科學(xué)在文化中的定位與挑戰(zhàn)課件

科學(xué)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)背后

的文化意義科學(xué)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)背后的文化意義

科學(xué)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)科學(xué)家科學(xué)社會(huì)學(xué)家

(哲學(xué)社會(huì)學(xué)文化研究)STS(科學(xué).技術(shù).社會(huì))

歷史背景

Sokal'sHoax(索可的惡作劇)"SocialText"(Spring/Summer,1996)P.217-252TransgressingtheBoundaries:TowardsaTransformativeHermeneuticsofQuantumGravity

AlanD.Sokal

DepartmentofPhysics

NewYorkUniversity

4WashingtonPlace

NewYork,NY10003USA

Internet:SOKAL@NYU.EDU

Telephone:(212)998-7729

Fax:(212)995-4016

November28,1994

revisedMay13,1995Note:ThisarticlewaspublishedinSocialText#46/47,pp.217-252(spring/summer1996).BiographicalInformation:TheauthorisaProfessorofPhysicsatNewYorkUniversity.HehaslecturedwidelyinEuropeandLatinAmerica,includingattheUniversitàdiRoma``LaSapienza''and,duringtheSandinistagovernment,attheUniversidadNacionalAutónomadeNicaragua.Heisco-authorwithRobertoFernándezandJürgFr?hlichofRandomWalks,CriticalPhenomena,andTrivialityinQuantumFieldTheory(Springer,1992).Transgressingdisciplinaryboundaries...[is]asubversiveundertakingsinceitislikelytoviolatethesanctuariesofacceptedwaysofperceiving.Amongthemostfortifiedboundarieshavebeenthosebetweenthenaturalsciencesandthehumanities.--ValerieGreenberg,TransgressiveReadings(1990,1)

Thestruggleforthetransformationofideologyintocriticalscience...proceedsonthefoundationthatthecritiqueofallpresuppositionsofscienceandideologymustbetheonlyabsoluteprincipleofscience.--StanleyAronowitz,ScienceasPower(1988b,339)

Therearemanynaturalscientists,andespeciallyphysicists,whocontinuetorejectthenotionthatthedisciplinesconcernedwithsocialandculturalcriticismcanhaveanythingtocontribute,exceptperhapsperipherally,totheirresearch.Stilllessaretheyreceptivetotheideathattheveryfoundationsoftheirworldviewmustberevisedorrebuiltinthelightofsuchcriticism.Rather,theyclingtothedogmaimposedbythelongpost-EnlightenmenthegemonyovertheWesternintellectualoutlook,whichcanbesummarizedbrieflyasfollows:thatthereexistsanexternalworld,whosepropertiesareindependentofanyindividualhumanbeingandindeedofhumanityasawhole;thatthesepropertiesareencodedin``eternal''physicallaws;andthathumanbeingscanobtainreliable,albeitimperfectandtentative,knowledgeoftheselawsbyhewingtothe``objective''proceduresandepistemologicalstricturesprescribedbythe(so-called)scientificmethod.

帕叵KarlPopper費(fèi)耶阿本PaulFeyeraben拉卡托司ImreLakatos孔恩ThomasKuhn拉圖BrunoLatour

謝平StevenShapin

KARLPOPPER

1902-1994

TheoremisScientific

onlyif

itcanbeFalsifiedIsthisfalsifiabilitytheorem

falsifiable?Atheoryisaninvention,anactofcreation,basedmoreonascientist’sintuitionthanonpreexistingempiricaldataThehistoryofscienceiseverywherespeculativeTheOpenSociety

and

itsEnemiesTheOpenSocietybyoneofitsEnemies帕叵KarlPopper費(fèi)耶阿本PaulFeyeraben拉卡托司ImreLakatos孔恩ThomasKuhn拉圖BrunoLatour

謝平StevenShapin

PaulFeyerabend

(1924-February11,1994)FarewelltoReasonThebesteducationconsistsinimmunizingpeopleagainstsystematicattemptsateducationAgainstMethodThereisnoanysingleformofreasoningthatcanbelabelled“thescientificmethod”帕叵KarlPopper費(fèi)耶阿本PaulFeyeraben拉卡托司ImreLakatos孔恩ThomasKuhn拉圖BrunoLatour

