國(guó)際商務(wù)英語串講

InternationalBusinessEnglish

Lesson1

InternationalBusiness

BusinessKnowledge:

Themajordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessand

domesticbusiness

A.Differencesinlegalsystems

B.Differencesincurrencies

C.Differencesinculturalbackground

D.Differentinnaturalandeconomicconditions

Themajortypesofinternationalbusiness

A.Trade

a.Commoditytrade

b.Servicetrade

B.Investment

a.Foreigndirectinvestment

b.Portfolioinvestment

C.Othertypes

a.Licensingandfranchising

b.Managementcontractandcontractmanufacturing

c.TurnkeyprojectandBOT

TradeTerms:

1.Customsarea關(guān)稅區(qū):

2.Conversion貨幣兌換

3.Visibletrade有形貿(mào)易：Theformofcommoditytrade,i.e.

exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedin

onecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother,(including

cashtransaction-bymeansofmoneyandmarket,andcounter

trade)

4.Invisibletrade無形貿(mào)易：Theformoftransportation,

communication,banking,insurance,consulting,information

etc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.

5.FDI外國(guó)直接投資:Foreigndirectinvestments.Returns

throughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahost

country./P.256.Onecountryacquiresassetsinaforeign

countryforthepurposeofcontrollingandmanagingthem.

6.Portfolioinvestment證券投資：Purchasesofforeignfinancial

assetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.

7.Stocks股票：Capitalstocksorbonds.

8.Bonds債券：Thepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwith

promisetopaybackthemoneylentorinvestedtogetherwith

interest.

9.Maturity(票據(jù)等)到期

10.Certificateofdeposit大額存單

11.Licensing許可經(jīng)營(yíng)：Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouse

itsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.They

chooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecash

paymentstostartbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomein

theformofroyalty.

12.Franchising特許經(jīng)營(yíng)：Underfranchising,franchiseeisallowed

tooperateinthenameofanother,franchiserwhoprovidesthe

formerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperating

techniquesforroyalty.

13.TradeMark商標(biāo)

14.Patent專禾ij

15.Royalty專利（許可）使用費(fèi)，版稅

16.Copyright版權(quán)

17.Licenser許可方

18.Licensee被許可方

19.Franchiser特許方：Afirmwhoprovidesthefranchiseewith

trademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesfor

royalty.

20.Franchisee被特許方：Afirmisallowedtooperateinthename

ofanother.

21.Managementcontract管理合同：Underamanagement

contract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecialized

servicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpayment

orapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.

22.Valuechain價(jià)值鏈

23.Turnkeyproject“交鑰匙”工程：Foraninternationalturnkey

project,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurchaserand

undertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequipping

beforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.

GBOT建設(shè)、經(jīng)營(yíng)和移交：Build,Operate,Transfer

25.Expertise專門知識(shí)

26.Bonus紅利、獎(jiǎng)金、津貼

27.Royalty許可使用費(fèi)

28.Internationalinvestment國(guó)際投資：Supplyingcapitalby

residentsofonecountrytoanother.

29.Contractmanufacturing承包生產(chǎn)

30.GATT關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定：GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade

31.Internationalbusiness國(guó)際商務(wù)：Transactionbetweenparties

fromdifferentcountries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthe

bordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalso

regardedasimportandexport.

32.Intellectualproperty知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)

33.Oildeposit:石油儲(chǔ)備=oilreserves

34.thereservesofnaturalresources自然資源儲(chǔ)備

35.Personaladvancement個(gè)人的晉升，個(gè)人素質(zhì)的提高以及個(gè)人

事業(yè)的進(jìn)步等。

Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.Whatdoesinternationalbusinessreferto?Pleasetellthe

differencebetweeninternationalbusinessanddomestic

business.

A:Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenparties

fromdifferentcountries.Sometimesbusinessacrosstheborders

ofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardedas

importandexport.

Somemajordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessand

domesticbusinessisfollowing:

(1)Differencesinlegalsystems

(2)Differencesincurrencies

(3)Differencesinculturalbackground

(4)Differentinnaturalandeconomicconditions

2.Pleaseexplainthedifferencesbetweenvisibletradeand

invisibletrade.Whichisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant

andaccountsforanincreasingproportionininternational

trade?

A:Visibletradeistheformofcommoditytrade.Theformof

transportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,

informationetc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.The

laterisbecomemoreandmoreimportant.

