【英語概要寫作】高考英語概要寫作方法

高考英語概要寫作方法PartI.什么是摘要?Asummaryisashortaccountgivingthemainpointsofsomethinglongerordetailed.概括部分包含幾種能力。第一要看清楚文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)法反映出原文中作者的觀點。第二要具有意義篩選的能力，學會區(qū)分事實和觀點、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關(guān)與不相關(guān)、原因和結(jié)果等復雜的邏輯關(guān)系。第三要有用英文解釋英文的能力，用自己簡單的語言解釋比較復雜的語言文字，不能抄襲原文。對于成績較差的同學來說，可能對概括感到無從下手。讀寫任務的寫作內(nèi)容一般分為兩個部分，即寫作內(nèi)容1為概括短文要點，還有寫作內(nèi)容2則是就某個主題發(fā)表看法。然而，絕大部分的考生會忽略了寫作內(nèi)容2對寫作內(nèi)容1的導航作用，而一頭扎進了閱讀材料直接去閱讀文章得出要點。事實上，所謂“讀寫任務”其實是“讀”和“寫”的有機結(jié)合，“讀”的材料是為了后面的“寫”提供情景，同樣，“寫”也是對“讀”的材料的思考和延伸。故希望大家在概括文章時，可考慮命題人提供的寫作內(nèi)容2的導航作用，因為它能夠幫助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要點的速度與準確性。一、概括的標準：拋棄次要，瞄準寫作目的。標準的概括采用浮凸式的表達方式，第一句話是主題句，清楚明白地告訴了讀者文章的寫作目的，這句話的質(zhì)量決定了概括的成敗。后面的句子對主題句進行解釋和支撐，凡是意義在主題之外的要毫不吝嗇地予以刪除。二、概括的寫作步驟：1.確定主題句。確定閱讀文章的主題句，一般在段首。沒有主題句的需要自己組合。2.尋找關(guān)鍵詞。分析主題句意義，確定關(guān)鍵詞，關(guān)鍵詞一般體現(xiàn)為名詞、形容詞，關(guān)鍵詞的數(shù)目決定了概括的信息濃度。3.重構(gòu)主題句。概括的主題句邏輯上要統(tǒng)攝后面所有的支撐句?？梢詮淖髡叩膶懽髂康哪嫱?，反映寫作目的主題句是高度抽象的，它基本決定了概括的質(zhì)量。4.重組支撐句。支撐句的意義在邏輯上受制于主題句，可以是補充過程或者提供證據(jù)。口訣：簡括為：縮長見短，省卻細膩。(括：概括性。見：間接引語。短：短的連詞。細膩：細節(jié)和例子)三、概括的形式：“主題句+支撐句”即“主題+主題的什么”。附：2007年廣東高考概括部分評分細則：1.完全糊涂地照抄原文，連人稱都不改的，得0分;2.機械死板地照抄原文，只改人稱的，得1分;3.稍微靈活地抄原文，改主語，賓語、原文詞序的，得2分;4.創(chuàng)造性地抄，改主語，賓語、原文詞序還有句子結(jié)構(gòu)的，最多得3分。5.結(jié)構(gòu)、用詞，詞性變化比較好的4至5分。高考英語概要寫作技巧PartII.寫概括的具體方法Ⅰ.TheStepsofWritingaSummaryA.定時態(tài)：如果閱讀材料是過去時，那么基本時態(tài)用過去時;如果是現(xiàn)在的，那么基本時態(tài)用現(xiàn)在時;不過，模板的開頭語一般為現(xiàn)在時如Thepassagetellsusthat--------.B.定人稱：一般情況下采用第三人稱來寫作。(特殊如書信的，可能會使用第一、二人稱;)C.定技巧：結(jié)合相關(guān)技巧，重新組句。1)Usewordsofsimilarmeanings同義替換法Ididn’tcatchanyfishowingtothefactthatIwasnotpatient.Ididn’tcatchanyfishIwasnotpatient.2)Adopttheoppositewaywhensayingasentence正話反說法Youwillfail.=Youwill.3)Changethepartofspeech詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法Patienceisveryimportant.Patienceisof.4)Changethestructureofasentence句式變化法語態(tài)變換：Parentsshouldgivechildrenmorepraise.→Childrenshouldmorepraise.簡單句變復合句：Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore.Thiswillhelpthemlearnfaster.Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore,willhelpthemlearnfaster..5)Usetheshortestpossibletransitions連詞銜接法注意使用一些短而精的連詞，如but,and,so,while,however,then,yet,for,therefore,thus,including,insteadof等。Weshouldencouragechildren.Weshouldnotscoldthem.Weshouldencouragechildrenscolding.6)Changetheorderofthewords.詞序改變法D.下列是常規(guī)的實用技巧。Skill1:Omit(省略)thedetailsSkill2:OmittherepetitionsSkill3:OmittheexamplesSkill4:Usegeneral(概括性)wordsinsteadofspecific(具體的)words)Skill5:Putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech寫摘要時可以采用下列幾種小技巧：1)刪除細節(jié)。只保留主要觀點。2)避免重復。在原文中，為了強調(diào)某個主題，可能會重復論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應該刪除那些突出強調(diào)的重述句。3)刪除具體例子。不過，閱讀材料本身是由幾個具體例子構(gòu)成的，如閱讀材料是談西方種種節(jié)日的，如刪除具體例子，則概括很難達到30個詞，那就選擇一至兩個例子(即一兩個主要節(jié)日)。注：原文中可能包括5個或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個例子。