謝平StevenShapin

ImreLakatos(1922-1974)IMRELAKATOS帕叵KarlPopper費(fèi)耶阿本PaulFeyeraben拉卡托司ImreLakatos孔恩ThomasKuhn拉圖BrunoLatour

謝平StevenShapin

ThomasS.Kuhn

(1922-1996)帕叵KarlPopper費(fèi)耶阿本PaulFeyeraben拉卡托司ImreLakatos孔恩ThomasKuhn拉圖BrunoLatour

謝平StevenShapin

BrunoLatour

臺(tái)灣的戰(zhàn)火氣功經(jīng)脈絡(luò)超感官知覺(jué)(ESP)(ExtraSensoryPerception)

文化差異展現(xiàn)不同的意義

希臘傳統(tǒng)中的“原子”

波義爾氣壓的實(shí)證

拉瓦錫定義化學(xué)元素

化學(xué)反應(yīng)中的化約觀

原子論道爾頓

ROBERTBOYLE(1627-91)

RobertBoyle(1627-91)publicóunmanuscrito(ContinuacióndelosNuevosExperimentos),1669,queincluíadescripcionesdeunbarómetrodeaguayunnuevobarómetrodesifón.LaRoyalSocietyestabaparticularmenteimpresionadaconlaposibilidaddetransportaresteinstrumento.

Lavoisier,

Antoine

(1743-1794)

1788Oiloncanvas

MetropolitanMusuemofArt,NewYork

PortraitofAntoine-LaurentandMarie-AnneLavoisier(detail)ThePhlogistonTheory

ChemistrywassounderdevelopedatthetimeLavoisiergainedinterestinitthatitcouldhardlybecalledascience.TheprevailingviewofcombustionwasthePhlogistonTheorywhichinvolvedaweightlessornearlyweightlesssubstanceknownasphlogiston.Metalsandfirewereconsideredtoberichinphlogistonandearthwasconsideredoxygenpoor.

JohnDalton-fatherofthemodernatomictheoryLavoisierdefinitionofthechemicalelementswasanessentialfoundationforDalton’satomictheory物理學(xué)的化約論

1895年拉瑟福德原子核

1898年湯普生

電子的發(fā)現(xiàn)

質(zhì)子、中子、電子

更小的粒子輕子和夸克

ErnestRutherford

J.J.ThomsonJ.J.ThomsonJ.J.ThomsonJ.J.ThomsonJ.J.Thomson

J.J.Thomson

物理學(xué)的化約論

1895年拉瑟福德原子核

1897年湯普生

電子的發(fā)現(xiàn)

質(zhì)子、中子、電子

更小的粒子輕子和夸克

QuantumTheorytimeline

Atthestartofthetwentiethcentury,scientistsbelievedthattheyunderstoodthemostfundamentalprinciplesofnature.Atomsweresolidbuildingblocksofnature;peopletrustedNewtonianlawsofmotion;mostoftheproblemsofphysicsseemedtobesolved.However,startingwithEinstein'stheoryofrelativitywhichreplacedNewtonianmechanics,scientistsgraduallyrealizedthattheirknowledgewasfarfromcomplete.Ofparticularinterestwasthegrowingfieldofquantummechanics,whichcompletelyalteredthefundamentalpreceptsofphysics.

Particlesdiscovered1898-1964

MurrayGell-Mann量子力學(xué)的成功和限度

海森堡測(cè)不準(zhǔn)原理

哥本哈根的詮釋

薛丁格的貓

愛(ài)因斯坦的反對(duì)

上帝不玩骰子

"Themoreprecisely

thePOSITION

isdetermined,

thelessprecisely

theMOMENTUMisknown"

量子力學(xué)的成功和限度

海森堡測(cè)不準(zhǔn)原理

哥本哈根的詮釋

薛丁格的貓

愛(ài)因斯坦的反對(duì)

上帝不玩骰子

MaxBornNielsBohrScientistsattheNeilsBohrInstitute(1936)ScientistsattheNeilsBohrInstitute(1950)Schr?dinger'sCat

Godplaysnodice.

