雅思語法班講義

..第一課時冠詞一.基礎(chǔ)知識記憶.1.單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞絕不能單獨使用,其前不是加冠詞a/an/the或one’s,就必須將名詞的單數(shù)形式改為復(fù)數(shù)形式.2.表泛指意義的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞(即物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞)前面千萬不要添加任何冠詞.3.固定短語中有無冠詞,要分得清清楚楚,明明白白.二.定冠詞的使用.1.世界上獨一無二的天體、河流、海洋、湖泊、山川等與地理知識有關(guān)的名詞前.e.g.theChangjiangRivertheEastLake/thePacificOceantheUrals.2.形容詞same前.3.序數(shù)詞最高級前面.4.byfar前置修飾比較級時.e.g.Thisbookisbyfarthebetterthanthatone.c.f.Thisbookisbetterbyfarthanthatone.Thisbookisevenbetterthanthatone.5.強調(diào)兩者之間的比較且作主語、定語時.e.g.Theolderofthetwobrothersismydesk-mate.Whichisthebiggercountry,CanadaorAustralia?Whichisbigger,CanadaorAustralia?6.表示“越…越…”意義時.e.g.Thesooner,thebetter.7.句型“動作動詞+sb.+介詞+the+具體身體部位名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中.e.g.BobhitJohnonthehead.Thegentlelightstruckthebabyintheface.Thelittleboytooktheelephantbythenoseacrossthestreet.8.發(fā)明的事物名稱前(即invent之后的名詞)或瀕臨滅絕的動物單數(shù)名詞前.e.g.Bellisgenerallyconsideredtohaveinventedthetelephone.Asweallknow,thetigerisindangerofdyingout.9.介詞by后表示“按…計算”與度量衡單位有關(guān)的具體表時間、長度、體積、面積等名詞前.e.g.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallygetpaidbythehour.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallygetpaidbytime.InEngland,clothissoldbytheyardinsteadofbythemeter.InEngland,clothissoldbylength.10.與某些形容詞連用表示一類人.e.g.therich11.樂器名詞前.e.g.Ilikeplayingtheguitarandmysisterlikesplayingthepiano.12.由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前.e.g.Thepeople’sRepublicofChinaandtheUnitedStatesaretwogreatcountries.13.方位、方向名詞前.e.g.ChinaisintheeastofAsia,thelargestcontinentontheearth,andonthewestofthePacificOcean,thelargestoceanintheworld.14.再次指代上文中已提過的名詞前.e.g.Iboughtapenyesterday.Thepenwriteswell.15.雙方心中都知曉、明白的名詞前.e.g.Passmethebook,please.16.與表示國家或民族的形容詞連用,指代該全國全體人民.e.g.TheChineselovepeace.17.用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)之前表示全家人或夫婦倆.18.其后有某種修飾語(如介詞短語、定語從句、分詞短語或不定式等)的名詞前,表示特定的人或物時.e.g.Thebookonthedeskismine.19.與單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用,表類別.e.g.Thehorseisausefulanimal.20.表同位關(guān)系的時間、地點、語言名詞前.e.g.IbegantolearntheFrenchlanguageintheUniversityofWuhaninthemonthofNovemberof1999.21.與農(nóng)歷有關(guān)的節(jié)日名詞前(即與festival連用時).e.g.ChildrenarealwayslookingforwardtotheSpringFestival.22.用在整十的復(fù)數(shù)形式前表年代.e.g.Inthe1870s,whenMarxwasoverfifty,hebegantolearnRussian.23.習(xí)慣用語中.(高考詞匯)e.g.attheageof,atthebeginningof,allovertheworld,allthebest,gotothecinema,makethebed,thedayaftertomorrow,thedaybeforeyesterday,theotherday,intheend,themoment,taketheplaceof,ontheradio,allthesame,bythesideof,bytheway,ontheway,inthehabitof,inthechargeof三.a/an的使用.表泛指意義的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前或“一類”或“其中的一個”意義時.e.g.Agoodbookcanenrichaperson.2.表頻率,表示“每……”、“每一……”意義時.e.g.Peoplehavethreemealsaday.3.某些抽象名詞表具體意義或被某一形容詞修飾了的時候.e.g.Itgavemeasurprisetomeetyouhereagain.Asateacher,hewasafailure.However,asaleader,hewasasuccess.ComradeLeiFengledamiserablelifeduringhischildhood.4.有比喻意味或不確切的人名之前表達“一個叫……”意義時.e.g.LiHaoisalivingLeiFenginourclass.AMr.Smithwantstoseeyou.5.當(dāng)某一動作或情況并未到此結(jié)束仍有繼續(xù)下去的可能性的時候,必須用“a/an+序數(shù)詞”結(jié)構(gòu).e.g.Althoughhehasfailedsixtimes,hewouldliketohaveatryaseventhtime.6.與形容詞最高級連用表示“很、非?！?e.g.Yesterdaywasahappiestdayforme,forI’djustwonthefirstprize.7.否定比較級表達最高級意義時,常用借助于不定冠詞a/an.a/an+比較級e.g.____Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm?____Oh,I’veneverseenaworseone.____HowdoyoulikeTom?____I’mafraidthatnooneinmyclasshasaclevererbrainthanhe.8.有時表示一次性行為,特別是用在名詞化了的動詞前.e.g.have/takealookat;goforawalk;cometoanend;cometoastop9.