高考閱讀技巧猜測詞義

PAGEPAGE6高考閱讀技巧：猜測詞義〖第一招〗利用上下文語境線索上下文線索猜測詞義任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有關(guān)。利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進行合乎邏輯的綜合分析而推測詞義，是閱讀過程中的一大關(guān)鍵，也是高考的熱點。如：Ifhethinkshecaninvitemeout,heisallwet.Idon’tliketobewithhim.A.drunk B.sweating C.happy D.mistaken根據(jù)Idon’tliketobewithhim我們感受到說話人的語氣。我不愿意跟他在一起，那么，他要邀請我出去是不可能的他就大錯特錯了。因此答案D。練習：（1）Adeafanddumpguywentintoahardwarestoretoaskforsomenails.（2）TheclimateofthewestcoastisthemostmoderateinCanada,summersarecoolandfairlydryandwintersaremild,cloudyandwet.Eveninmid-winter,thetemperatureisusuallyabovefreezing.（3）Allthehousesinthecitycollapsedduringtheearthquake.（4）Forpeoplewholivewithinastone’sthrowfromtheofficetobelatetoworkisunforgivable.（5）Theconflagrationwassofiercethatwithjustafewsecondonecouldseetoweringflameswherethehousehadstoodandthesmokewhichfilledtheskycouldbeseenformilesandmiles.(6).Charlotte’stalewasinspiredbythegirls’coincollection.“We’vecollectedforeigncoinsforyears-sinceourfamilieswentonholidaytoTenerife,”sheexplains.“ThatwasbeforetheEuro,soweputpesetasin.”Theunderlinedwore“pesetas”inParagraph2isakindof_______.A.storyB.collectionC.inspirationD.foreigncoin(7).In1963aschoolboycalledAndrewWilesreadinginhisschoollibrarycameacrosstheworld’sgreatestmathematical17thcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistwhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletostudyattheEcolePolytechnique.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningoftheword“baffle”asitisusedinthetext?k.s.5.u.c.o.mA.Toencouragepeopletoraisequestions.B.Tocausedifficultyinunderstanding.C.Toprovideapersonwithanexplanation.D.Tolimitpeople’simagination.(8).Todaywhenmanytendtoworrymoreabouttheirownhappiness,Houng’sdeedsremindusofwhatweusuallyneglect:loveandcareforothers.Withoutthese,noneofuscouldsurvive.Houngturneddowndonationsfromothers.Hesaidhefeltencouragedbykindoffers,buthecoulddependonhisownwork.[2006浙江紹興市高三4月教學質(zhì)量檢測卷]42.Theunderlinedword“donation”inParagraph3probablymeans______.A.invitationtogiveaspeechB.something,especiallygiventohelpothersC.questionsaskedbyinterviewersD.chancestobeahero〖第二招〗利用定義和解釋性線索根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測詞義閱讀文章中的有些生詞尤其是新聞報導及科普類文章中的生詞，往往在其后有對該詞進行解釋說明性的短語或句子，如tobe,thatis,mean,standfor,namely,toreferto,tomean,inotherwords等，有時也以同位語、定語從句的形式出現(xiàn)，或用破折號、括號來表示。如：Someshipscarriedcargosuchascoal,oilandmilitarysupplies(軍用物資),whileotherscarriedonlypassengers.分析：suchas后所列舉物品均為“貨物”，由此推斷cargo的意思相同，和后面的passengers形成對比。練習(1)Yet,shopkeepersmayhavetospendextrahourstodealwithproblems,suchasshoplifter,whoalwaystakeawaythingsfromtheshopwithoutpayingforthem.（2）Thebestfootball,basketballandtennisplayerscanbecomeprofessionalthatmeanstheywillhaveacareerinsportsandwillgetmoneywhentheyplay.（3）Kleptomaniaisanillnessofthemindthatgivesapersonthedesiretosteal.（4）Theword“l(fā)efty”meansapersonwhouseshisorherlefthandforwriting,eatingandotherjobs.（5）Doctorsrecommendedthateveryoneexerciseeveryday,particularthosewhospendmanyhoursdoingsedentaryactivitieslikereading,typingorsewing.（6）ApersonwhohastheSARS（非典型肺炎）mayhavesymptomslikecoughingandahigh學大綱》已經(jīng)明確地將構(gòu)詞法列在語法附表中，因此利用所學構(gòu)詞法生成的詞不應(yīng)被認定為生詞。1.Exhibitionofficialssaidthatapersonbittenbyoneofthesesnakeswouldneedatleast80mlofananti-poisonmedicinetobesaved.2.AlthoughsimplifiedChinesecharacterswereacceptedforusemanyyearsago,itseemsthatmoreandmorepeoplelikeChinesecharactersinthecomplexform.〖第八招〗注意熟詞生義英語中大量的詞匯具有多義性，其含義并非完全等同于詞典所標注的漢語意思，具體的詞義需要在一定的上下文中體現(xiàn)出來。閱讀理解中的熟悉詞生義比生詞本身的障礙要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考對生詞的數(shù)量有量的規(guī)定，不得超過3%；其二，熟悉詞生義很容易引起考生的誤解；其三，熟悉詞生義的數(shù)量沒有限制。如果這種現(xiàn)象在一篇文章中出現(xiàn)得多，那就更難理解了。