3.Canyoucitesomeexamplestoillustrateculturaldifferencesin

internationalbusiness?

A:Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,

religion,value,behavioretc.

4.Pleaseelaborateonthetwocategoriesofinternational

investment.Whatistheirmajordifference?

A:FDI(Foreigndirectinvestment)ismadeforreturnsthrough

controllingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedininahostcountry.

Portfolioinvestmentreferstopurchasesofforeignfinancialassets

forapurposeotherthancontrolling.Suchfinancialassetsmaybe

stocks,bondsorcertificatesofdeposit.

5.Whatislicensing?Whydofirmssometimeschooseitasa

meansofenteringaforeignmarket?

A:Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualproperty

toafirminanothercountry.Theychooselicensingbecausethey

donothavetomakecashpaymentstostartbusiness,andcan

simplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty.Besides,theycan

benefitfromlocationaladvantagesofforeignoperationwithoutany

obligationsinownershipormanagement.Theuseoflicensingis

particularlyencouragedbyhighcustomsdutyandnon-tariff

barriersonthepartofthehostcountry.

6.Whatisfranchising?Howisitdifferentfromlicensing?

A:Underfranchising,franchiseeisallowedtooperateinthename

ofanother,franchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,

brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.In

comparisonwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandthelicensee,

thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresupport

forthefranchisee.

7.Whatisamanagementcontract?Underwhatconditionsisit

mostapplicable?

A:Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerial

orotherspecializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiod

foraflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.

Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustries

itconsiderstobeofstrategicimportancebutlackstheexpertise

foroperation,managementcontractsmaybeapracticalchoice

enablingaforeigncompanytooperateintheindustrywithout

owningtheassets.

8.Whatisaninternationalturnkeyproject?Inwhatwayisits

variantBOTdifferentfromit?

A:Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwith

aforeignpurchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contracting

andfacilityequippingbeforehandingitovertothelatterupon

completion.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperatesafacilityfora

periodoftimeafterbuildingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoa

foreigncompany.Makingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectfora

periodisthemajordifferencebetweenBOTandthecommon

turnkeyproject

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:

1.國(guó)際貿(mào)易一般指不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易，它涉及到許多因

素，因而比國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜得多。

Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesform

differentcountries.Itinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismore

complicatedthedomesticbusiness.

2.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國(guó)際商

務(wù)之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知識(shí)是十分必要的，這

既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個(gè)人的進(jìn)步。

Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleor

companiescancompletelystayawayfrominternationalbusiness.

Therefore,someknowledgeinthisrespectisnecessarybothfor

thebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement.

3.其他參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同、承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。

Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinessare

managementcontract,contractmanufacturingandturnkey

project.

4.國(guó)際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國(guó)生產(chǎn)或制造商品

而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國(guó)進(jìn)行消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。

Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,i.e.

exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinone

countryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.

5.除了國(guó)際貿(mào)易和投資，國(guó)際許可和特許經(jīng)營(yíng)有時(shí)也是進(jìn)入國(guó)外市

場(chǎng)的一種方式。

Besidestradeandinvestment,internationallicensingand

franchisingaresometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeign

market.

Lesson2

IncomeLevelandtheWoridMarket

BusinessKnowledge:

(1)GNPandGDP

(2)PercapitaincomeandpercapitaGDP

(3)High-income,middleincomeandlow-incomecountries

A.Standardsforclassification

B.Representativecountries

(4)TriadandQuad

A.UnitedStates

B.WesternEurope

C.Japan

D.Canada

(5)OtherimportantmarketsforChina

TradeTerms:

1.GNP國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值：GrossnationalProduct.Themarketvalue

ofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlabor

ownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.

2.GDP國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值：GrossDomesticProduct.Themarket

valueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographic

areaofaneconomy.

3.Nationalincome國(guó)民收入

4.Percapitaincome人均收入

5.PercapitaGDP人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值：Itiscalculatedbydividing

itstotalGDPbyitspopulation,whichrevealstheaverage

incomelevelofconsumers.

6.PPP購(gòu)買力平價(jià):Purchasingpowerparity

7.Consumerism消費(fèi)主義

8.Incomedistribution收入分布：Theproportionsofitsrich,

middleincomeandpoorpeople.

9.Infrastructure基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

10.Staplegoods大路貨

11.Invoice（開）發(fā)票

tr-lCreditorcountry債權(quán)國(guó)

13.OECD經(jīng)合組織，經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與開發(fā)組織：Organizationfor

EconomicCooperationandDevelopment.