當(dāng)一日三餐名詞(breakfast,lunch,supper,dinner)或其他一些名詞如time,life,help,pleasure,world,part等被某一(些)形容詞修飾了的時候.e.g.adeliciousbreakfast/awonderfuldinner/agreathelp10.固定短語結(jié)構(gòu)中:haveacold/stomachache,haveamatch,agreatnumberof,inaword,haveawordwith,makeapromise,inaminute,asamatteroffact,takeaseat.【特別注意】英語中,有些名詞永遠都不會與不定冠詞連用.它們是advice,equipment,fun,furniture,information,news,luck,clothing,wealth.四.零冠詞.1.表泛指意義的復(fù)數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞,以及介詞后的抽象名詞前.e.g.Childrenareoftencomparedtoflowers.Booksarestairsthathelppeoplemakeprogress.2.復(fù)數(shù)名詞表類別、屬性時,不用冠詞.e.g.Horsesareusefulanimals.Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofadifferentkindunlesstheykillthemforfood.3.由Day構(gòu)成的與公歷有關(guān)的節(jié)日名詞前．e.g.Children’sDay/Teachers’Day/NationalDay/MayDay4.表泛指意義的月份、季節(jié)、星期、學(xué)科、語言、材料等名詞前．e.g.onSunday/inspring/inink5.球類、棋類名詞前.e.g.playfootball/chess/basketball6.介詞by后接表交通、通訊方式等名詞前.e.g.bytrain/bytelephone/bymachine7.泛指一日三餐名詞前.e.g.Afterbreakfast,wearetovisitMountainTaiandhavelunchthere.8.官銜職務(wù)名詞作表語補語或同位語時.e.g.Heismonitorofourclass.LincolnwaselectedpresidentoftheU.S.DongLi,capitalofDongfanghongII,isastrong-mindedman.9.方位副詞前.e.g.JapanlieseastofChina.10.“from…to”結(jié)構(gòu)中重復(fù)使用的單數(shù)名詞,以及“名詞+介詞+(同樣)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞前都不使用任何冠詞.e.g.fromareatoarea/arminarm/daybyday11.man作“人類”講時.e.g.Mancanconquernature.12.as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句句型中的單數(shù)名詞前.e.g.Heroasheis,heisstillmodest.Childassheis,sheknowsalot.13.turn后的單數(shù)名詞作表語.e.g.Shehasturneddoctor.13.介詞by后接表度量衡單位的時間、長度、重量、面積、價錢等總稱名詞前.e.g.bytime/byweight/byarea/bylength14.由地名構(gòu)成的專有名詞前.e.g.WuhanUniversityisinWuhan.15.單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞已被物主代詞數(shù)詞指示代詞或名詞所有格修飾.16.當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上的名詞用and連接且含有對比的含義或習(xí)慣上總是一起使用時.e.g.Fatherandsonattendedthemeetingtogether.Thetwowereliketeacherandstudent,thoughtheywerethesameage.Husbandandwifesattogetherintheirhome.17.固定短語結(jié)構(gòu)中.comeintouse/put…intopractice/outofquestion/outofthequestion/atpresentThesignreads“Incaseof___fire,breaktheglassandpush________redbutton.A.×;aB.×;theC.the;theD.a;a2.Jumpingoutof_____airplaneattenthousandfeetisquite_____excitingexperience.A.×;theB.×;anC.an;anD.the;the3.Borishasbrains.Infact,Idoubtwhetheranyoneintheclasshas_____IQ.A.ahighB.ahigherC.thehigherD.thehighest4.Thewarmthof____sweaterwillofcoursebedeterminedbythesortof____woolused.A.×;×B.the;theC.the;×D.×;the5.Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwith___animalsof___differentkindunlesstheykillthemforfood.the;aB.×;aC.×;theD.the;the6.Papermoneywasin___useinChinawhenMarcoPolovisitedthecountryin____thirteencentury.the;B.the;theC.×;theD.×;×7.----Haveyouseen___pen?Ileftitherethismorning.----Isit______blackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.a;theB.the;theC.the;aD.a;a8.Manypeopleagreethat_____knowledgeofEnglishisamustin______internationaltradetoday.A.a;×B.the;anC.the;theD.×;the9.______newsconferencedoesnotalwaysoffer______truthfulinformation.A./;/B.The;/C.A;theD.A;/10.Thoughtheyare_____peopleofdifferentsorts,theyalwaysbuydressesof_____style.A./;theB.the;aC./;aD.the;the11.Dolly______sheep,theworld’sfirstclonedanimal,wasgiven____shottoendherlifeonFeb.14becauseshewassufferingfromalungdiseasecommoninmucholdersheep.A./;aB.the;aC.a;theD./;the第二課時名詞一名詞的分類名詞普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個體名詞teacher,bus,…..集體名詞people，crew…..