科學(xué)在文化中的定位與挑戰(zhàn)課件

科學(xué)戰(zhàn)爭背后

的文化意義科學(xué)戰(zhàn)爭背后的文化意義

科學(xué)戰(zhàn)爭科學(xué)家科學(xué)社會學(xué)家

(哲學(xué)社會學(xué)文化研究)STS(科學(xué).技術(shù).社會)

歷史背景

Sokal'sHoax(索可的惡作劇)"SocialText"(Spring/Summer,1996)P.217-252TransgressingtheBoundaries:TowardsaTransformativeHermeneuticsofQuantumGravity

AlanD.Sokal

DepartmentofPhysics

NewYorkUniversity

4WashingtonPlace

NewYork,NY10003USA

Internet:SOKAL@NYU.EDU

Telephone:(212)998-7729

Fax:(212)995-4016

November28,1994

revisedMay13,1995Note:ThisarticlewaspublishedinSocialText#46/47,pp.217-252(spring/summer1996).BiographicalInformation:TheauthorisaProfessorofPhysicsatNewYorkUniversity.HehaslecturedwidelyinEuropeandLatinAmerica,includingattheUniversitàdiRoma``LaSapienza''and,duringtheSandinistagovernment,attheUniversidadNacionalAutónomadeNicaragua.Heisco-authorwithRobertoFernándezandJürgFr?hlichofRandomWalks,CriticalPhenomena,andTrivialityinQuantumFieldTheory(Springer,1992).Transgressingdisciplinaryboundaries...[is]asubversiveundertakingsinceitislikelytoviolatethesanctuariesofacceptedwaysofperceiving.Amongthemostfortifiedboundarieshavebeenthosebetweenthenaturalsciencesandthehumanities.--ValerieGreenberg,TransgressiveReadings(1990,1)

Thestruggleforthetransformationofideologyintocriticalscience...proceedsonthefoundationthatthecritiqueofallpresuppositionsofscienceandideologymustbetheonlyabsoluteprincipleofscience.--StanleyAronowitz,ScienceasPower(1988b,339)

Therearemanynaturalscientists,andespeciallyphysicists,whocontinuetorejectthenotionthatthedisciplinesconcernedwithsocialandculturalcriticismcanhaveanythingtocontribute,exceptperhapsperipherally,totheirresearch.Stilllessaretheyreceptivetotheideathattheveryfoundationsoftheirworldviewmustberevisedorrebuiltinthelightofsuchcriticism.Rather,theyclingtothedogmaimposedbythelongpost-EnlightenmenthegemonyovertheWesternintellectualoutlook,whichcanbesummarizedbrieflyasfollows:thatthereexistsanexternalworld,whosepropertiesareindependentofanyindividualhumanbeingandindeedofhumanityasawhole;thatthesepropertiesareencodedin``eternal''physicallaws;andthathumanbeingscanobtainreliable,albeitimperfectandtentative,knowledgeoftheselawsbyhewingtothe``objective''proceduresandepistemologicalstricturesprescribedbythe(so-called)scientificmethod.

帕叵KarlPopper費耶阿本PaulFeyeraben拉卡托司ImreLakatos孔恩ThomasKuhn拉圖BrunoLatour

謝平StevenShapin

KARLPOPPER

1902-1994

TheoremisScientific

onlyif

itcanbeFalsifiedIsthisfalsifiabilitytheorem

falsifiable?Atheoryisaninvention,anactofcreation,basedmoreonascientist’sintuitionthanonpreexistingempiricaldataThehistoryofscienceiseverywherespeculativeTheOpenSociety

and

itsEnemiesTheOpenSocietybyoneofitsEnemies帕叵KarlPopper費耶阿本PaulFeyeraben拉卡托司ImreLakatos孔恩ThomasKuhn拉圖BrunoLatour