（高一1胡圳杰）Original:Whydosomeanimalsdieout?Inthepasttwohundredyearspeoplehavecausedmanykindsofanimalstodieout--tobecomeextinct.Peoplekeepbuildinghousesandfactoriesinfieldsandwoods.Astheyspreadovertheland,theydestroyanimals'homes.Iftheanimalscan'tfindaplacetolive,theydieout.SixteenkindsofHawaiianbirdshavebecomeextinctforthisreason.Otheranimals,suchastheFloridaKeydeer,maysoondieoutbecausetheyarelosingtheirhomes.Huntershavecausedsomeanimalstobecomeextinct,too.Inthelastcentury,hunterskilledallthepassengerpigeonsinNorthAmericaandmostofthebuffalos.Todaytheyarefastkillingoffhawksandwolves.Pollutioniskillingmanyanimalstoday,too.Asriversbecomepolluted,fisharepoisoned.Manydie.Birdsthateatthepoisonedfishcan'tlaystrong,healthyeggs.Newbirdsaren’tborn.Sofar,noanimalshavebecomeextinctbecauseofpollution.Butsome,suchasthebaldeagleandthebrownpelican,havebecomerareandmaydieout.Scientiststhinkthatsomeanimalsbecomeextinctbecauseofchangesinclimate.Theplaceswheretheylivebecomehotterorcooler,drierorwetter.Thefoodthattheyeatcannotgrowthereanymore.Iftheanimalscan'tlearntoeatsomethingelse,theydie.Dinosaursmayhavediedoutforthisreason.Summary:Inthepasttwohundredyears,manykindsofanimalshavediedout.Thereareseveralreasonsforit.First,peoplekeepbuildinghousesandfactoriesinfieldsandwoods,whichdestroysanimals'homes.Then,hunters'killinghasalsocausedsomeanimalstobecomeextinct.Besides,someanimalsaren'tabletobearstrongoffspringandnordotheyhaveenoughfoodtoeatbecauseofpollutionandclimaticchanges.（高一2王楚涵）Writing1閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。YesterdayMattwassick.IpickedupArchiefromthesitterandEloisefromschoolanddecidedtoruntoTargetforafewthings.Ihadhopedtobeinandoutquickly.Ifoundalinewithjustonepersonaheadofmeandbeganorganizingmyitemsontheconveyor.Afterplacingmyitems，Ilookeduptoseethatthepersonaheadofmewasanelderlywoman.Shewaspayingforheritemswithchangeandwantedtopurchaseeachseparately.Iwasfrustratedwiththiswomanandtheinconvenienceshehadplacedonme.ButthenIwatchedtheyoungemployeewiththiswoman.Iwatchedhimhelphercountherchange，eversosoftlytakingitfromhershakinghands.Whensheaskedifshehadenoughtobuyareusablebag，hetoldhershedidandwenttwolinesovertogetoneforherandthenrepackagedheritems.Neveroncewasthisemployeeangry.Hewasnothingbutpatientandkind.AsIwaswatchinghim，IsawthatEloisewastoo.Shewasstandingnexttothewoman，watchingtheemployeecountthechange.IrealizedIhadn’tbeeninconveniencedatall.Thatmydaughterwasinsteadwitnessingkindnessandpatienceandbeingtaughtthisvaluablelessonbyacompletestranger.Whenthewomanwasfinished，theemployeebeganringingupmyitemsandthankedmeformypatience.Ithenthankedhimforteachinguspatienceandkindnessbyhistreatmentofthatelderlywoman.WhenhewasfinishedIpushedmycartthroughthestoretryingtofindthemanager.Iwantedhertoknowoftheemployee’skindnessandpatienceandhowmuchitmeanttome.Aftertrackingherdownandsharingthestorywithher，weleftTargetwithacartfullofconsumableitems，butwhatismore，aheartfullofgratitudeforsuchaninvaluablelesson.IfyouareeverintheGlendaleTarget，giveIshmaelasmileandanod.Theworldcouldusemorepeoplelikehim.【寫作指導】要寫好記敘文的概要，先要找到以下兩個問題的答案：(1)誰做了什么？(2)結(jié)果如何？