不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞rice,air,water抽象名詞success,friendship專有名詞China,BillGates,theGreatWall,…二專有名詞指人名、地名及某些人和事物專有的名稱Eg:Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;NewYear’sDay注意：專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫三普通名詞專有名詞以外的名詞都是普通名詞，指作為個體而存在的人或東西?？梢灾妇唧w的人或物。Eg:aunts;apanda;apartments，也可指抽象東西。Eg:ayear;fairytales;adream四集合名詞表示由個體組成的集體。Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待，有時作復(fù)數(shù)看。一般來說，視為整體時作單數(shù)看，突出它的成員時作復(fù)數(shù)看。Eg:Hisfamilyisn’tlarge.Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.在不少情況下，集體名詞后單復(fù)數(shù)動詞都可以用，沒什么差別。Eg:Theaudiencewas(were)excitedbytheshow.有少數(shù)集體名詞通常用作單數(shù)。Eg:Thegangisbeinghuntedbythepolice.個別集體名詞則多作復(fù)數(shù)看待。Eg:Thepolicearelookingforhim.五物質(zhì)名詞:指無法分為個體的東西。Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent(清潔劑);fur;ice;paint;paper;soil一般來說，物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)的，因而沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但有一些特殊情況：1)有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一種”Eg:Twostrongblackcoffees,please.(兩份）2)個別物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義。Eg:rains（雨季）snows(積雪）waters(海域)…六:表示一些抽象的概念。Eg:education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.多數(shù)情況下，這種名詞常用于單數(shù)形式，不加任何冠詞。Eg:He’slearningFrenchforfun.Iwishyougoodluck.有時也可以加冠詞。Heworkshardforthewelfareofthepoor.1.Iwrotealettertoshowmy___ofhisthoughtfulness.A.achievementB.agreementC.attentionD.appreciation2.Weallknowthat___speaklouderthanwords.A.movementsB.performancesC.operationsD.action3.Thenewlawwillcomeinto___onthedayitispassed.A.effectB.useC.serviceD.existence4.Youwillfindthismapofgreat_____inhelpingyougetroundLondon.A.priceB.costC.valueD.usefulness5.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemy____ofliving.A.wayB.methodC.mannerD.fashion6.----Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?----_______.A.Palmer’sB.ThePalmers’C.ThePalmersD.ThePalmer’s7.I’lllookintothematterassoonaspossible.Justhavealittle_______.A.waitB.timeC.patienceD.rest8.____ofMrsWhite’scamebackhomeyesterday.ShehadbeenintheUnitedStatesforyears.A.AdaughterB.ThedaughterC.HerdaughterD.daughter9.Hegainedhis____byprinting____offamouswriters.A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works10.Itwillbe____tojumpintothelaketohaveaswimonahotsummerday.A.funB.afunC.funnyD.thefun第三課時代詞一代詞的分類人稱代詞I,you，she，him疑問代詞whowhomwhat物主代詞my、your、hers關(guān)系代詞which、that、who反身代詞myself、yourselves連接代詞who、which、what相互代詞eachother、oneanother不定代詞one、each、another、neither指示代詞this、that、those、these二一些重要的不定代詞的用法不定代詞有both,either,neither,one,theother,another,little,few,some,any,each,every,no,none等，從實際應(yīng)用和理解出發(fā)，重點學(xué)習(xí)以下幾個：(一)both,either,neither(二)one,another,theother(三)little,alittle,few,afew(四)some/any,no/none,each/every,many/much不定代詞含義數(shù)量關(guān)系作定語時名詞的數(shù)作主語時動詞的數(shù)Both兩者都=2復(fù)數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)Either兩者中的任何一個=2單數(shù)單數(shù)Neither兩者都不=2單數(shù)單數(shù)All三者或三者以上都≥3單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)None三者或三者以上都不≥3○單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)Each每一個≥2單數(shù)單數(shù)Every每一個≥3單數(shù)單數(shù)(一)both,either,neitherboth為“兩者都”，neither為“兩者都不”，either為“兩者之一”。這三個單詞都用于指兩個人或物，在句中可作主語、賓語和定語。作主語：1)Both(ofthem)enjoyedtherice.他們兩人喜歡吃米飯。2)Neither(ofus)isadoctor.我們倆都不是醫(yī)生。3)Either(ofyou)willgo.隨你們哪個去都可以。注意：作主語時，both后面的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。neither,either后面的謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。作定語：1)BothZhangHua'sfatherandmotherworkerworkinahospital,butneitheroneisadoctor.張華的父母親在一所醫(yī)院工作，但都不是醫(yī)生。2)Youmaytakeeitherapple.兩個蘋果任你拿一個。作賓語：1)Ilikebothofthetoysverymuch.