謝平StevenShapin

PaulFeyerabend

(1924-February11,1994)FarewelltoReasonThebesteducationconsistsinimmunizingpeopleagainstsystematicattemptsateducationAgainstMethodThereisnoanysingleformofreasoningthatcanbelabelled“thescientificmethod”帕叵KarlPopper費耶阿本PaulFeyeraben拉卡托司ImreLakatos孔恩ThomasKuhn拉圖BrunoLatour

謝平StevenShapin

ImreLakatos(1922-1974)IMRELAKATOS帕叵KarlPopper費耶阿本PaulFeyeraben拉卡托司ImreLakatos孔恩ThomasKuhn拉圖BrunoLatour

謝平StevenShapin

ThomasS.Kuhn

(1922-1996)帕叵KarlPopper費耶阿本PaulFeyeraben拉卡托司ImreLakatos孔恩ThomasKuhn拉圖BrunoLatour

謝平StevenShapin

BrunoLatour

臺灣的戰(zhàn)火氣功經(jīng)脈絡(luò)超感官知覺(ESP)(ExtraSensoryPerception)

文化差異展現(xiàn)不同的意義

希臘傳統(tǒng)中的“原子”

波義爾氣壓的實證

拉瓦錫定義化學(xué)元素

化學(xué)反應(yīng)中的化約觀

原子論道爾頓

ROBERTBOYLE(1627-91)

RobertBoyle(1627-91)publicóunmanuscrito(ContinuacióndelosNuevosExperimentos),1669,queincluíadescripcionesdeunbarómetrodeaguayunnuevobarómetrodesifón.LaRoyalSocietyestabaparticularmenteimpresionadaconlaposibilidaddetransportaresteinstrumento.

Lavoisier,

Antoine

(1743-1794)

1788Oiloncanvas

MetropolitanMusuemofArt,NewYork

PortraitofAntoine-LaurentandMarie-AnneLavoisier(detail)ThePhlogistonTheory

ChemistrywassounderdevelopedatthetimeLavoisiergainedinterestinitthatitcouldhardlybecalledascience.TheprevailingviewofcombustionwasthePhlogistonTheorywhichinvolvedaweightlessornearlyweightlesssubstanceknownasphlogiston.Metalsandfirewereconsideredtoberichinphlogistonandearthwasconsideredoxygenpoor.

JohnDalton-fatherofthemodernatomictheoryLavoisierdefinitionofthechemicalelementswasanessentialfoundationforDalton’satomictheory物理學(xué)的化約論

1895年拉瑟福德原子核

1898年湯普生

電子的發(fā)現(xiàn)

質(zhì)子、中子、電子

更小的粒子輕子和夸克

ErnestRutherford

J.J.ThomsonJ.J.ThomsonJ.J.ThomsonJ.J.ThomsonJ.J.Thomson

J.J.Thomson

物理學(xué)的化約論

1895年拉瑟福德原子核

1897年湯普生

電子的發(fā)現(xiàn)

質(zhì)子、中子、電子

更小的粒子輕子和夸克

QuantumTheorytimeline

Atthestartofthetwentiethcentury,scientistsbelievedthattheyunderstoodthemostfundamentalprinciplesofnature.Atomsweresolidbuildingblocksofnature;peopletrustedNewtonianlawsofmotion;mostoftheproblemsofphysicsseemedtobesolved.However,startingwithEinstein'stheoryofrelativitywhichreplacedNewtonianmechanics,scientistsgraduallyrealizedthattheirknowledgewasfarfromcomplete.Ofparticularinterestwasthegrowingfieldofquantummechanics,whichcompletelyalteredthefundamentalpreceptsofphysics.

Particlesdiscovered1898-1964

MurrayGell-Mann量子力學(xué)的成功和限度

海森堡測不準(zhǔn)原理

哥本哈根的詮釋

薛丁格的貓

愛因斯坦的反對

上帝不玩骰子

"Themoreprecisely

thePOSITION

isdetermined,

thelessprecisely

theMOMENTUMisknown"

量子力學(xué)的成功和限度

海森堡測不準(zhǔn)原理

哥本哈根的詮釋

薛丁格的貓

愛因斯坦的反對

上帝不玩骰子

MaxBornNielsBohrScientistsattheNeilsBohrInstitute(1936)ScientistsattheNeilsBohrInstitute(1950)Schr?dinger'sCat

Godplaysnodice.