量子力學(xué)是令人贊嘆的，但是有一個(gè)內(nèi)在的聲音告訴我，這還不是真正的貨色。這個(gè)理論有很大的貢獻(xiàn)，但是他并不使我們更多一點(diǎn)的接近上帝的奧秘。無(wú)論如何，我不相信上帝是擲骰子的。

我正在辛苦的工作，要從廣義相對(duì)論的微分方程，推導(dǎo)出看作奇點(diǎn)的物質(zhì)粒子的運(yùn)動(dòng)方程。

1926年12月4日愛(ài)因斯坦致波爾信函FreemanDyson,frogprinceofphysics

FreemanDysonlovesthemetaphorthatdividesscientistsintotwogroups:Birds,wholookdownuponeverythingandhaveaGod's-eyeviewoftheworld,andfrogs,whospendtheirtimeinthemud.TherenownedPrincetonphysicistcallshimselfafrog."I'mnotagainstthefirstgroup,buttheytakeanexaltedviewofscience.Frogstypicallyenjoyexploringthingslocallyanddevelopingskills."

TheTuscanlandscapeformsthebackgroundofthisphotographofRosalindFranklin,takeninthespringof1950byherfriendVittorioLuzzati.(CourtesyofVittorioLuzzati.)

生物學(xué)的效尤

分子生物學(xué)到基因科學(xué)

實(shí)證的迷思

和

認(rèn)知的困境

跳不動(dòng)的青蛙

走不出迷宮的老鼠

TwocriteriafortheEmpiricalScienceRepeatReproduceRedefinationoftheEmpiricalScience自圓其說(shuō)

(SelfConsistency)運(yùn)作有效

(OperationEffective)

「自然科學(xué)」本身絕無(wú)資格稱為「嚴(yán)格之學(xué)」。

不管是那一門(mén)自然科學(xué)—物理、天文、化學(xué)、生物、醫(yī)學(xué)、心理學(xué)等等—都建立在兩個(gè)未經(jīng)嚴(yán)格批判就加以接受的「預(yù)設(shè)」或假定之上：

1、自然科學(xué)家毫不批判的接納他們所研究的對(duì)象的—外在世界和內(nèi)在世界—的「實(shí)有性」和「存在性」的看法，無(wú)疑假定研究對(duì)象的真實(shí)性。

2、自然科學(xué)家毫不究問(wèn)的假定人類有認(rèn)知外在

世界的能力。

奧地利的現(xiàn)象學(xué)大師胡塞爾

(EdmundGustavAlbrechtHusserl)

NielsBohr

Ithinkitissafetosaythatnooneunderstandsquantummechanics.

Donotkeepsayingtoyourself,ifyoucanpossiblyavoidit,"Buthowcanitbelikethat?"becauseyouwillget"downthedrain"intoablindalleyfromwhichnobodyhasyetescaped."~RichardFeynman

Thosewhoarenotshockedwhentheyfirstcomeacrossquantummechanicscannotpossiblyhaveunderstoodit.~NielsBohr如果一個(gè)人說(shuō)他可以思考量子物理而不感到疑惑迷糊，那只是表示出他完全不懂得量子物理是怎么一回事。

量子力學(xué)大師波爾（NeilsBohr)EugenePaulWigner

1902-1995TheNobelPrizeinPhysics1963

Thus,relativistic

QuantumTheory

isatleast

fourlaversDeep.“TheLimitofScience”ByEegeneP.Wigner

「人們沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)自己所做實(shí)驗(yàn)的選擇性質(zhì)，選擇是建立在概念上的，而這個(gè)概念也許是不合適的。」

