeginningwiththeNewCultureMovement,theiride-alsexceededtheirpredecessorswhoalsohadloftygoals,andwiththeobjec-

tiveofchangingChinaandtheworldbymeansofMarxism,theyjoinedthe

CPC.H)Nevertheless,theroadwasfullofhardships,andnoteverymembercould

welcomethefinalvictory.OftheearlyCPCmembers,21sacrificedtheir

lives(includingthosewhodiedofillness)duringtherevolution,andonly4

madeittowitnessthegreatvictory.Ofthe58originalmembers,somewere

alwaysatthefrontlinesoftherevolution,somediedfortheircauseandoth-

ersabandonedtheirideal.Choicesandfateareaffectedandjudgedbythestormsofhistory.I)Originalintentmustbeheldinordertoachievetheultimategoals.The

Innovative

Spirit

of

Bringing

about

Development

and

Bold

ExplorationJ)Recognizingthedevelopmentsandtrendsofthetimesiscrucialinform-

inginnovativethoughtsandconceptsandincarryingoutboldexploration.

However,innovativeconceptsandstaunch(堅定的)beliefinidealsarebynomeansofsuccessinthemselves;theymustbeputintopractice.Speaking

withoutactionorgivinguphalfwayaccomplishesnothing.K)Itisimperativetoidentifytheobjectives,beresoluteonideals,never

yield,maintainafootingonsolidground,takeastep-by-stepapproach,and

neverfalter,shrinkback,norgivewaybecauseofobstaclesorsetbacks.On-

lythroughsuchmeanscanthedifficultiesandchallengesontheroadahead

beovercomebythegoalsachieved.L)ThefoundingoftheCPCwasamanifestationofthepioneeringspiritto

developandmakeboldexploration.FromLiDazhao

searliesteffortsatpropagatingMarxismtoChenDuxiu

sformationofthefirstPartyorganiza-

tioninShanghai,fromChenWangdao

sfirsttranslationoftheCommunist

Manifestothat“stole”thefirefortheChineserevolutiontoMaoZedong

sopeningofanewroadtorevolutionandadaptingMarxismtoChina

scon-

ditions,andfromMiaoBoying

sbecomingthefirstfemaleCPCmemberto

YuXiusong

sestablishingtheSocialistYouthLeagueofChina,thefound-

ingoftheCPCcouldnothavebeenaccomplishedwithoutthestepsthat

thesepeoplehadtaken.——From

Spirit

of

the

Red

Boat,Lan

Yingjie,Foreign

Languages

Press,2017(925words)

1.Withdefinedobjectives,resoluteidealsandperseverance,difficul-

tiesandchallengescanbeovercome.

2.ThefoundingoftheCPCendedthehalf-colonizedandhalf-feudal

China.

3.Initially,youngprogressivesheldameetinginanoldShanghaineighborhood.

4.OnlyfewCPCmemberswitnessedthefinalvictory.

5.Beginningthelabormovement,publicizingsocialism,awakening

theworkingclassaresomeofthebasicmissionsoftheParty.

6.TheParty

sresponsibilitywastoliberateChinaanditspeopleas

well.

7.ThefoundingoftheCPCdemonstrateditspioneeringspirittode-velopandmakeboldexploration.

8.Theprogressiveswerethosewhosettheirfirststepontheroadof

Chineserevolution.

9.Innovativeconceptsandfirmideasmustbeputintopractice.

10.TheCPCledChina

srevolutiontoanewlevel,whichnoother

classeshadeverachieved.Time

required:15minutesTime

used:

minutesSectionBIn

this

section,there

is

a

passage

with

ten

blanks.You

are

required

to

select

one

word

for

each

blank

from

a

list

of

choices

given

in

the

word

bank.Read

the

passage

through

carefully

before

making

your

choices.You

may

not

use

any

of

the

words

in

the

bank

more

than

once.ThePeopleinJiaxingJiaxingislocatedbetweenSuzhouandHangzhou.Thefollow-

ingiswhatpeoplesaidaboutitinthepast:“Itisknownforits

1

landandthekindnessofitspeople.Itisaplacewhereoneneedsto2

neithercoldnorhunger.Thepeoplearenot

craftyschemers.Theyholdtowhatisjust,andtheirdiligencein

agricultureandtextilesis3

.There,everypieceoflandis

4

,andthesoundofloomsneverceases.”ThepeopleinJiaxingareknowntobekind,gentle,andintelli-

gent.Theirintelligenceisnotonly5

intheircleverandre-

finedmanner,butalsointheirhighly-skilledwork.6

speaking,agriculturalandartisantechniquesofJiaxingpeoplewerealwaysofhighstandardsandcreativity.DuringtheYuan