量子力學(xué)是令人贊嘆的，但是有一個內(nèi)在的聲音告訴我，這還不是真正的貨色。這個理論有很大的貢獻，但是他并不使我們更多一點的接近上帝的奧秘。無論如何，我不相信上帝是擲骰子的。

我正在辛苦的工作，要從廣義相對論的微分方程，推導(dǎo)出看作奇點的物質(zhì)粒子的運動方程。

1926年12月4日愛因斯坦致波爾信函FreemanDyson,frogprinceofphysics

FreemanDysonlovesthemetaphorthatdividesscientistsintotwogroups:Birds,wholookdownuponeverythingandhaveaGod's-eyeviewoftheworld,andfrogs,whospendtheirtimeinthemud.TherenownedPrincetonphysicistcallshimselfafrog."I'mnotagainstthefirstgroup,buttheytakeanexaltedviewofscience.Frogstypicallyenjoyexploringthingslocallyanddevelopingskills."

TheTuscanlandscapeformsthebackgroundofthisphotographofRosalindFranklin,takeninthespringof1950byherfriendVittorioLuzzati.(CourtesyofVittorioLuzzati.)

生物學(xué)的效尤

分子生物學(xué)到基因科學(xué)

實證的迷思

和

認(rèn)知的困境

跳不動的青蛙

走不出迷宮的老鼠

TwocriteriafortheEmpiricalScienceRepeatReproduceRedefinationoftheEmpiricalScience自圓其說

(SelfConsistency)運作有效

(OperationEffective)

「自然科學(xué)」本身絕無資格稱為「嚴(yán)格之學(xué)」。

不管是那一門自然科學(xué)—物理、天文、化學(xué)、生物、醫(yī)學(xué)、心理學(xué)等等—都建立在兩個未經(jīng)嚴(yán)格批判就加以接受的「預(yù)設(shè)」或假定之上：

1、自然科學(xué)家毫不批判的接納他們所研究的對象的—外在世界和內(nèi)在世界—的「實有性」和「存在性」的看法，無疑假定研究對象的真實性。

2、自然科學(xué)家毫不究問的假定人類有認(rèn)知外在

世界的能力。

奧地利的現(xiàn)象學(xué)大師胡塞爾

(EdmundGustavAlbrechtHusserl)

NielsBohr

Ithinkitissafetosaythatnooneunderstandsquantummechanics.

Donotkeepsayingtoyourself,ifyoucanpossiblyavoidit,"Buthowcanitbelikethat?"becauseyouwillget"downthedrain"intoablindalleyfromwhichnobodyhasyetescaped."~RichardFeynman

Thosewhoarenotshockedwhentheyfirstcomeacrossquantummechanicscannotpossiblyhaveunderstoodit.~NielsBohr如果一個人說他可以思考量子物理而不感到疑惑迷糊，那只是表示出他完全不懂得量子物理是怎么一回事。