我非常喜歡這兩件玩具。2)Theboycouldfindneitherofthemandwentaway.

這男孩找不到他們倆就走開了。both還可作同位語，它們句中的位置是在動詞be，助動詞或情態(tài)動詞的后面，但在實義動詞前面。1)Theyarebothingoodhealth.

他們兩人身體都很好。2)Theywillbothgothere.

他們兩人都收到那兒去。3)Theybothagreedtotakepartinthebirthdayparty.他們兩人都答應(yīng)參加生日晚會。此外，either可作副詞用于否定句，表示“也”，相當(dāng)于肯定句中的“too”。Thisisnotmine.Thatisnot,either.

這不是我的，那也不是。neither表示“也不”的時候，常用在倒裝的結(jié)構(gòu)形式中：Idon'tliketoplayfootball.Neitherdoeshe.我不喜歡踢足球，他也不喜歡。Shehasn'tgotabike.NeitherhaveI.他沒自行車，我也沒有。

注意，both和and,either和or,neither和nor可構(gòu)成連詞。表示“和……兩個都”，連接主語時謂語動詞是復(fù)數(shù)；“不是……就是”；“或……或”，“既不……也不”；“……都不”連接兩個并列主語時謂語動詞的數(shù)一般應(yīng)與靠近謂語動詞的主語保持一致，如：1)BothZhangandWangaregoodstudents.

張、王都是好學(xué)生。2)Eitheryouorheisright.

不是你就是他對的。3)Neitherhenoriamascientist.