「每個(gè)人創(chuàng)造力的生理局限和社會(huì)局限，可能比自然的局限性更為

當(dāng)代物理大師楊振寧

1961年在美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院

百年校慶論壇發(fā)表的看法

「一種化約論的學(xué)說(shuō)并不就是一種建構(gòu)論的學(xué)說(shuō)?！埂妇邆鋵⑷魏问挛锘s成簡(jiǎn)單基本定律的能力，并不就代表能夠靠這些基本定律去建構(gòu)宇宙?！埂甘聦?shí)上，粒子物理學(xué)家告訴我們?cè)蕉嗷径傻奶匦?，他們和其他科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中而真正要緊問(wèn)題的相關(guān)也就越少，和社會(huì)中真正要緊問(wèn)題的關(guān)聯(lián)，則更加的少?！埂附?gòu)論的學(xué)說(shuō)，遇上尺度和復(fù)雜性的雙難局面時(shí)就說(shuō)不通了?！?/p>

諾貝爾物理獎(jiǎng)得主安德森(P.W.Anderson)Humansciencefaceanimpassesincetheircentralconceptoftheselfistranscendental.

人類科學(xué)面對(duì)了一個(gè)難局，因?yàn)樗麑?duì)于本身的中心概念是先驗(yàn)的。

史登（GuntherS.Stent)

FriarsofSt.Thomas

Mendelstandingfourthfromright生物基因的化約思維由胚胎細(xì)胞復(fù)制的MeganMorag(1995)由成熟細(xì)胞復(fù)制的桃莉

生物基因的化約思維桃莉羊的故事由胚胎細(xì)胞復(fù)制的MeganMorag(1995)由成熟細(xì)胞復(fù)制的桃莉IANWILMUT生物基因的化約思維桃莉羊的故事由胚胎細(xì)胞復(fù)制的MeganMorag(1995)由成熟細(xì)胞復(fù)制的桃莉桃莉出生(1996,7,5)

桃莉問(wèn)世(1997,2,22)

桃莉死亡(2003,2,14)Nucleartransfer

RoslinInstitute

MeganandMorag

RoslinInstituteThepioneerofTheNuclearTransferHansSpemann(1869-1941).CourtesyoftheMaxPlanckSocietyFriedrichMiescherLaboratory.JohnGurdon(1933-).CourtesyofJ.G.DollyRoslinInstitute生物基因的化約思維桃莉羊的故事由胚胎細(xì)胞復(fù)制的MeganMorag(1995)由成熟細(xì)胞復(fù)制的桃莉桃莉出生(1996,7,5)

桃莉問(wèn)世(1997,2,22)

桃莉死亡(2003,2,14)生物基因的化約思維桃莉羊的故事由胚胎細(xì)胞復(fù)制的MeganMorag(1995)由成熟細(xì)胞復(fù)制的桃莉桃莉出生(1996,7,5)

桃莉問(wèn)世(1997,2,22)

桃莉死亡(2003,2,14)

Dollywithherlambs

RoslinInstituteDollythesheep1996-2003

生物基因的化約思維桃莉羊的故事由胚胎細(xì)胞復(fù)制的MeganMorag(1995)由成熟細(xì)胞復(fù)制的桃莉桃莉出生(1996,7,5)

桃莉問(wèn)世(1997,2,22)

桃莉死亡(2003,2,14)TheSecondCreation:DollyandtheAgeofBiologicalControl

Dollyandhumancloning

克隆(Clone)技術(shù)的爭(zhēng)議克隆(Clone)技術(shù)的爭(zhēng)議克隆(Clone)技術(shù)的爭(zhēng)議克隆(Clone)技術(shù)的爭(zhēng)議克隆(Clone)技術(shù)的爭(zhēng)議

人類基因定序計(jì)劃的故事科學(xué)知識(shí)市場(chǎng)商機(jī)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)生物化約的危機(jī)非線性因素部分和整體的意義基因科技紅燒獅子頭

CeleraGenomicsGroupCommonStock

人類基因定序計(jì)劃的故事科學(xué)知識(shí)市場(chǎng)商機(jī)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)生物化約的危機(jī)非線性因素部分和整體的意義基因科技紅燒獅子頭Genomics:

Thedoghasitsday

黃禹錫的爭(zhēng)議研究

Stem-cellpioneeraccusedoffakingdataNature420,116-118(14November2002);doi:10.1038/420116a<>Genetherapy:Atragicsetback

WithoneFrenchgene-therapypatienthavingdevelopedaformofcancer,afranticdetectiveeffortisunderwaytodeterminewhatwentwrongandtoassesstherisksfacedbyothers.ErikaCheckreports.