量子力學(xué)大師波爾（NeilsBohr)EugenePaulWigner

1902-1995TheNobelPrizeinPhysics1963

Thus,relativistic

QuantumTheory

isatleast

fourlaversDeep.“TheLimitofScience”ByEegeneP.Wigner

「人們沒有認(rèn)識自己所做實驗的選擇性質(zhì)，選擇是建立在概念上的，而這個概念也許是不合適的?！?/p>

「每個人創(chuàng)造力的生理局限和社會局限，可能比自然的局限性更為

當(dāng)代物理大師楊振寧

1961年在美國麻省理工學(xué)院

百年校慶論壇發(fā)表的看法

「一種化約論的學(xué)說并不就是一種建構(gòu)論的學(xué)說?！埂妇邆鋵⑷魏问挛锘s成簡單基本定律的能力，并不就代表能夠靠這些基本定律去建構(gòu)宇宙?！埂甘聦嵣?，粒子物理學(xué)家告訴我們越多基本定律的特性，他們和其他科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中而真正要緊問題的相關(guān)也就越少，和社會中真正要緊問題的關(guān)聯(lián)，則更加的少?！埂附?gòu)論的學(xué)說，遇上尺度和復(fù)雜性的雙難局面時就說不通了?！?/p>

諾貝爾物理獎得主安德森(P.W.Anderson)Humansciencefaceanimpassesincetheircentralconceptoftheselfistranscendental.

人類科學(xué)面對了一個難局，因為他對于本身的中心概念是先驗的。

史登（GuntherS.Stent)

FriarsofSt.Thomas

Mendelstandingfourthfromright生物基因的化約思維由胚胎細(xì)胞復(fù)制的MeganMorag(1995)由成熟細(xì)胞復(fù)制的桃莉

生物基因的化約思維桃莉羊的故事由胚胎細(xì)胞復(fù)制的MeganMorag(1995)由成熟細(xì)胞復(fù)制的桃莉IANWILMUT生物基因的化約思維桃莉羊的故事由胚胎細(xì)胞復(fù)制的MeganMorag(1995)由成熟細(xì)胞復(fù)制的桃莉桃莉出生(1996,7,5)

桃莉問世(1997,2,22)

桃莉死亡(2003,2,14)Nucleartransfer

RoslinInstitute

MeganandMorag

RoslinInstituteThepioneerofTheNuclearTransferHansSpemann(1869-1941).CourtesyoftheMaxPlanckSocietyFriedrichMiescherLaboratory.JohnGurdon(1933-).CourtesyofJ.G.DollyRoslinInstitute生物基因的化約思維桃莉羊的故事由胚胎細(xì)胞復(fù)制的MeganMorag(1995)由成熟細(xì)胞復(fù)制的桃莉桃莉出生(1996,7,5)

桃莉問世(1997,2,22)

桃莉死亡(2003,2,14)生物基因的化約思維桃莉羊的故事由胚胎細(xì)胞復(fù)制的MeganMorag(1995)由成熟細(xì)胞復(fù)制的桃莉桃莉出生(1996,7,5)

桃莉問世(1997,2,22)

桃莉死亡(2003,2,14)

Dollywithherlambs

RoslinInstituteDollythesheep1996-2003

生物基因的化約思維桃莉羊的故事由胚胎細(xì)胞復(fù)制的MeganMorag(1995)由成熟細(xì)胞復(fù)制的桃莉桃莉出生(1996,7,5)

桃莉問世(1997,2,22)

桃莉死亡(2003,2,14)TheSecondCreation:DollyandtheAgeofBiologicalControl

Dollyandhumancloning

克隆(Clone)技術(shù)的爭議克隆(Clone)技術(shù)的爭議克隆(Clone)技術(shù)的爭議克隆(Clone)技術(shù)的爭議克隆(Clone)技術(shù)的爭議

人類基因定序計劃的故事科學(xué)知識市場商機的競爭生物化約的危機非線性因素部分和整體的意義基因科技紅燒獅子頭

CeleraGenomicsGroupCommonStock

人類基因定序計劃的故事科學(xué)知識市場商機的競爭生物化約的危機非線性因素部分和整體的意義基因科技紅燒獅子頭Genomics:

Thedoghasitsday

黃禹錫的爭議研究

Stem-cellpioneeraccusedoffakingdataNature420,116-118(14November2002);doi:10.1038/420116a<>Genetherapy:Atragicsetback

WithoneFrenchgene-therapypatienthavingdevelopedaformofcancer,afranticdetectiveeffortisunderwaytodeterminewhatwentwrongandtoassesstherisksfacedbyothers.ErikaCheckreports.