如果是夾敘夾議文，還要加上這個故事給人們的啟示或教育意義。就該題而言，本文的概要應該包含：作者購物的時間、地點、結(jié)果以及從本次購物中得到的啟示，最后用自己的語言串聯(lián)起來?！緟⒖挤段摹縏hepassagetellsusanexperienceofshopping.(要點1)Oneday，theauthorwithtwochildrenwenttoTargetforshopping.(要點2)Whilewaitinginline，shefoundanoldladywastroublesome，buttheyoungemployeetreatedherpatiently.(要點3)Seeingthat，theauthorwastouchedbyhiskindnessandpatienceandshethoughtherchildrenwouldlearnalotfromthisexperience.(要點4)Writing2閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Sugarsarepopularintheprocessedfoodindustrybecausetheyaddtaste，colourandthicknesstofoodproducts.Thestudieshaveshownthatsugarscanprovideasourceofenergy.Thebodybreaksdownthesugarintosimpleformsthatcanbereadilyusedinthebody.Buttoomuchsugarcancontributetohealthproblemslikeobesityandtoothdisease.Havingtoomuchsugarisnottheonlyreasonforobesityorbeingoverweight，butitdoesaddtotheamountofkilojoulesinfood.Eatingtoomuchofanyfood，withoutdoingenoughexercise，willcauseyoutobecomeoverweight.GovernmentsintheUnitedStatesandUnitedKingdomarewagingawaronsugarintheinterestsofpublichealth.Bothcountriesclaimthattheoverconsumptionofsugarbymuchofthepopulationisharmfultopeople’shealth.OnThursday，theU．S.governmentissuednewdietaryguidelinesthatstronglyrecommendpeoplereceivelessthan10percentoftheirdailycalorieintakefromaddedsugar.Onthesameday，BritishPrimeMinisterDavidCameronsaidhehasnotruledouttheideaofataxonsugartoencourageconsumerstobuyfoodwithreducedlevelsofthesweet.PoliticiansintheU．K.aredebatinghowareductionintheintakeofsugarcouldhelpreduceBritain’srisingratesofobesity.TheAmericanandBritishgovernmentsbothrefertoastudyconductedinMexicothatshowedataxonsugary，carbonateddrinksledtoareductioninconsumption.ThetaxwascarriedoutonJanuary1，2014andpurchasesofthetaxeddrinkswentdownby12percentbyDecemberofthatyear.Salesofmineralwaterincreasedby4percentoverthesameperiod.Analternativetotaxingsugareddrinksistoreducethelevelofsugarinthem.ResearchersatQueenMaryUniversityinLondonsaythatreducingthesugarcontentinsugar－sweeteneddrinksby40percentoverfiveyearscouldpreventonemillioncasesofobesityintheU．K.Researcherssaypeoplemightnotevennoticethechanges.【寫作指導】本文是一篇說明文，講述了人體攝入過多糖分會影響健康。英國和美國政府都號召人們不要攝入過多糖分，甚至考慮通過增收糖稅來減少糖的食用。讀懂原材料是寫好概要的關(guān)鍵，在理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，用盡可能簡潔的語言集中概括原文的主要觀點及思想，但不能簡單重復原文，同時，對各要點的概括要詳略得當，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹，表達明確，語義準確簡練，避免空泛、含混之詞。【參考范文】Sugarisusefulforourbody，buttoomuchsugardoesharmtoourhealth，whichprobablyleadstohealthproblems.(要點1)Asforthis，governmentsintheUnitedStatesandUnitedKingdomcallonpeoplenottotakeintoomuchsugar.(要點2)BritishPrimeMinisterevenplannedtoputataxonsugar.(要點3)Astudyshowedthatthetaxonsugarhelpedreducetheconsumptionofsugar.(要點4)Researchersalsothinkreducingthesugarcontentslightlywouldnotbenoticed.