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AntihypertensivedrugcoursewareinEnglish目錄contentsIntroductionTypesandmechanismsofactionofantihypertensivedrugsIndicationsandprecautionsforuseofantihypertensivedrugs目錄contentsThelatestresearchprogressofantihypertensivedrugsNonpharmacologicaltherapyandlifestyleadjustmentsSelfmanagementandmonitoringofhypertensivepatients01IntroductionHypertension,alsoknownashighbloodpressure,isachronicmedicalconditioninwhichthebloodpressureintheartsisconsistentlyelevatedItisasilentkillerthathasnosymptoms,butitincreasestheriskofheartdisease,stroke,andotherserioushealthconditionsDefinitionHypertensionisaleadingriskfactorforcardiovasculardiseaseandisamajorcontributortotheglobalborderofdiseaseItisestimatedthatover1billionadultsworldwidehavetension,anditisaleadingcauseofdeathanddisabilityImpactThedefinitionandimpactoftensionControlbloodpressure:Antihypertensivedrugsaredesignedtolowerbloodpressureandkeepitwithinsaferanges,soreducingtheriskofcardiovasculareventsandothercomplicationsassociatedwithhypertensionsPreventdiseaseprogression:Bycontrollingbloodpressure,antihypertensivedrugscansloworpreventtheprogressionofhypertension-relateddamagetothecardiovascularsystemandotherorganizations,allasthekidneysandbrainImprovequalityoflife:Byreducingsymptomsandpreventingcomplications,antihypertensivedrugscanimprovethequalityoflifeforpeoplewithhypertensionsThisincludesreducingtheriskofprecisiondeathanddisability,aswellasimprovingoverallwellbeingandmentalhealthTheimportanceofantihypertensivedrugs02TypesandmechanismsofactionofantihypertensivedrugsDieticsarethefirstlinetreatmentforhypertension,accountingforabout40%ofallantihypertensivescriptsTheyworkbyincreasingtheexcessofwaterandelectrolytesfromthebody,reducingbloodvolumeandtherereducingbloodpressureDieticCommondiureticsincludethiazidediuretics,loopdiuretics,andaldosteroneantibioticsDieticβ-Receiverantagonistβ-Receiverantagonists,alsoknownasbetablockers,arebugsthatblocktheactionofadrenalineandnoradrenalineonthebetareceiversoftheheartandbloodvessels,therereducingtheheartrate,contracting,andpermanentresistanceCommonβ-Blockersincludeatenolol,propranolol,andmetoprololDieticACEinhibitorsaredruggedthatblocktheproductionofangiotensinIIbyinhibitingtheactivityoftheenzymeangiotensinconvertingenzyme(ACE)AngiotensinIIisahomonethatconstrainsbloodvesselsandraisesbloodpressureCommonACEinhibitorsincludecaptopril,enalapril,andramiprilACEinhibitorsVSARBsaredruggedthatblocktheactionofangiotensinIIonitsreceiversinthebody,preventingtheconstraintofbloodvesselsandothereffectsofangiotensinIICommonARBsincludelosartan,valsartan,andirbesartanAngiotensinIIreceiverantagonists(ARBs)CCBsaredruggedthatblocktheentryofcalculusintotheheartandbloodvessels,thenrelaxingthesmoothmuscleinthewallsofbloodvesselsandreducingperipheralresistanceCommonCCBsincludeamlodipine,diazem,andverapamilCalciumchannelantagonists(CCBs)03Indicationsandprecautionsforuseofantihypertensivedrugs