Untilafewweeksago,athree-year-oldboywhoseidentityremainsconfidentialwasabeaconofhopeforgenetherapists.Heisoneof11childrenwithseverecombinedimmunedeficiency(SCID)toreceiveapioneeringtreatmentfromateamledbyAlainFischerandMarinaCavazzana-CalvooftheNeckerHospitalforSickChildreninParis.Itworked,providingthefirstproofthatgenetherapycancurealife-threateningdisease1.Now,however,theboyhasdevelopedaleukaemia-likeconditionthatmostexpertsbelievewascausedbytheverytreatmentthatcuredhisSCID.Thefieldofgenetherapyisinturmoil,asscientistsandmedicalauthoritiestrytofigureouthowtoproceedwithtrials“Molecularistheonethingthatunitedallofthetheoriesanddiscoveries.”“Andlikeallofus,biologistsneedheroes.”“WatsonandCrick’sstructureforDNAhasbecomepartofthesocialstructuralofbiology.”RobertOlby,ScienceHistorian,UniversityofPittsburg,Pennsyvania.“Thedayislate,andeventhepygmycancastlongshadow.”

ErwinChargaffBiologistwhofoundthatletters(A),(T)&(C),(G)comesinpairs.

人類基因定序計劃的故事科學(xué)知識市場商機的競爭生物化約的危機非線性因素部分和整體的意義基因科技紅燒獅子頭誰是哈維爾(VaclavHavel)

AlexanderDubcekandthe'PragueSpring‘AlexanderDubcek

1921-1992PragueSpring1968:Russiabringswinterto'PragueSpring'PragueSpring1968:Russiabringswinterto'PragueSpring'

MilanKundera,TheUnbearableLightnessofBeing,

andPrague

布拉格的春天

CheGuevara

Thoughcommunismmayhavelostitsfire,heremainsthepotentsymbolofrebellionandthealluringzealofrevolution.

CubanrevolutionaryleaderErnesto"Che"GuevaraatHavanaairportin1962Aug.8,1960革命前夕的-摩托車日記TheMotorcycleDiaries

WorkersandstudentsmarchinParis,May1968.

中國大陸文化大革命

誰是哈維爾(VaclavHavel)Charter77wasverymuchHavel'sbaby,althoughhedidnotwriteitalone.ItwasanappealtothegovernmenttorespectthebasichumanrightsandfreedomstowhichCzechoslovakiahadcommitteditselfwiththeInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightssignedinHelsinkiin1975.By5thJanuary1977whenCharter77waspublished,ithad242signatories.哈維爾(VaclavHavel)

哈維爾的”近代紀(jì)元的終結(jié)”

TheEndofModernEra

誰是喬治布朗

(GeorgeBrownJr)LateCongressmanGeorgeBrownJr.

誰是布里辛斯基

(ZbigniewBrzezinski)PresidentCarter'sNationalSecurityAdvisor

ZbigniewBrzezinski

布里辛斯基

(ZbigniewBrzezinski)

"失控“

OutofControl

--GlobalTurmoilontheEveofthe21thCentury

放任的富裕

(PermissiveCornucopia)

何不食肉糜的現(xiàn)代啟示錄

高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭

少年飚車式的發(fā)展

竭澤而漁的近代醫(yī)療企業(yè)系統(tǒng)

HealthCare(健康醫(yī)療)

SicknessCare(病態(tài)醫(yī)療)竭澤而漁的近代醫(yī)療

企業(yè)系統(tǒng)

HealthCare(健康醫(yī)療)

SicknessCare(病態(tài)醫(yī)療)

世界的真實現(xiàn)況

可交換的軟件和不可交換的生存

ForumEngelberg1997FOOD

&WATERAQUESTIONOFSURVIVAL18-21March1997-8thConferencePresident:SONGJian

StateCouncillor,Minister,

People'sRepublicofChina,Beijing

Co-President:JakobNüESCH

President,SwissFederalInstituteofTechnology,ZürichwiththeparticipationoftherepresentativeoftheSwissConfederation:

J.-PascalDELAMURAZ,FederalCouncillor,FederalDepartmentofEconomicAffairs,Switzerland,BernCopyright:ASSOCIATIONFORUMENGELBERG

Saturday

December

13th

2003Morethanone-thirdofchildrenintheUnitedStatesliveinlow-incomefamilies,[1]meaningtheirparentsearnuptodoublewhatisconsideredpovertyinthiscountry.Thefederalpovertylevelforafamilyoffour(2004)is$18,850.[2]Ethiopiaisonceagainfacingtheprospectofwidespreadfamineas11millionpeoplesufferseverefoodshortages.我們的天氣怎么了?溫室效應(yīng),天氣變暖,冰山融解,海面升高氣溫下降,冰河來臨到底那一個是科學(xué)上的共識?明天過后?還是

后天?地球變暖的征象?Mostwarmwatersintheupperoceancirculateclockwiseinagianthorizontalswirlinthesubtropics,butsomeflowfarthernorthandcrosstheGreenland–ScotlandRidge(GSR).ThisbranchwarmsthenorthernNorthAtlanticandEurope,andkeepsmostoftheNordicSeasfreeofice.Herethewatersinks(indicatedbythestar)andflowsbacksouthwardsatdepth,mostlydownthewesternedgeoftheAtlanticbasin.TheScandinavianmonitoringarraytracksonlythenorthernlimboftheoverturningcirculation,butmoredeepwaterisaddedsouthoftheGSRandintheLabradorSea(stars).The257Nsectioncoversalloftheoverturningcirculation,andalsoincludesthehorizontalrecirculationinthesubtropics.AccordingtoBrydenandcolleagues'results1,theformerisweakeningandthelatterstrengthening.Thatisthedangerwenowface.Andthisiswhytheintermixingofscienceandpoliticsisabadcombination,withabadhistory.Wemustrememberthehistory,andbecertainthatwhatwepresenttotheworldasknowledgeisdisinterestedandhonest.

WhyPoliticizedScienceisDangerous

(ExcerptedfromStateofFear)

Iamnotarguingthatglobalwarmingisthesameaseugenics.Butthesimilaritiesarenotsuperficial.AndIdoclaimthatopenandfrankdiscussionofthedata,andoftheissues,isbeingsuppressed.Leadingscientificjournalshavetakenstrongeditorialpositionsofthesideofglobalwarming,which,Iargue,theyhavenobusinessdoing.Underthecircumstances,anyscientistwhohasdoubtsunderstandsclearlythattheywillbewisetomutetheirexpression.

Oneproofofthissuppressionisthefactthatsomanyoftheoutspokencriticsofglobalwarmingareretiredprofessors.Theseindividualsarenotlongerseekinggrants,andnolongerhavetofacecolleagueswhosegrantapplicationsandcareeradvancementmaybejeopardizedbytheircriticisms.

Inscience,theoldmenareusuallywrong.Butinpolitics,theoldmenarewise,counselcaution,andintheendareoftenright.ButasAlstonChaseputit,"whenthesearchfortruthisconfusedwithpoliticaladvocacy,thepursuitofknowledgeisreducedtothequestforpower."

生命科學(xué)科學(xué)競爭與倫理

黃禹錫的爭議研究

Stem-cellpioneeraccusedoffakingdataGenomics:

Thedoghasitsday12

February

2004Landmarkpaper

WooSukHwangfromSeoulNationalUniversityinSouthKoreaandcolleaguesannouncedthattheyhavecloned30humanembryosandharvestedstemcellsfromoneofthem(W.S.Hwangetal.Science

303,1669-1674;2004).Theworkmakesheadlinesworldwide,asasteptowardsstem-celltherapiesfordiseasessuchasParkinson's.Othergroupshaveclaimedtoclonehumanembryos,butthesupportingevidencehasbeensketchy.Thissuccesswillalsoneedfurthersupportingevidence.