Dynasty,inadditiontosilkproducts,Jiaxingalsoproduced7

lacquerwareandvesselsofgoldandsilver.Forexample,the

carvedredlacquermadeinXitangandSilverCupsmadeby

ZhuBishanare8

nationaltreasures,andtheyputJiaxing

s

craftsmanshiponparwith(與……平分秋色)thatofJiangsuand

Hangzhou.Sinceancienttimes,Jiaxinghasbeenknownfor9

numer-ousscholars,andthistraditionhas10

tothepresentday.It

becameknownasaplaceofculturalrelicsintheSongDynasty,

andeventhecommonpeoplewerewell-educated.Theircloth-

ingwasknowntobebeautiful.Itwassaidthateveninavillage

ofjustthreehouses,theclassicswouldbesuretobefound.

Theyworkedinthefields,yettheymadesuretheirchildren

werewell-educated.——From

Spirit

of

the

Red

Boat,Lan

Yingjie,Foreign

Lan-guages

Press,2017(262words)Time

required:8minutesTime

used:

minutesSectionCIn

this

section

there

is

a

passage

followed

by

some

questions

or

unfinished

statements.For

each

of

them

choose

the

best

answer

from

the

four

choices

marked

A,B,C

and

D.SouthLake:ClassicJiangnanWaterTownSouthLake,whichislocatedinthesoutheasternsectionofJiax-

ingCity,notonlyboastsaboutitsbreathtakinglandscape,but

wasalsoawitnesstoanimportantperiodofhistory.Thisplace

wasalsoknownasLuweiPond,MachangLake,andBiaohuLakeduringtheThreeKingdomsPeriod.Thelakeisdividedin-

totwosections,onetothewestandtheothertotheeast,andto-

gether,theylookliketwomandarinduckswiththeirnecks

crossedovereachother.Inancienttimes,thislakewasindeeda

placewheremandarinduckslived,hence,ithadanothername:

MandarinDuckLake.BeginningintheSongDynasty,South

LakeinJiaxing,WestLakeinHangzhou,andXuanwuLakein

Nanjingwerecollectivelyknownasthe“ThreeGreatLakes”inJiangnanRegion,andtheybecamepopulartouristattractions

formanypeople.SouthLakecoversanareaofover53hectares,andthereare

twoartificialislandsinthelake.OneofthemisHuxinIsland

(islandattheheartofthelake),whichislocatedinthecenterof

thelakeandhasacollectionofancientbuildings,andthemost

notableisYanyuPavilion(pavilionofmistandrain).Thebuild-

ings,closelysituatedandpicturesquelyarranged,maketheis-landlooklikeasparklinggemthathasbeeninsetintothelake.

Theotherislandislocatedinthenortheasternpartofthelake

andisthesiteoftheCangshengShrine(alsoknownasthe

“LesserYanyuPavilion”).InearlyAugust,1921,theFirstNationalCongressoftheCPC

wasconcludedonapleasureboatinSouthLake.Itwasthe

placewheretheCPCwasformallyestablished.Thus,theChi-

neseRevolutionsetsailfromSouthLake,andJiaxingbecamethebirthplaceoftheCPC.——From

Spirit

of

the

Red

Boat,Lan

Yingjie,Foreign

Lan-

guages

Press,2017(292words)1.Theword“boasts”inthefirstparagraphmeans

.A.bragsB.hasC.talksaboutD.exaggerates2.Whichofthefollowingsdoesnotformpartofthebreathtak-

inglandscapeofSouthLake?A.MandarinDuckLake.B.HuxinIsland.C.YangyuPavilion.D.CangshengShrine.3.WhydidSouthLakebecomethebirthplaceoftheCPC?A.Becauseitnotonlyboastsaboutitsbreathtakinglandscape,butitalsowitnessedanimportantperiodofhistory.B.BecausetheChineseRevolutionsetsailfromSouthLake.C.BecauseJiaxingisoneofthemostimportantcitiesinthe