14.TheCommonwealthofIndependentStates獨(dú)聯(lián)體，獨(dú)立國(guó)家

聯(lián)合體

15.ASEAN東盟，東南亞國(guó)家聯(lián)盟：AssociationofSoutheast

AsianNationals.

16.NIEs（亞洲四小虎）：NewlyIndustrializedEconomies

17.Factorsofproduction生產(chǎn)要素

Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.ExplaintheconceptsofGNPandGDPrespectivelyandpoint

outtheirmajordifference.Canweusetheminterchangeably?

A:GNP(GrossnationalProduct)referstothemarketvalueof

goodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedby

theresidentsofaneconomy.GDP(GrossDomesticProduct)

measuresthemarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproduced

withinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.Thedifference

betweenthemisthatGNPfocusesonownershipofthefactorsof

productionwhileGDPconcentratesontheplacewhereproduction

takesplace.ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPcanbe

ignoredsinceitverysmallinmostcases.Therefore,wecanuse

theminterchangeably.

2.InwhatdifferentwaysareGDPandpercapitaincome

significantinassessingthepotentialofaparticularmarket?

A:TotalGDPindicatestheoverallsizeofaneconomy,whichis

importantinmarketassessmentfordurableequipmentorbulk

goods(grain,steelorcement).PercapitaGDPrevealsthe

averageincomelevelofconsumers,whichisimportantwhen

marketingconsumerdurables.

3.Whataremeantbyhighincome,middleincome,and

low-incomecountriesaccordingtotheWorldBank?Citesome

examplesforeachgroup.

A:High-incomecountries:thoseenjoyingannualpercapita

incomeof$9386andabove.Inthisgroupcomprisethreetypesof

countries;mostmembersofOECD,richoilproducingcountriesof

theMiddleEast,small-industrializedcountriesorregions.

Middle-incomecountries:thosewithannualpercapitaincome

below$9386butabove$765.Includedinthiscategoryismost

EastEuropeancountriesandmostmembersofthe

CommonwealthofIndependentStates,sixOECDmembers,quite

anumberofLatinAmericancountriesandsomecomparatively

developedcountriesinAsia,SouthAfricaandoil-producing

countriesinAfrican.

Low-incomecountries:thosethathavepercapitaincomesof

only$765orevenless.MostAfricancountries,someAsian

countriesandafewLatinAmericancountriesareincludedinthis

group.

4.Whyarehigh-incomecountriesimportanttotradeand

investment?Shouldweneglectlow-incomecountriesin

internationalbusiness?

A:High-incomecountriesoftenhavegoodinfrastructure,high

purchasingpower,andadvancedtechnology,efficient

managementandfavorableenvironmentfortradeandinvestment.

Theyofferprimemarketsforexpensiveconsumergoodsandare

bothattractivesourcesanddestinationsofinvestment.

Ininternationaltradethelow-incomecountriesshouldnotbe

neglected,becausetheyconstitutemarketsforlower-pricedstaple

goods,providecheaplaborandareoftenrichinresources.Once

tapped,thebusinesspotentialofthesecountrieswilloneday

becomerealbusinessopportunities.

5.WasChinaalow-incomecountryafewyearsago?Howabout

now?

A:Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isa

middle-incomecountrythoughitwasalow-incomecountryjusta

fewyearsago.

6.Whatdoestheterm“Triad”refersto?WhatismeantbyQuad?

A:ThetermTriadreferstothethreerichestregionsoftheworld;

theUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnionandJapanthatofferthe

mostimportantbusinessopportunities.ThescopeofTriadto

includeCanadaandnamethebroadenedgroupingQuad.

7.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutOECD?Pleasemakeabrief

account.

A:OECDmeansOrganizationforEconomicCooperationand

Development.Theorganizationisincluded29members,23of

themarehigh-incomecountriesand6aremiddle-income

countries.TheheadquartersisinParis.

8.WhatisthebestpolicyforChinatodevelopbusiness

opportunities?

A:SofarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpay

particularattentiontoarethosearoundus:theFourTigers,the

ASEANcountries,Russia,IndiaandabitfartherawayAustralia.

Thesecountriesorregionseitherhaverichconsumersandoffer

goodbusinessopportunitiesoraredevelopingfastwithvery

promisingmarketpotential.Andtheirgeographicalproximityto

Chinaisagreatadvantageforusindevelopingbusinessrelations

withthem.