(要點5)Writing3閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Dietershavelongswornthatgrapefruithelpsthemloseweight.TheGrapefruitDiet，alsocalledtheHollywoodDiet，datesbacktothe1930sandhasahostofcelebrityfansincludingsingerKylieMinogue.Itinvolveshavinggrapefruitorgrapefruitjuicewitheverymealwhilecuttingbackoncalories.Now，scientistsarebeginningtobelievethem.Astudyhasfoundthatdrinkinggrapefruitjuicewheneatingfattyfoodlowerstheamountofweightputonbyuptoafifth.Theresearchalsosuggestedthatgrapefruitcouldbeasgoodasprescriptiondrugsatkeepingbloodsugarlevelsundercontrol—akeypartofmanagingdiabetes.Theexperimentswereconductedonmice—butresearcherssaytheresultsjustifystudiesonhumans.ProfessorJosephNapoli，oftheUniversityofCalifornia，Berkeley，said，“Weseeallsortsofscamsaboutnutrition.Buttheseresults，basedoncontrolledexperiments，warrantfurtherstudyofthepotentialhealth－promotingpropertiesofgrapefruitjuice.”Theresearchersfoundthatwhenthemicewerefedfattyfoodforthreemonths，thosegivengrapefruitjuicetodrinkgainedupto18percentlessweightthanthosegivenwater.Theyalsohadlowerbloodsugarandinsulinlevels—despiteeatingthesamenumberofcaloriesanddoingthesameamountofexerciseasthemicewhodrankwater.Infact，grapefruitjuicewasasgoodatcontrollinginsulinasthewidelyuseddiabetesdrugmetformin，thejournalPLOSONEreports.However，thefruitjuiceonlyhadaneffectonweightwhentheanimalsatefattyfood.Theresearcherssaidtheydidnotknowhowgrapefruitstopsthepoundsfrompilingon.SpokesmanMarietteAbrahams，adietician，saiduntilthenitistooearlyforpeopletotrygrapefruitdiets.“Grapefruitshouldbepartofahealthybalanceddiet，butitshouldn’tbethefocusofthediet，”shesaid.【寫作指導】本文是一篇科普類說明文，主要介紹了葡萄柚的減肥功效。第一段介紹了葡萄柚用于減肥的歷史背景；第二至七段的內(nèi)容是：研究表明，葡萄柚對人的身體健康有很多好處；第八段介紹了葡萄柚汁減肥的局限性；最后一段對葡萄柚飲食提出了不同的意見?？忌谧鞔饡r，應注意條理清晰，避免混亂性語句；語言簡潔，要點全面，可將原文中涉及的人名、地名等非重要信息忽略，以節(jié)約詞數(shù)。另外，考生在作答時應注意語言的準確性和語句間的銜接性?！緟⒖挤段摹緿ietersthinkgrapefruitjuicehelpsloseweightandtheGrapefruitDietortheHollywoodDietwasapopularwayoflosingweightinthe1930s.(要點1)Theexperimentsconductedonmice，whichcanalsoapplytohumans，showsthatgrapefruitjuicebenefitsthelossofweightandthecontrolofbloodsugarandinsulinlevels.(要點2)However，thefruitonlytakeseffectwhentheanimalseatfattyfood.(要點3)Theoppositeviewdoesn’tthinkeatinggrapefruitcanbethefocusofthediet.(要點4)Writing4閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Infact，greatwhitesharksarenotwhite.Thenameisthoughttohavecomeaboutbecausethesesharksarewhiteinonecircumstancewhentheyarelyingdeadonthedeckofaboat.Itwouldbemorepropertocallthisspeciesthe“blackshark”．Theyhaveadarkuppersurface，whichmeanstheirprey(獵物)aredifficulttospotthemapproachingfromthedarkdepths.Speakingofprey，theyhavebeenrecordeddiningoutonawiderangeofspecies，includingwhales，squid(魷魚)，turtlesandoccasionallypenguins.“Ifyoumakealistofeverythingthat’sbeenfoundinawhiteshark’sstomach，you’dgetavarietyofthings，”saysmarinebiologistGeorgeBurgessoftheUniversityofFloridainGainesville.Butwhat’sclearisthattheirtasteschangeastheyage.“Theyarealmostjustfish－eatersuntiltheyare7，8，9feetlong，”saysBurgess.“Astheygetbigger，theywillbegintostarteatingmammalpreyiftheygettheopportunity.”Theseoldersharkspreferseals，sealionsandwalruses.Whentheystrikefrombelow，atspeed，whitesharkscanclearthesurfacebyasmuchas3m.Tolocatetheirprey，whitesharksusealmosteverytrickinthebook.“The