他和我都不是科學(xué)家。(二)one,another,theother1.one常用來作代詞，替代前文所出現(xiàn)的可數(shù)名詞，表示人或物，以避免重復(fù)。例如：Ihaven'tgotaballpen.I'llhavetobuyone.(=aballpen)

我沒圓珠筆，我得去買一支。Heisonetothinkmoreofothers.

他是個能多為別人著想的人。2.theother,another都可解釋為“另一個”。other加上定冠詞用于兩者中的另一個，another指三者以上中的另一個。例如：Hewastwobrothers.Oneisadoctor,theotherisateacher.We'vereceivedtwoparcels,onefrommyuncle,theotherfrommyaunt.Idon'tlikethisone,showmeanother,please.I'vejustboughtthreethings.Oneisawalkman,anotherisapocket

calculator,thethirdisavideogame.3.another還有“再……”的意思，例如：Haveanothercupofcoffee,please.再喝一杯咖啡吧！Shecouldhavetostayhereforanotherweek.他將在這里再待一個星期。4.other有“另外”的含義。例如：Wherearetheotherstudents?其他學(xué)生在哪里？Theboyismuchclevererthantheothertwo.這孩子比另兩個更聰明。5.others和theothers表示復(fù)數(shù)的泛指和特指。例如：Intheparksomeareplayinggames.Othersarewalkingneartheriver.Ihavefivecolourpencils.Oneisred,anotherisblueandtheothersaregreen.6.therest也可作“其余的”解釋。它用作主語時注意謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。例如：TherestofhislifewasspentinAmerica.他的余生是在美國度過的。Hehaseightbooks.TwoareinEnglish.TherestareinChinese.他有幾本書，兩本是英文，其余的是中文。(三)little,alittle,few,afew1.little與alittle兩者都用來修飾不可數(shù)名詞，little作“很少”，“幾乎沒有”解，有否定的意思，alittle作“少許”、“有一點”解，有肯定的意思，例如：Inthiswaytheycanmakethetripwithjustalittlemoney.用這種方法他們只花很少的錢就能旅行。Thereislittleleft,isthere?沒剩多少了，是嗎？2.few,afew用來修飾可數(shù)名詞，前者表示否定，后者表示肯定。AfewofusspeakEnglishwell.我們中有幾個人英語講得很好。Therewerefeweggsisthefridge,sohewenttothesupermarketandboughtsome.冰箱里幾乎沒雞蛋了，所以他去超市買了一些。3.few作主語時，謂語動詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)，例如：

Fewmenknowthis,dothey?4.常用詞組有quiteafew(好幾個)，onlyafew(只有一個)，averyfew(極少數(shù))。例如：HestudiedChineseforquiteafewyears.他學(xué)漢語已有好幾年了。(四)some/any,no/none,each/every,many/much（1）some和any:some(一些，某個)句中可作主語、賓語、定語等，常用于肯定句。作定語時，它可修飾可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，可數(shù)名詞是單數(shù)時，some表示“某個”的意思。例如：Therearesomenewspapersonthetable.Iamgoingtobuysomeorangejuice.Haveyouanyquestions?Yes,Ihavesome.Ihavereadthatinsomemagazine.當(dāng)說活者表示提議、請求或期望得到肯定回答時，在疑問句中也可用some。例如：Wouldyoulikesometea?Couldyoulendmesomemoney?any“一些”用法相同于some,但多用于疑問句、否定句或條件從句。例如：Isthereanyinkinyourpen?Putupyourhandsifyouhaveanyquestions.注意：1.any用于肯定句中有“任何一個”解。常用于比較級句子中。