Untilafewweeksago,athree-year-oldboywhoseidentityremainsconfidentialwasabeaconofhopeforgenetherapists.Heisoneof11childrenwithseverecombinedimmunedeficiency(SCID)toreceiveapioneeringtreatmentfromateamledbyAlainFischerandMarinaCavazzana-CalvooftheNeckerHospitalforSickChildreninParis.Itworked,providingthefirstproofthatgenetherapycancurealife-threateningdisease1.Now,however,theboyhasdevelopedaleukaemia-likeconditionthatmostexpertsbelievewascausedbytheverytreatmentthatcuredhisSCID.Thefieldofgenetherapyisinturmoil,asscientistsandmedicalauthoritiestrytofigureouthowtoproceedwithtrials“Molecularistheonethingthatunitedallofthetheoriesanddiscoveries.”“Andlikeallofus,biologistsneedheroes.”“WatsonandCrick’sstructureforDNAhasbecomepartofthesocialstructuralofbiology.”RobertOlby,ScienceHistorian,UniversityofPittsburg,Pennsyvania.“Thedayislate,andeventhepygmycancastlongshadow.”

ErwinChargaffBiologistwhofoundthatletters(A),(T)&(C),(G)comesinpairs.

人類基因定序計(jì)劃的故事科學(xué)知識(shí)市場(chǎng)商機(jī)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)生物化約的危機(jī)非線性因素部分和整體的意義基因科技紅燒獅子頭誰(shuí)是哈維爾(VaclavHavel)

AlexanderDubcekandthe'PragueSpring‘AlexanderDubcek

1921-1992PragueSpring1968:Russiabringswinterto'PragueSpring'PragueSpring1968:Russiabringswinterto'PragueSpring'

MilanKundera,TheUnbearableLightnessofBeing,

andPrague

布拉格的春天

CheGuevara

Thoughcommunismmayhavelostitsfire,heremainsthepotentsymbolofrebellionandthealluringzealofrevolution.

CubanrevolutionaryleaderErnesto"Che"GuevaraatHavanaairportin1962Aug.8,1960革命前夕的-摩托車日記TheMotorcycleDiaries

WorkersandstudentsmarchinParis,May1968.

中國(guó)大陸文化大革命

誰(shuí)是哈維爾(VaclavHavel)Charter77wasverymuchHavel'sbaby,althoughhedidnotwriteitalone.ItwasanappealtothegovernmenttorespectthebasichumanrightsandfreedomstowhichCzechoslovakiahadcommitteditselfwiththeInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightssignedinHelsinkiin1975.By5thJanuary1977whenCharter77waspublished,ithad242signatories.哈維爾(VaclavHavel)

哈維爾的”近代紀(jì)元的終結(jié)”

TheEndofModernEra

誰(shuí)是喬治布朗

(GeorgeBrownJr)LateCongressmanGeorgeBrownJr.

誰(shuí)是布里辛斯基

(ZbigniewBrzezinski)PresidentCarter'sNationalSecurityAdvisor

ZbigniewBrzezinski

布里辛斯基

(ZbigniewBrzezinski)

"失控“

OutofControl

--GlobalTurmoilontheEveofthe21thCentury

放任的富裕

(PermissiveCornucopia)

何不食肉糜的現(xiàn)代啟示錄

高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

少年飚車式的發(fā)展

竭澤而漁的近代醫(yī)療企業(yè)系統(tǒng)

HealthCare(健康醫(yī)療)

SicknessCare(病態(tài)醫(yī)療)竭澤而漁的近代醫(yī)療

企業(yè)系統(tǒng)

HealthCare(健康醫(yī)療)

SicknessCare(病態(tài)醫(yī)療)