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:

1.民生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國(guó)收入的兩個(gè)重要概念。區(qū)

別在于前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的國(guó)

家。

GNPandGDParetwoimportantconceptsusedtoindicatea

country'stotalincome.Thedifferencebetweenthemisthatthe

formerfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhilethe

latterconcentratesonthecountrywhereproductiontakesplace.

2.要評(píng)估某一市場(chǎng)的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因?yàn)樗鼮?/p>

那里居民的購(gòu)買力高低提供了線索。

Inassessingthepotentialofacountryasamarket,peopleoften

lookatpercapitaincomesinceitprovidescluesaboutthe

purchasingpowerofitsresidents..

3.世界各國(guó)被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域：高收入國(guó)家，中等收入國(guó)家

和低收入國(guó)家。

CountriesoftheworldaredividedbytheWorldBankintothree

categoriesofhigh-income,middle-incomeandlow-income

economies.

4.中國(guó)現(xiàn)在年人均收入為1100美元以上，但幾年前它還是個(gè)低收

入國(guó)家。

Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddle-income

countrythoughitwasalow-incomecountryjustafewyearsago.

5.就中國(guó)來說，周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場(chǎng)，如亞洲四小虎、

東盟國(guó)家、俄羅斯等國(guó)，這些國(guó)家都具有前景看好的市場(chǎng)潛力，能

為中國(guó)提供很好的商機(jī)。

AsfarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpay

particularattentiontoarethosearoundus:theFourTigers,the

ASEANcountries,Russia,etc.Thesecountrieswithvery

promisingmarketpotentialandcanoffergoodbusiness

opportunitiestoChina.

Lesson3

RegionalEconomicIntegration

BusinessKnowledge:

(1)Majorobjectivesofregionalintegration*

(2)Forlevelsofregionaleconomicintegration

A.Freetradearea

B.Customsunion

C.Commonmarket

D.Economicunion

(3)EuropeanUnion(EU)

(4)Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC)

(5)OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)

TradeTerms:

1.Economicintegration經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化

2.Freetradearea自由貿(mào)易區(qū)：Themembersremovebarriersto

tradeamongthemselveswhilestilladoptseachownexternal

policy

3.Customsunion關(guān)稅同盟：Themembersremovebarriersto

tradeamongthemselvesandadoptthesameexternalpolicy

4.Tariffrates關(guān)稅稅率

5.Settlement

6.NAFTA北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定：NorthAmericanFreeTrade

Agreement

7.Commonmarket共同市場(chǎng)：Themembersremovebarriersnot

onlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproductionandadoptthe

sameexternalpolicy.

8.Banknotescirculation貨幣流通

9.Cartel卡塔爾

10.APEC亞太經(jīng)合組織，亞洲太平洋經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織：AsiaPacific

EconomicCooperation

11.OPEC石油輸出國(guó)組織：OrganizationofPetroleumExporting

Countries

12.EuropeanCommission歐盟委員會(huì)

13.Councilofministers部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)

Cr^Dual-MinisterialMeeting雙部長(zhǎng)會(huì)議

15.QuotaRestrictions配額限制

16.EconomicUnion(EU)經(jīng)濟(jì)同盟:Themembersremovebarriers

notonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproduction,adoptthe

sameexternalpolicyandharmonizetheirtaxation,

governmentexpenditure,industrypoliciesandusethesame

currency.

17.EU歐盟,歐洲聯(lián)盟：EuropeanUnion

18.EC歐共體，歐洲共同體:EuropeanCommunity

19.Benelux荷比盧（比利時(shí)、荷蘭和盧森堡三國(guó)）Belgium,

Netherlands,Luxemburg

20.Mercousur南方共同市場(chǎng)：SouthernConeCustomsUnion

21.ECSC歐洲煤鋼共同體：EuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity

22.EEC歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體：EuropeanEconomicCommunity

23.EURATOM歐洲原子能共同體，歐洲原子能聯(lián)營(yíng)：European

AtomicEnergyCommunity

24.SOM高官會(huì)議：SeniorOfficialsMeeting

25.TILF貿(mào)易投資便利化自由化：Tradeandinvestmentliberation

andfacilitation

26.ECOTECH經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)合作:Economicandtechnicalcooperation