May

2004Ethicalquestions

QuestionsareraisedaboutethicalpracticesinHwang'sworkafterinvestigationsbyNature.Itappearsthatsomeoftheeggsmayhavecomefromjuniormembersoftheresearchteam.Thisispotentiallyproblematicbecauseobtaininghumaneggsispainfulandrisky.Hwangdeniesanywrongdoing,butsaysthathewillsuspendhisresearchuntilanewnationalbioethicslawcomesintoeffectinthenewyear.

22

May

2004TheannualmeetingoftheKoreanBioethicsAssociationcallsonHwangandareviewboardtoanswerquestionsaboutfundingsourcesandtherecruitmentofeggdonors.TheassociationwantstheNationalHumanRightsCommission,anindependentinvestigativebodyfundedbythegovernment,topursuethecase.Butthecommission'sbioethicstaskforcewasnotintendedtoinvestigatespecificresearchprojects.01

January

2005SouthKoreanbioethicslawcomesintoeffect.

13

January

2005TheSouthKoreangovernmentapprovesHwang'sembryonicstemcellresearch.Itisthefirstapprovalissuedunderthenation'snewbioethicslaw.

19

May

2005Landmarkpaper

Hwang'steamattheSeoulNationalUniversityinSouthKoreareportsithasestablished11embryonicstem-celllinesderivedfromtheskincellsofindividualpatients(W.S.Hwangetal.Science

308,1777-1783;2005).Theexperimentishailedasahugesteptowardsthemedicaluseofperson-specificcelllines.Italsobacksuptheembryo-cloningclaimsintheteam'sFebruary2004paper.

03

August

2005Cloneddog

Hwangandcolleaguesannouncethefirstcloneddog-Snuppy,anAfghanhound(LeeB.C.etal.Nature436,641;2005).Somescientistshailhisbirthasafeatofingenuityandperseverance,othersquestionitsvalue.

a,Snuppy,thefirstcloneddog,at67daysafterbirth(right),withthethree-year-oldmaleAfghanhound(left)whosesomaticskincellswereusedtoclonehim.SnuppyisgeneticallyidenticaltothedonorAfghanhound.b,Snuppy(left)wasimplantedasanearlyembryointoasurrogatemother,theyellowLabradorretrieverontheright,andraisedbyher.19

October

2005SouthKorea'sgovernmentlaunchestheWorldStemCellHub,aninternationalnetworkforexchangingembryonicstem-celllinesandcloningtechnology.Hwangistobeitshead.

October

2005Hwangresumesresearch,endinghisvoluntarysuspensionofactivities.

10

November

2005AccordingtoScience,GeraldSchatten,abiologistattheUniversityofPittsburghandco-authoroftheMay2005Sciencepaper,alertsthemtoKoreanpressreportsallegingthatresearcherSunIlRohhasillegallytradedova.SchattenreassuresSciencethat"noneoftheoocytesusedinProfessorHwang's'04or'05Sciencepaperswereobtainedfromreimbursedwomendonors."

11

November

2005AccordingtoScience,SchattentellsthemhehasstoppedworkingwithHwang,becausehebelievesHwangmisrepresentedfactsaboutconsentissuesrelatedtothe2004paper.ScienceasksHwangtoinformthemofanyconcernsregardinghisresearch.Hwangsaysheislookingintothematter.

Mistakeinthe2005paper

The2005paper'sauthorsprovideSciencewithcorrectionstodatainthepaper'stable2,whicharenotthoughttosignificantlyalterthework'sconclusions.Thecorrectedtableispublished12

November

2005SchattenpubliclycutsalltiestoHwangandhisteamatSeoulNationalUniversity.