Tomrunsfasterthananyotherboyinhisclass.Tomrunsfasterthananyoftheotherboysinhisclass.2.some,any,every,no可以與body,thing,one構(gòu)成合成代詞，這些代詞都作單數(shù)看待，表示人或物：Somethingiswrongwithmybike.Somethingisaskingtoseeyou.Nobodyisabsent.Ifyouwantanything,callme.（2）no和none:none(沒有一個，全不，都不)是名詞性的不定代詞，可作主語和賓語，常和of短語連用，不以作定語。none作主語代替不可數(shù)名詞時，謂語用單數(shù)形式。代替可數(shù)名詞時，謂語用單、復(fù)數(shù)均可。例如：Noneofusis/arefromBeijing.Noneofthemoneyismine.none與all相對，有“全不”“全部”的含義，因此all是全肯定，none是all的全部否定，但都指三者以上的人或物。Weallmademistakes.Noneofuswascorrect.no是形容詞性的不定代詞，只能用作定語，可修飾可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞。no等于nota或notany加上名詞。例如：Ihavenomoney.Ihavenotanymoney.noone相當(dāng)于nobody，意為沒有人，謂語用單數(shù)。（3）each和every：each(每個，各自的)強調(diào)個體，可作主語、賓語、定語、同位語。every(每個，一切的)相當(dāng)于all，強調(diào)整體，只能作定語。Eachboyhasadictionary.每個孩子都有一本詞典。Everyboyhasadictionary.所有的孩子都有一本詞典。注意：every構(gòu)成的常用詞組everyotherday

每隔一天/everyotherfivedays每隔五天everyotherline每隔一行/everyfivedays每五天（4）many和much：many修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，much修飾不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，它們可用在肯定句、否定句和疑問句中，還可在肯定句中作主語或修飾主語。例如：Somuchfortoday.Therearemanybusesandcarsinthestreet.many已被alotof,alargenumberof,agreatmany所代替。much已被alotof,plentyof,agooddealof,agreat(large)quantityof所代替。但alotof/lotsof只能用于肯定句。1.______ofthemknewabouttheplanbecauseitwaskeptasecret.A.Each B.Any C.Noone D.None2.Wecouldn’teatinarestaurantbecause______ofushad______moneyonus.A.all;noB.any;no C.none;anyD.noone;any3.Thereisatreeon_______sideofthestreet.A.everyB.all C.eitherD.both4.Thereisadeskon_______sideoftheroom.A.bothB.either C.allD.every5.—WhichsidecanIsitontheboat?—Ifyousitstill,youcansiton_______.A.everysideB.allsides C.bothsidesD.eitherside6.Itissaidthat_______ofhisparentshavegonetoBeijing.A.allB.every C.bothD.either7.Somestudentsareabsent-minded,_______ofthemheardwhattheteachersaid.A.allB.none C.everyD.notall8.—Is_______here?—No,BobandTimhaveaskedforleave.A.anybodyB.somebody C.everybodyD.nobody9.Theywereallverytired,but______ofthemwouldstoptotakearest.A.anyB.some C.noneD.neither10.—CanyoucomeonMondayorTuesday?—I’mafraid_______dayispossible.A.eitherB.neither C.some D.any11.Ifyouwanttochangeforadoubleroomyou’llhavetopay_____﹩5.A.anotherB.other C.moreD.each12.—Whichofthetwobooksdoyouwant?—Iwant_____.Pleaseshowme______.A.none;another B.all;theotherC.neither;theother D.neither;another13._____sideofthestreetislinedwithdifferentshops,____ofwhichsellelectronicproducts.A.Both;both B.Either;allC.Neither;either D.Either;both14.—Doyouneedanythingelse?—Yes,westillneed______aircrafts.A.moretwo B.twomoreC.othertwopiecesof D.twootherpiecesof15.Ihadnoideawhichwasbetter,soItook_____ofthem.A.anyB.every C.noneD.both16.—Theexaminationwaseasy,wasn’tit?—Yes,butIdon’tthink______couldpassit.A.somebodyB.anybody C.nobodyD.everybody三不定代詞的肯定與否定全部肯定all,both,everyone(body),everything,表示全部肯定全部否定noone,none,nothing,nobody,no...any表示全部否定部分否定not+表示全部肯定的詞=表示部分否定Exercise加入練習(xí)，看雅思試題第四課時形容詞和副詞一形容詞作不同成分的用法修飾名詞復(fù)合詞hard-working，man-made,world-famous,time-consuming,five-star,three-legged,ready-made,kind-hearted,ordinary-looking(2)形容詞前置要注意多個形容詞的順序多個形容詞修飾名詞時，其順序為：