27.Po附icalentity政治實(shí)體

28.Sovereignstate主權(quán)國(guó)家

29.Multi-polarization多極化

30.Sub-committee分委員會(huì)

31.NTA新跨大西洋議程：NewTransatlanticAgenda

32.TABD跨大西洋商業(yè)對(duì)話:TransatlanticBusinessDialogue

33.TACD跨大西洋消費(fèi)者對(duì)話：TransatlanticConsumerDialogue

34.Territoryeconomies區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)體

35.PacificRim環(huán)太平洋圈

36.InformalMeetingofEconomicLeaders領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人非正式會(huì)議

Answerthefollowingquestions:

1.Whatisafreetradearea?Makeabriefaccountofthemost

notablefreetradeareaintheworld.

A:Freetradeareaistheloosestformintheregionaleconomic

integration.Membersinthisformremovesbarrierstotheflowof

goodsandservicesamongthemselveswhileeachmemberstill

adoptsitsownpolicyasregardstotradewithoutsiders.Themost

notableoneistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement

(NAFTA),thelargestfreemarketformedbytheUnitedStates,

CanadaandMexicoin1991withover360millionconsumersand

totalGDPofmorethan6trillionUSdollars.

2.Inwhatwayisacustomsuniondifferentfromafreetrade

area?

A:TheCustomsUniongoesastepfurtherbyadoptingthesame

tradepolicyforallthememberstowardcountriesoutsidetheir

organizationinadditiontoabolishingtradebarriersamong

themselves.Importsfromothercountriesaresubjecttothesame

tariff.

3.Whatarethecharacteristicsofacommonmarket?Which

organizationremainedacommonmarketforsomeyearsin

thepast?

A:Thecommonmarketisfurtherupthescaleofregional

economicintegration.Besidesfreemovementofgoodsand

servicesandadoptionofcommonexternaltradepolicy,factorsof

productionsuchaslabor,capitalandtechnologyarefreetomove

amongmemberssothattheycanbeutilizedinamoreefficient

andproductiveway.Inthepast,theEuropeanCommunity

remainedacommonmarketforsomeyears.

4.Howmuchdoyouknowaboutaneconomicunion?Can

membersofaneconomicunionkeepalloftheirnational

sovereignty?

A:Theeconomicunionisthehighestformofeconomicintegration,

whichischaracterizedbyintegrationofthedomesticpoliciesofits

membersinrespectofeconomy,financeetc.inadditionto

absenceoftradebarriers,practiceofcommonexternalpolicyand

freeproductionfactormobility.ThemembersofanEconomic

Unionarerequirednotonlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,

governmentexpenditure,industrypolicies,etc.,butalsousethe

samecurrency.

Themembercountriesofaneconomicunionarerequiredto

surrendersomeoftheirnationalsovereignty,whichiserodingthe

traditionoftheworldpoliticalsystembasedontheautonomyand

supremepowerofsovereignstates.

5.MakeabriefaccountoftheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEU.

A:Thefirstcommunity,theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity

(ECSC)wasestablishedin1952,whichsetthestageformore

ambitiousintegrationefforts.

ThesigningofthemonumentalTreatyofRomein1957marks

theestablishmentoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunitywiththe

aimofgraduallyrealizingthefreemovementofgoods,services,

laborandcapitalaswellastheharmonizationofeconomicpolicies

ofthemembercountries.

Tenyearslaterin1967,theEuropeanCommunitywasformed

bymergingEEC,ECSCandEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity

(EURATOM).

1992itbecameatruecommonmarketasenvisagedbythe

SingleEuropeanAct.ThenonJanuary1,1994theEuropean

Union(EU)cameintobeingonthestrengthoftheMaastricht

Treaty.

Fromthebeginningof1999mostofthemembersbegantouse

thecommonEuropeancurrencyforaccountingandsettlement

andin2002,eurobanknotesandcoinswereputintocirculation.

6.WhatisthemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEU?Whatisthe

executivebodyoftheEU?Howdoesitoperate?

A:ThemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEUistheCouncilof

Ministers.

ItsexecutivebodyistheEuropeanCommissioncomposedof

20commissionersoverseeing23departmentsinchargeof

differentaffairs.

Decisionsofthecouncilaremadebyvotesallocatedtomember

countriesonthebasisoftheirsize.Differentministersattendthe

councilmeetingdependingonthemattersdiscussed.Thecouncil

evenhasthepowertopasslegislation.