IndicationsHypertensionUsedtotreathypertensionandlowerbloodpressureHeartdiseaseHelpsprotectagainstheartdiseasebyreducingtheborderonthecardiovascularsystemKidneydiseaseEventsfurtherdamagetothekidneysbyreducingbloodpressureandprotectingagainstNephropathyRegularmonitoringofbloodpressureisessentialtoensuretheeffectivenessofantihypertensivedrugsMonitorbloodpressureSomeantihypertensivedrugsmaycausebirthdefectsorotherharmstothefetus,sowomenshouldavoidprejudicewhiletakingthesedrugsAvoidanceCommonsideeffectsincludedizziness,fatigue,andpotentialSerioussideeffectsincludeheartfailureandelectrolyteimbalancesSideeffectsPrecautionsandsideeffectsforuseElderlypatientsTheelderlymaybemoresensitivetotheeffectsofantihypertensivedrugs,sotheyshouldbestartedonlowerdosesandcarefullymonitoredChildrenChildrenshouldonlybesubscribedantihypertensivedrugsunderexceptionalcircumstances,asmostcasesofhypertensioninchildrencanbecontrolledthroughlifestylechangesPregnantwomenPregnantwomenshouldonlybepresubscribedantihypertensivedrinksifabsolutelynecessary,andtheyshouldbecloselymonitoredduringpregnancyMedicalrecommendationsforspecialpopulations04ThelatestresearchprogressofantihypertensivedrugsNewdrinksarebeingdevelopedtotargetdifferentmechanismsofhypertension,suchasreninangiotensinsysteminhibitors,calciumchannelblockers,anddiureticsClinicaltrialsareongingtoevaluatethesafetyandefficacyofthesenewdrugs,includinglargerandomizedcontrolledtrialswithlongtermfollow-upNewdrugdevelopmentandclinicaltrialsCombinationtherapyusingtwoormoreantihypertensivedrugsisbecomingmorecommon,asitcanbeachievedbetterbloodpressurecontrolwithFewersideeffectsFixeddosecompoundformulasareavailable,whichcombinemultipleantihypertensivedrugsintoasinglepill,simplifyingtreatmentandimprovingcomplianceCombinationtherapyandfixeddosecompoundformulasIndividualizedmedicineisbecomingmoreimportant,aseachperson'sresponsetodifferentantihypertensivedrugscanvaryGenetictestingcanhelpidentifywhichdrugsaremosteffectiveforanindividualPersonalizedtreatmentplansarebeingdevelopedbasedonanindividual'sgeneticprofile,lifestylefactors,andcoconditionstooptimizebloodpressurecontrolandreducetheriskofcardiovasculareventsIndividualizedmedicineandgenetictesting05NonpharmacologicaltherapyandlifestyleadjustmentsReducingsaltintakeinthedietcanhelplowerbloodpressure.Overweightandobesityareriskfactorsforhypertension,andmaintainingahealthyweightisbeneficialforcontrollingbloodpressure.DietaryadjustmentandweightcontrolWeightcontrolLowsaltdietIncreasephysicalexerciseandrateexerciseAerobicexercise,suchasbriskwalking,jogging,swimming,etc.,canhelplowerbloodpressure.Strengthtraining:Byenhancingmusclestrength,ithelpsimprovebloodcirculationandlowerbloodpressure.Quittingsmoking01Quittingsmokingcansignificantlylowerbloodpressureandreducetheriskofcardiovascularevents.Restrictingalcoholconsumption02Excessivedrinkingcanleadtoelevatedbloodpressure,andmoderatedrinkingmaybebeneficialforcardiovascularhealth.Psychologicaladjustment03Reducingnegativeemotionssuchasstress,anxiety,anddepressioncanhelpcontrolbloodpressure.Smokingprocess,alcoholrestriction,andpsychologicaladjustment06SelfmanagementandmonitoringofhypertensivepatientsRegularbloodpressuremeasurementallowsforearlydetectionofhypertension,whichcanbeeffectivelycontrolledthroughlifestylechangesandmedicineRegularbloodpressurecheckscanalsohelpidentifyanychangesinbloodpressurepatterns,allowingforappropriateadjustmentstotreatmentplansConsistentbloodpressuremonitoringcanimprovepatientcomplianceandoutcomes,asitprovidesaclearunderstandingoftheeffectivenessoftreatmentTheimportanceofregularlymeasuringbloodpressureHomebloodpressuremonitoringdevicesThesedevicesareeasytouseandprovideaccuratereadings,buttheyrequireregularcalibrationtomaintainaccuracySmartphoneappsTherearenumericalappsavailablethatcantrackbloodpressurereadings,prov