限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色)--出處--材料性質(zhì)，類別--名詞美（描述）小圓（形狀）舊黃（顏色），法國（出處）木（材質(zhì)）書（用途）房eg:thefirstbeautifulsmallwhiteChinesewoodenbridgeJohnSmith,asuccessfulbusinessman,hasacar.A．largeGermanwhite B．largewhiteGermanC．whitelargeGerman D．Germanlargewhite(3)形容詞后置*單個形容詞后置proper(本身),present(在場的，出席的),involved(有關(guān)的),

concerned(相關(guān)的),left(剩下的),objecting(反對的),

mentioned(提及的),selected(當(dāng)選的)等。如thestudentspresent(出席的學(xué)生)，thecostinvolved(所需費用)*形容詞短語后置----adj.todoe.g.Heisamantodifficulttoplease----old,long等附有數(shù)量的詞e.g.Isawasnakeaboutameterlong.----成對形容詞e.g.Therewasahugeroom,simpleandbeautiful.下列情況也要后置：

a.some,any,no,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞的修飾語要后置．如：somethingnew;nothingserious;anythinginteresting

b.else修飾不定代詞和疑問代詞時，要后置。如：Nobodyelseissosillyasyouare.

c.不定式短語，動名詞短語，分詞短語，介詞短語做定語要后置。如：Doyoustillremembertheafternooninthefirstyearatcollegewhentheprofessorgaveusachemistrylesson?

d.以a-開頭的形容詞做定語要后置．如：alike,alive,alone,asleep,afraid,awake…如：Heistheonlymanawakeatthattime.作表語Heisasleep.Iamprettysure.作狀語Hereturnedhome,safeandsound.Heisstandinghere,fulloffear二形容詞的比較等級1.as…as1）在否定句或疑問句中可用so…as。

Hecannotrunso/asfastasyou.

2）當(dāng)as…as中間有名詞時采用以下格式。

as+形容詞+a+單數(shù)名詞

as+many/much+名詞

Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.

Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan..

3）用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時，放在as的前面。

Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.

Yourroomisthesamesizeasmine.4)倍數(shù)+the+n+of<=>倍數(shù)+as+adj.+asThisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.

Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.

Yourroomistwiceaslargeasmine.

Yourroomistwicethesizeofmine.5)數(shù)量詞+senior/junior+toHeissevenyearsseniortohiswife.Iamthreeyearsjuniortomyeldersister.２、morethan結(jié)構(gòu)1）要避免重復(fù)使用比較級。

(錯)Heismoreclevererthanhisbrother.

(對)Heisclevererthanhisbrother.

2）要避免將主語含在比較對象中。

(錯)ChinaislargerthatanycountryinAsia.

(對)ChinaislargerthananyothercountryinAsia.

3）要注意對應(yīng)句型，遵循前后一致的原則。

ThepopulationofShanghaiislargerthanthatofBeijing.

Itiseasiertomakeaplanthantocarryitout.4）程度詞abit,alittle,rather,much,far,byfar,many,alot,lots,agreatdeal,any,still,even等詞可修飾比較級。除外，還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。以上詞(除byfar)外，必須置于比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。而byfar一般置于比較級之后和最高級之前。3：ThenumberofpeoplepresentattheconcertwasExercise:_______thanexpected.Thereweremanyticketsleft.（04福建）A．muchsmaller B．muchmore C．muchlarger D．manymore３、ofthetwo結(jié)構(gòu)問題1：Ofthetwoshirts,I’dliketochoose_____one.A.thelessexpensive B.themostexpensiveC.lessexpensive D.mostexpensive問題2：Ifthemanagerhadtochoosebetweenthetwo,hewouldsayJohnwas________choice.A.good B.thebest C.better D.thebetter在ofthetwo結(jié)構(gòu)中，比較級前要加the，但如果不在ofthetwo結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意冠詞的使用。后有名詞的時候，前面才有可能有冠詞。

比較：Whichislarger,CanadaorAustralia?

Whichisthelargercountry,CanadaorAustralia?

Sheistallerthanhertwosisters.

Sheisthetallerofthetwosisters.4、the+最高級+比較范圍1)形容詞最高級前必須用定冠詞the，副詞最高級前可不用。Theshortestboyrunsfastestinthe100-meterrace.形容詞most前面沒有the，不表示最高級的含義，只表示“非?！薄?/p>

Itisamostimportantproblem.