DeltaRegionoftheYangtzeRiver.D.BecauseitwastheplacewheretheCPCwasformallyestab-

lished.4.Whatrhetoricaldeviceisusedinthesentence(inparagraph

2)“Thebuildings,closelysituatedandpicturesquelyarranged,

maketheislandlooklikeasparklinggemthathasbeeninsetin-

tothelake”?A.Simile.B.MetaphorC.Metonymy.D.Personi-

fication.5.WhyisSouthLakeknownastheclassicJiangnanwatertown?A.BecausefromtheSongDynasty,SouthLake,WestLakeand

XuanwuLakewerecollectivelyknownas“ThreeGreat

Lakes”inJiangnanRegion.B.BecausetheFirstNationalCongressoftheCPCwascon-

cludedonapleasureboatonSouthLake.C.Becauseitcoversalargeareaofwater.D.Becauseithastheappearanceoftwomandarinduckswith

theirneckscrossedovereachother.Timerequired:8minutesTimeused:

minutesUnit8ChinesePhilosophiesTheIntellectualFoundations—Legalism1,Taoism2andConfucianism3

中國古代的主要哲學(xué)思想早在先秦時期就已經(jīng)基本形成,如儒家、道家、法家、墨家等。

通過本文的學(xué)習(xí),您就可以用英語向外國人介紹它們了。Therewerethreemostinfluential4schools5ofthoughtsin

traditionalChinesehistory:Legalism,Taoism,andConfucian-

ism.Theyallaimedattheidealofpeaceandharmonybuttheir

approachesweredifferent.Legalismaimedattheunity6ofthepoliticalkingdomand

workedforpeaceandharmonyoftheempire7.TheLegalists8

feltthathumannaturewasselfishandinevitablyproducedcon-

flicts.Severelawsandpunishmentsweretheonlymeansofbringingthemtheorderandsecuritywhichtheywereeagerfor.

Therulercouldnotrelyonmoralvirtues9buthadtocontrolthe

peoplebyclearlydefinedrewardsandpunishments.①Anyone

whofailedtoachievewhathewasassignedtodomustbepun-

ished.Peopleweretobemade“mutual10responsible”forone

another

sactions,andthosewhofailedtodenounce11alaw-

breakerweretobeconsideredguiltyofthesamecrime.TheLe-

galistsbelievedthatifthepenalties12weremadesevere,thepeoplewouldbeforcedintocompleteobedience13andthatthere

would,infact,benopenaltiesbutorder,unity,peaceandhar-

mony.Theirphilosophywasdesignedtohelptherulerincon-

solidating14hispositionandpower.However,Legalismlefta

lastingmarkonChinesecivilization.ThroughthetriumphofCh

inandtheimperial15systemthatCh

increated,itbecameavi-

talpartofChinesesociety,accountingforthehighlycentralized

16stateoflatertimes.②DirectlyoppositetoLegalismwasTaoismwhichlaidstresson

individualfreedomand“beingnatural”.Althoughthepoliti-

calideasofTaoismwereoppositetoLegalism,theyaimedat

orderforgreatunity,andauniversal17organizationofpeace

andharmony,too.Theytriedtodestroyman-madethingsinor-

dertoachievegreaterharmony.Primitivity18wastheidealof

theTaoists,andtheirexpressivetermforitwas“pu”mean-

ingliterallyanuncarved19blockofwood.③ThepoliticalidealoftheTaoistswasasmallstatefromwhichthecocksanddogsof

anearbystatecouldbeheard,andwherethepeopleweresosat-

isfiedthatnonehadeverbotheredtovisittheneighboringvil-

lages.Taoismhadservedasanadmirablebalancewheel20tothe

dominantconceptsofChineseculture:thecentralizationof

powerwhichplacedsharplimitsonhumanfreedom.ButinTao-

ism,theindividualscouldachievefullself-expressionandthe

intellect21oftheTaoistswasfreetowander22atwill23.BetweenthetwoextremesofLegalismandTaoismwasConfu-

cianism.Whilethe“l(fā)aws”ofLegalismwereimpersonaland

inhuman,andthe“nature”ofTaoismlackedcontrol,Confu-

cianismtookcareofbothindividualneedsandsocialneeds.Ina

broadsense,Confucianismmaybesaidtobehumanism24.