世界的真實(shí)現(xiàn)況

可交換的軟件和不可交換的生存

ForumEngelberg1997FOOD

&WATERAQUESTIONOFSURVIVAL18-21March1997-8thConferencePresident:SONGJian

StateCouncillor,Minister,

People'sRepublicofChina,Beijing

Co-President:JakobNüESCH

President,SwissFederalInstituteofTechnology,ZürichwiththeparticipationoftherepresentativeoftheSwissConfederation:

J.-PascalDELAMURAZ,FederalCouncillor,FederalDepartmentofEconomicAffairs,Switzerland,BernCopyright:ASSOCIATIONFORUMENGELBERG

Saturday

December

13th

2003Morethanone-thirdofchildrenintheUnitedStatesliveinlow-incomefamilies,[1]meaningtheirparentsearnuptodoublewhatisconsideredpovertyinthiscountry.Thefederalpovertylevelforafamilyoffour(2004)is$18,850.[2]Ethiopiaisonceagainfacingtheprospectofwidespreadfamineas11millionpeoplesufferseverefoodshortages.我們的天氣怎么了?溫室效應(yīng),天氣變暖,冰山融解,海面升高氣溫下降,冰河來(lái)臨到底那一個(gè)是科學(xué)上的共識(shí)?明天過(guò)后?還是

后天?地球變暖的征象?Mostwarmwatersintheupperoceancirculateclockwiseinagianthorizontalswirlinthesubtropics,butsomeflowfarthernorthandcrosstheGreenland–ScotlandRidge(GSR).ThisbranchwarmsthenorthernNorthAtlanticandEurope,andkeepsmostoftheNordicSeasfreeofice.Herethewatersinks(indicatedbythestar)andflowsbacksouthwardsatdepth,mostlydownthewesternedgeoftheAtlanticbasin.TheScandinavianmonitoringarraytracksonlythenorthernlimboftheoverturningcirculation,butmoredeepwaterisaddedsouthoftheGSRandintheLabradorSea(stars).The257Nsectioncoversalloftheoverturningcirculation,andalsoincludesthehorizontalrecirculationinthesubtropics.AccordingtoBrydenandcolleagues'results1,theformerisweakeningandthelatterstrengthening.Thatisthedangerwenowface.Andthisiswhytheintermixingofscienceandpoliticsisabadcombination,withabadhistory.Wemustrememberthehistory,andbecertainthatwhatwepresenttotheworldasknowledgeisdisinterestedandhonest.

WhyPoliticizedScienceisDangerous

(ExcerptedfromStateofFear)

Iamnotarguingthatglobalwarmingisthesameaseugenics.Butthesimilaritiesarenotsuperficial.AndIdoclaimthatopenandfrankdiscussionofthedata,andoftheissues,isbeingsuppressed.Leadingscientificjournalshavetakenstrongeditorialpositionsofthesideofglobalwarming,which,Iargue,theyhavenobusinessdoing.Underthecircumstances,anyscientistwhohasdoubtsunderstandsclearlythattheywillbewisetomutetheirexpression.

Oneproofofthissuppressionisthefactthatsomanyoftheoutspokencriticsofglobalwarmingareretiredprofessors.Theseindividualsarenotlongerseekinggrants,andnolongerhavetofacecolleagueswhosegrantapplicationsandcareeradvancementmaybejeopardizedbytheircriticisms.

Inscience,theoldmenareusuallywrong.Butinpolitics,theoldmenarewise,counselcaution,andintheendareoftenright.ButasAlstonChaseputit,"whenthesearchfortruthisconfusedwithpoliticaladvocacy,thepursuitofknowledgeisreducedtothequestforpower."