=Itisaveryimportantproblem.

注意：使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。

(錯)Tomisthetallestofhisthreebrothers.

(對)Tomisthetallestofthethreebrothers.2)下列詞可修飾最高級，byfar,far,much,mostly,almost

Thishatisnearly/almostthebiggest.注意：

a.very可修飾最高級，但位置與much不同。

Thisistheverybest.Thisismuchthebest.

b.序數(shù)詞通常只修飾最高級。

Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.

3)句型轉(zhuǎn)換：

Mikeisthemostintelligentinhisclass.

Mikeismoreintelligentthananyotherstudentinhisclass.

4)“否定詞語+比較級”，“否定詞語+so…as”結(jié)構(gòu)表示最高級含義。

Nothingissoeasyasthis.

=Nothingiseasierthanthis.

=Thisistheeasiestthing.問題1：Davidhaswonthefirstprizeinsinging;heisstillveryexcitednowandfeels________desiretogotobed.A.themostB.moreC.worseD.theleast問題2：Greenland,________islandintheworld,coversovertwomillionsquarekilometers.A.itisthelargest B.thatisthelargest C.isthelargest D.thelargest5、和more有關(guān)的詞組1)themore…themore…越……就越……

Theharderyouwork，thegreaterprogressyou‘llmake.

2)moreBthanA與其說A不如說B

lessAthanB

Heismorelazythanslowathiswork.

=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.

3)nomore…than…與……一樣(不)……，不比……多

TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.

noless…than…與……一樣……

Heisnolessdiligentthanyou.

4)morethan不只是，非常

Sheismorethankindtousall.第五課時謂語動詞最常用的幾種時態(tài)與時間狀語的搭配一般現(xiàn)在every…,sometimes,at…,onSunday現(xiàn)在進行now,現(xiàn)在完成for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inthepastyears,always,recently一般過去yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982,justnow過去進行thismorning,thewholemorning,allday,yesterday,fromninetotenlastevening…when,while過去完成…before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas一般將來next…,tomorrow,in…過去將來多用在間接引語中表示發(fā)生在謂語動作以后的動作一、一般現(xiàn)在時的用法1)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作，常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語：every…,sometimes,at…,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.Hecyclestoworkeveryday.2)客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.Waterboilsat100centigradedegrees3)表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.驕者必敗。注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.4)現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。Idon'twantsomuch.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.比較：NowIputthesugarinthecup.Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now是進行時的標(biāo)志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況。知識擴展：一般現(xiàn)在時表將來1）下列動詞：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。這主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.2）倒裝句，表示動作正在進行，如：Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.3）在時間或條件句中。WhenBillcomes(不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme.I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.4）在動詞hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后。Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.二、一般過去時的用法1）在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。時間狀語有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。Wheredidyougojustnow?IsawTominthestreetyesterday.IboughtthisTVsetinBeijinglastyear.2）表示在過去一段時間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.Healwayswenttoworkbybus.Heusedtoactlikethat.3）用過去時表示現(xiàn)在，表示語氣委婉禮貌。（1）動詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如：Didyouwantanythingelse?Iwantedtoaskyouaboutthat.Didyouwanttospeaktomenow?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.（2）情態(tài)動詞could,would，例如：Couldyoulendmeyourbike?4）用在條件句中表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦嵅环奶摂M語氣。IfIwereabird,IwouldflytoBeijing.Ifhewereherenow,wecouldturntohimforhelp.注意比較下列句型：◎Itistimeforsb.todosth“到……時間了；該……了”，例如：Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你該睡覺了?！騃tistimesb.didsth.“時間已遲了；早該……了”，例如：Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早該睡覺了?！騱ould(had)rathersb.didsth.表示“寧愿某人做某事”，例如：I'dratheryoucametomorrow.一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.(含義：她已不在人間。)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)三、一般將來時1)shall用于第一人稱，常被will所代替。will在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時常用于第二人稱。WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst？Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?2)begoingto+不定式，表示將來。a.主語的意圖，即將做某事或打算做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth.c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事Lookatthedarkclouds;thereisgoingtobeastorm.3)b