Confucianismaimedatpeaceandharmonyanditskeytosolve

humanproblemswas“education”.ByConfucianeducation,

theteachingwouldhavenoalienation25,noseparation,noclas-sification26,nograding,allinall27,nodiscrimination28.InCon-

fucianism,therewerezhong(loyalty),xiao(filialpiety29),li

(ritual30),yi(righteousness31),ren(benevolence32)andai

(love).Thebalancingofinnervirtuesandexternalpolishwas

characteristicofthe“moderation33”ofConfucianideas.Ifwecompareandcontrastthethreeschoolsofthoughtson

“individualfreedomandcontrol”,wewouldfindthatTaoism

wasextremelyfree,whileLegalismwasextremelystrictwithConfucianisminthemiddle.Onpoliticaltheoryandconceptsof

progress,Legalismwasthemostadvancedanddirectingtothe

future,whileTaoismwasreactionary34andreturningtothe

primitivenaturewithagainConfucianisminthemiddle.Indeed,

moderationandbalancewereperhapsthemajorreasonsforthe

finaltriumphofConfucianismintraditionalChinesehistory.——http//ihome.cuhk.edu.hk/s050326/legalismtaoismconf.doc(600words)Notes①Therulercouldnotrelyonmoralvirtuesbuthadtocontrol

thepeoplebyclearlydefinedrewardsandpunishments.統(tǒng)治者不能依靠高尚的品德而應(yīng)通過明確的獎懲以控制人

民。②ThroughthetriumphofCh

inandtheimperialsystemthat

Ch

increated,itbecameavitalpartofChinesesociety,ac-

countingforthehighlycentralizedstateoflatertimes.通過秦朝所取得的勝利和創(chuàng)建的帝國體系,法家思想成為中

國社會的重要組成部分,成為后來高度中央集權(quán)制國家產(chǎn)生

的根源。③PrimitivitywastheidealoftheTaoists,andtheirexpressivetermforitwas“pu”meaningliterallyanuncarvedblockof

wood.原始狀態(tài)是道家的理想,他們用以表達(dá)的術(shù)語是“樸”,字面

意思是一塊未經(jīng)雕琢之木。ExercisesⅠ.There

are

five

questions

or

unfinished

statements

based

on

the

passage.

For

each

of

them

choose

the

best

answer

from

the

four

choices

marked

A,B,C

and

D.1.WhichoneofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtotheChineseancient

philosophies?A.Taoism.B.Legalism.C.Confucianism.D.Materialism.2.AccordingtoLegalism,ifyourbrotherwerefoundguiltyofacertain

crime,whatwouldhappentoyou?A.Youwouldbepunishedbecauseyouweremademutualresponsiblefor

thecrime.B.Youhadnothingtodowiththecrimecommittedbyyourbrother.C.Youshouldhelptocaptureyourbrotherinordertoescapethepunish-

ment.D.Youcouldescapethepunishmentifyouhadfledawayearly.3.WhatwerethepoliticalideasofTaoism?A.Individualfreedomand“beingnatural”.B.Greatunityandauniversalorganizationofpeaceandharmony.C.Greaterharmony.D.Primitivity.4.AccordingtoConfucianism,

is/arethekeytosolvehumanprob-

lems.A.punishmentB.educationC.emperorD.lawandorder5.AmongthethreeschoolsofthoughtsintraditionalChinesehistory,which

onehasthecharacteristicofthe“moderation”?A.Taoism.B.Legalism.C.Confucianism.D.Allofabove.Ⅱ.Fill

in

the

blanks

of

the

following

sentences,using

the

words

or

phrases

given

below.Change

the