生命科學(xué)科學(xué)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與倫理

黃禹錫的爭(zhēng)議研究

Stem-cellpioneeraccusedoffakingdataGenomics:

Thedoghasitsday12

February

2004Landmarkpaper

WooSukHwangfromSeoulNationalUniversityinSouthKoreaandcolleaguesannouncedthattheyhavecloned30humanembryosandharvestedstemcellsfromoneofthem(W.S.Hwangetal.Science

303,1669-1674;2004).Theworkmakesheadlinesworldwide,asasteptowardsstem-celltherapiesfordiseasessuchasParkinson's.Othergroupshaveclaimedtoclonehumanembryos,butthesupportingevidencehasbeensketchy.Thissuccesswillalsoneedfurthersupportingevidence.

May

2004Ethicalquestions

QuestionsareraisedaboutethicalpracticesinHwang'sworkafterinvestigationsbyNature.Itappearsthatsomeoftheeggsmayhavecomefromjuniormembersoftheresearchteam.Thisispotentiallyproblematicbecauseobtaininghumaneggsispainfulandrisky.Hwangdeniesanywrongdoing,butsaysthathewillsuspendhisresearchuntilanewnationalbioethicslawcomesintoeffectinthenewyear.

22

May

2004TheannualmeetingoftheKoreanBioethicsAssociationcallsonHwangandareviewboardtoanswerquestionsaboutfundingsourcesandtherecruitmentofeggdonors.TheassociationwantstheNationalHumanRightsCommission,anindependentinvestigativebodyfundedbythegovernment,topursuethecase.Butthecommission'sbioethicstaskforcewasnotintendedtoinvestigatespecificresearchprojects.01

January

2005SouthKoreanbioethicslawcomesintoeffect.

13

January

2005TheSouthKoreangovernmentapprovesHwang'sembryonicstemcellresearch.Itisthefirstapprovalissuedunderthenation'snewbioethicslaw.

19

May

2005Landmarkpaper

Hwang'steamattheSeoulNationalUniversityinSouthKoreareportsithasestablished11embryonicstem-celllinesderivedfromtheskincellsofindividualpatients(W.S.Hwangetal.Science

308,1777-1783;2005).Theexperimentishailedasahugesteptowardsthemedicaluseofperson-specificcelllines.Italsobacksuptheembryo-cloningclaimsintheteam'sFebruary2004paper.

03

August

2005Cloneddog

Hwangandcolleaguesannouncethefirstcloneddog-Snuppy,anAfghanhound(LeeB.C.etal.Nature436,641;2005).Somescientistshailhisbirthasafeatofingenuityandperseverance,othersquestionitsvalue.

a,Snuppy,thefirstcloneddog,at67daysafterbirth(right),withthethree-year-oldmaleAfghanhound(left)whosesomaticskincellswereusedtoclonehim.SnuppyisgeneticallyidenticaltothedonorAfghanhound.b,Snuppy(left)wasimplantedasanearlyembryointoasurrogatemother,theyellowLabradorretrieverontheright,andraisedbyher.19

October

2005SouthKorea'sgovernmentlaunchestheWorldStemCellHub,aninternationalnetworkforexchangingembryonicstem-celllinesandcloningtechnology.Hwangistobeitshead.

October

2005Hwangresumesresearch,endinghisvoluntarysuspensionofactivities.

10

November

2005AccordingtoScience,GeraldSchatten,abiologistattheUniversityofPittsburghandco-authoroftheMay2005Sciencepaper,alertsthemtoKoreanpressreportsallegingthatresearcherSunIlRohhasillegallytradedova.SchattenreassuresSciencethat"noneoftheoocytesusedinProfessorHwang's'04or'05Sciencepaperswereobtainedfromreimbursedwomendonors."

11

November

2005AccordingtoScience,SchattentellsthemhehasstoppedworkingwithHwang,becausehebelievesHwangmisrepresentedfactsaboutconsentissuesrelatedtothe2004paper.ScienceasksHwangtoinformthemofanyconcernsregardinghisresearch.Hwangsaysheislookingintothematter.

Mistakeinthe2005paper

The2005paper'sauthorsprovideSciencewithcorrectionstodatainthepaper'stable2,whicharenotthoughttosignificantlyalterthework'sconclusions.Thecorrectedtableispublished12

November

2005SchattenpubliclycutsalltiestoHwangandhisteamatSeoulNationalUniversity.