w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m下題中劃線的詞可換為：1.NewYork,10November,5:27p.m.,yesterday.Biggestpowerfailureinthecity’shistory.A.enoughB.notpassingC.lackofD.lack2.AbiketourandracewillbeheldinAugust26and27.At5:30a.m.,theriderswillleaveTian’anMensquareandridethefirst35kilometersasatraininglge.Thenthenext55kilometersfromYanjiaotoJixian,willbethefirstcompetitivepartforthetour.A.raceB.practiceC.partofthetrainingD.partofthetour〖第九招〗根據(jù)常識或經(jīng)驗猜測詞義在閱讀中碰到生詞時，我們有時可以運用邏輯推理能力、自身的生活經(jīng)驗及生活常識去推斷生詞的含義。當然也要結(jié)合語境。1.RainforestsliketheAmazonareimportantformoppingupCO2fromtheatmosphereandhelpingtoslowglobalwarming.Theunderlinedphrase“moppingup”inthesecondparagraphmeans_______.A.cleaningupB.takinginC.wipingoutD.givingup2.Shewalkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtookamop.Shepushedpastthedeskandasthenurselookedup.Mumnoddedandsaid,“Verydirtyfloor.”〖第十招〗利用詞性轉(zhuǎn)化1.Themostimportantreasonforsuchavisitistorealizehowourancestorsbattlednaturewiththebasictoolstheyhad.2.TheagingofthepopulationwillaffectAmericansocietyinmanyways-education,medicine,andbusiness.Theunderlinedwork“aging”means______.A.countingthenumberofyearssomeonelivesB.thenumbersofyearssomeonelivesC.becomingolderD.makingsomeonelookingolder實戰(zhàn)練習1…Lionsareopportunists.Theyprefertoeatwithouthavingtodotoomuchwork.…Ifanotheranimalhasmadeakill,theywilldriveitoffandtakethekillforthemselves.64.Bydescribinglionsas“opportunist”inthefirstparagraph,theauthormeanstosaythatlions____.A.arecruelanimalsB.arecleveranimalsC.liketotakeadvantageofotheranimalsD.liketotakeeverychancetoeat2Analyzingthelawofthetalionaneyeforaneye,atoothforatoothWilliamIanMillerpresentsanoriginalthinkingovertheconceptof“payback.”73.Theword“talion”inintroducingthebookEyeforanEyeisprobablyaconceptof______.A.medicineB.tradeC.avengingD.striving3Somechildrenarenatural-bornbosses.Theyhaveastrongneedtomakedecisions,managetheirenvironment,andleadratherthanfollow.…“Examinetheextendedfamily,andyou’llprobablyfindabossygrandparent,aunt,uncleorcousinineverygeneration.It’saninheritabletrait,”saidRussellBarkley,aprofessor…44.Theunderlinedphrase“inheritabletrait”inParagraph2means_____.A.inbornnatureB.developedcharacterC.acceptedtheoryD.particularenvironment4…Whenshewasstillinherearly30s,publishingessaysinsuchimportantmagazinesaspartisanReview,sheappearedasthesymbolofAmericanculturallife,tryinghardtofolloweverynewdevelopment,Sontagwalkedatthelatestedgesofworldculture.71.TheunderlinedsentenceinParagragh1meansSontag_____.A.wasasymbolofAmericanculturallifeB.developedworldliterature,filmandartC.publishedmanyessaysaboutworldcultureD.keptpacewiththenewestdevelopmentofworldculture答案第一招：答案：（1）五金店（2）溫和的（3）坍塌（4）一步之遙（5）大火災(zāi)6分析：本題正確答案為D。由原文中的Euro（歐元，歐洲統(tǒng)一貨幣）可推知該詞是一種在歐元發(fā)行前使用的錢幣。7.分析：本題正確答案為B。從短文中對Fermat’sLastTheorem一書的介紹中有thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds一句，句中兩個并列的謂語動詞baffled和beaten,意義相同，加強語氣，從beat的本意就可以猜測出baffled為“使（某人）困惑，難倒”。8分析：由本段可以看出：洪家里很窮，但他拒絕別人對他的“donation”，他說他很感謝人們好心的饋贈，但他能夠靠打工的錢來養(yǎng)活自己和妹妹，由此可以判斷出donation和后文的offer，是近義詞，也是饋贈之意。因此選B。第二招答案：(1)商店里偷東西的人（2）職業(yè)的（3）盜竊癖（4）左撇子“的”（5）久坐的（6）癥狀7分析：根據(jù)句意，maladiesoftheinstitutionalized應(yīng)和后面的解釋意思相同，綜合后面的內(nèi)容可得知其意為：“（老年）綜合癥”。8.分析：suchas后所列舉物品均屬“貨物”，由此推斷cargo的意思與之相同，和后句中的passengers形成對比。第三招：1.分析：本題正確答案為D。從后面的原因forIamapracticalperson可知，說話的人說自己是一個講究實際的人，因此，他或她讓對方不要說空話。2.分析：melted“溶化”。既然停電，必然造成冰激凌和冷凍食品的“溶化”。3.分析：collapsed“癱倒”。經(jīng)過一番艱難脫險之后，他們呼吸短促，咳嗽不斷，最終“癱倒”在草坪上。第四招1.分析：由前句中perfectinformation到后面imperfectinformation這一組對比關(guān)系的詞，我們可以推斷應(yīng)為“對比、相反”的意思。如答案2。不同意3。不英俊4.分析：本題正確答案為D。從上句的對比可知，領(lǐng)導能力不是swalloweddown,而是慢慢培養(yǎng)的。5.分析：由前句中perfectinformation到后imperfectinformation這一組對比關(guān)系的詞，我們不難推斷應(yīng)表示“對比、相反”的意思，因此答案應(yīng)選D。第五招1分析：從后面的同謂語anendangeredwildcat可知“ocelot”是一種野生貓。2.分析：句中mansion應(yīng)和church,battlesite,theatreandot