7.Explainbrieflythefivelayerorganizationalstructureof

Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation.

A:a.theInformalMeetingofEconomicleaders

b.Dual-MinisterialMeeting

c.MinistersResponsibleforTrade

d.TheSeniorOfficialsMeeting(SOM)

e.SubordinatecommitteesunderSOM:CommitteeofTrade

andInvestment,EconomicCommittee,EconomicandTechnical

CooperationSub-committeeofSOMandBudgetManagement

Committee.

8.WhatarethetenetandobjectivesofAPEC?Whatdoitstwo

wheelsmean?

A:ThetenetandobjectivesofAPECareinter-dependence,

mutualbenefits,adheringtoanopenandmultilateraltrading

systemandreductionofregionaltradebarriers.

Itstwowheelsmeantradeandinvestmentliberationand

facilitation(TILF)andeconomicandtechnicalcooperation

(ECOTECH).

9.WhatarethenatureandobjectivesofOPEC?

A:OPECisacommoditycartel.Ittriedtolimittheoverallcrudeoil

supplyoftheworldforthepurposeofmaintaininghigheroilprices.

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:

1.過去的幾十年，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化越來越重要。

Thepastdecadeswitnessedincreasinglygrowingimportanceof

regionaleconomicintegration.

2.最著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，它是由美國(guó)、加拿大

和墨西哥于1991年建立的。

ThemostnotablefreetradeareaistheNorthAmericanFree

TradeAgreement(NAFTA),thelargestfreemarketformedbythe

UnitedStates,CanadaandMexicoin1991.

3.經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟成員國(guó)不僅要在稅收、政府開支、企業(yè)策略等方面保

持一致，而且還應(yīng)使用同一貨幣。

ThemembersofanEconomicUnionarerequirednotonlyto

harmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industry

polices,etc.,butalsousethesamecurrency.

4.歐洲委員會(huì)是歐盟的管理機(jī)構(gòu)之一，此機(jī)構(gòu)將提議呈交給部長(zhǎng)

理事會(huì)做決定，并監(jiān)督各成員國(guó)根據(jù)所制定的條約履行自己的

義務(wù)。

TheEuropeanCommissionisoneofthegoverningorgansofthe

EuropeanUnion.ItisthebodythatputsproposalstotheCouncil

ofMinisterfordecisionandseesthatthememberscarryouttheir

dutiesunderthetreaty.

5.APEC建立于在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開的一次部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議上。

當(dāng)時(shí)有12位成員國(guó)出席，分別為澳大利亞、美國(guó)、加拿大、日

本、新西蘭和東盟六國(guó)。

APECwassetupattheMinisterialMeetingheldintheAustralian

capitalCanberraattendedby12membersofAustralia,theUnited

States,Canada,Japan,RepublicofKorea,NewZealandandsix

ASEANcountries.

Lesson4

EconomicGlobalization

BusinessKnowledge:

(1)Economicglobalizationasanobjectivetrend

A.Basicfeature*

B.Advantagesandnegativeimpacts

(2)Multinationalcorporations

A.Organization-parentandaffiliates

B.Characteristics

a.Enormousinsize

b.Widegeographicalspread

c.Longevityandrapidgrowth

C.Need,goalsandroles

a.Profit

b.Security

c.Asvehiclesforcross-bordertransferresources

D.Fourtypes

a.Multi-domesticcorporation

b.Globalcorporation

c.Transnationalcorporation

d.Worldcompany

TradeTerms:

1.Shareholders股東

2.Economicglobalization經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化

3.Boardofdirectors董事會(huì)

4.Inputs投入

5.Economicenvironment經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境

6.ParentMNCheadquarter跨國(guó)公司母公司，總部

7.AffiliateMNC子公司，分支機(jī)構(gòu)，附屬機(jī)構(gòu)

8.Branchcompany分公司

9.Subsidiarycompany子公司

10.Day-to-dayrunning11常管理

11.MNC跨國(guó)公司二TNC:Multinationalcorporation,aremadeup

ofvastnumbersofforeignsubsidiaries,companiesinwhich

over50percentisownedbytheparentcompany.

12.Homecounty母國(guó)：Thecountrywheretheheadquarterofthe

investorislocated.

Hiostcountry東道國(guó):Thehostcountryisaforeigncountry

wheretheinvestoroperates.

14.MNE跨國(guó)企業(yè):Multinationalenterpr