21

November

2005SunIlRoh,afertilityexpertatMizMediHospitalinSeoulandaco-authorofthelandmarkpaper,admitsthat20eggsheprocuredandgavetoHwangforhis2004studywerepaidfor.Roh,aco-authoronthe2005paper,insiststhatHwangdidnotknowthis.

22

November

2005Seoul-basedMunhwaBroadcastingCorporation(MBC)airedaninvestigativenewsprogrammeshowingfurtherevidencethatHwangusedeggsfromjuniormembersofhislab-thePDDiaryprogramwascalled"TheMythofHwangWoo-sukandSuspicionsoverEggs."

24

November

2005Admissionofpaymentsforeggs

Hwangadmitsthathisstem-cellresearchusedeggsfrompaiddonorsandjuniormembersofhisteam.Heresignsfromhisofficialpositions,sayinghewillcontinuehisresearch.

01

December

2005Accusationofmis-matchedDNA

TheMBCchallengesthecredibilityofHwang'sdata.Pursuingatip-off,MBCgetsfivesamplesofpatient-specificcelllinesfromHwangandsendsthem,togetherwithcorrespondingtissuesamples,toanindependentlabforDNAanalysis.TheprogrammereportsthattheDNAinonecelllinedoesnotmatchthetissuesampleasitshould.TherearemanypossibleexplanationsforMBC'sfindings,suchascontamination.Butthemismatchalsoraisesthepossibilitythattheembryonicstem-celllineswerenotclonedfromthestatedpatients.Hwangstandsbyhisscience.

AccordingtoScience,MoonIlPark,DirectorandChairoftheInstitutionalReviewBoard(IRB)onHumanSubjectsResearchandEthicsCommitteesatHanyangUniversityHospital,revealstothemtheresultsofaninvestigationbythehospitalIRBandSeoulNationalUniversityIRB.Itfindsthat:"1)tworesearchersunderDr.WooSukHwang'ssupervisiondonatedoocytesvoluntarilywithoutanycoercionand2)approximatelyUS$1,445waspaidfordirectexpenses."ThiswasnotillegalorinviolationoftheHelsinkiGuidelinesof1964,whichprohibitcoercionofresearchsubjects.ParkalsotoldScience:"Westronglybelievethattheidentifiedconcernshavenoimpactonthevalidityofthescientificconclusions."

Mistakeinthe2005paper

AccordingtoScienceeditors,HwangcontactsthemtoalertthemtoerroneousduplicationsinsomeimagespublishedaspartoftheSupportingOnlineMaterialforthe2005paper."Wemadesomeunintentionalerrorbyusingabout4picturesredundantly,"hesays.SciencedeterminesthattheredundantimagesdidnotappearinthePDFversionoftheacceptedpaper,butwereinsertedlater,andsaysthemistakedoesnotaffectthepaper'sscientificconclusions.

04

December

2005MediaoutletsreportthattheMBChasapologizedforthereportingtacticsusedintheir22NovemberprogrammeonHwang.

05

December

2005Investigationopened

UniversityofPittsburghofficialssaytheyhaveopenedapreliminaryinquiryintothe2005paper.

11

December

2005Investigationopened

SeoulNationalUniversityannouncesaninvestigationofHwang'sresearch,asrequestedbyHwanghimself.TheuniversityhospitaltreatsHwangforstressandexhaustion

13

December

2005SchattenasksHwangtoretracttheirMay2005Sciencepaper.Schattenclaimshehasnewsofallegationsfromsomeoneinvolvedwiththeexperimentthatmakehimwanthisnameremovedfromthepaper.AccordingtoareleasefromtheUniversityofPittsburgh,SchattenwritestoScienceandhisco-authors:"Mycarefulre-evaluationsofpublishedfiguresandtables,alongwithnewproblematicinformation,nowcastssubstantialdoubtsaboutthepaper'saccuracy."

Aletterfromeightscientists,includingIanWilmut,theclonerofDollythesheep,ispublishedinSciencecallingforvalidationofHwang'sresults:"WeencourageHwang'slaboratorytocoo