21

November

2005SunIlRoh,afertilityexpertatMizMediHospitalinSeoulandaco-authorofthelandmarkpaper,admitsthat20eggsheprocuredandgavetoHwangforhis2004studywerepaidfor.Roh,aco-authoronthe2005paper,insiststhatHwangdidnotknowthis.

22

November

2005Seoul-basedMunhwaBroadcastingCorporation(MBC)airedaninvestigativenewsprogrammeshowingfurtherevidencethatHwangusedeggsfromjuniormembersofhislab-thePDDiaryprogramwascalled"TheMythofHwangWoo-sukandSuspicionsoverEggs."

24

November

2005Admissionofpaymentsforeggs

Hwangadmitsthathisstem-cellresearchusedeggsfrompaiddonorsandjuniormembersofhisteam.Heresignsfromhisofficialpositions,sayinghewillcontinuehisresearch.

01

December

2005Accusationofmis-matchedDNA

TheMBCchallengesthecredibilityofHwang'sdata.Pursuingatip-off,MBCgetsfivesamplesofpatient-specificcelllinesfromHwangandsendsthem,togetherwithcorrespondingtissuesamples,toanindependentlabforDNAanalysis.TheprogrammereportsthattheDNAinonecelllinedoesnotmatchthetissuesampleasitshould.TherearemanypossibleexplanationsforMBC'sfindings,suchascontamination.Butthemismatchalsoraisesthepossibilitythattheembryonicstem-celllineswerenotclonedfromthestatedpatients.Hwangstandsbyhisscience.

AccordingtoScience,MoonIlPark,DirectorandChairoftheInstitutionalReviewBoard(IRB)onHumanSubjectsResearchandEthicsCommitteesatHanyangUniversityHospital,revealstothemtheresultsofaninvestigationbythehospitalIRBandSeoulNationalUniversityIRB.Itfindsthat:"1)tworesearchersunderDr.WooSukHwang'ssupervisiondonatedoocytesvoluntarilywithoutanycoercionand2)approximatelyUS$1,445waspaidfordirectexpenses."ThiswasnotillegalorinviolationoftheHelsinkiGuidelinesof1964,whichprohibitcoercionofresearchsubjects.ParkalsotoldScience:"Westronglybelievethattheidentifiedconcernshavenoimpactonthevalidityofthescientificconclusions."

Mistakeinthe2005paper

AccordingtoScienceeditors,HwangcontactsthemtoalertthemtoerroneousduplicationsinsomeimagespublishedaspartoftheSupportingOnlineMaterialforthe2005paper."Wemadesomeunintentionalerrorbyusingabout4picturesredundantly,"hesays.SciencedeterminesthattheredundantimagesdidnotappearinthePDFversionoftheacceptedpaper,butwereinsertedlater,andsaysthemistakedoesnotaffectthepaper'sscientificconclusions.

04

December

2005MediaoutletsreportthattheMBChasapologizedforthereportingtacticsusedintheir22NovemberprogrammeonHwang.

05

December

2005Investigationopened

UniversityofPittsburghofficialssaytheyhaveopenedapreliminaryinquiryintothe2005paper.

11

December

2005Investigationopened

SeoulNationalUniversityannouncesaninvestigationofHwang'sresearch,asrequestedbyHwanghimself.TheuniversityhospitaltreatsHwangforstressandexhaustion

13

December

2005SchattenasksHwangtoretracttheirMay2005Sciencepaper.Schattenclaimshehasnewsofallegationsfromsomeoneinvolvedwiththeexperimentthatmakehimwanthisnameremovedfromthepaper.AccordingtoareleasefromtheUniversityofPittsburgh,SchattenwritestoScienceandhisco-authors:"Mycarefulre-evaluationsofpublishedfiguresandtables,alongwithnewproblematicinformation,nowcastssubstantialdoubtsaboutthepaper'saccuracy."

Aletterfromeightscientists,includingIanWilmut,theclonerofDollythesheep,ispublishedinSciencecallingforvalidationofHwang'sresults:"WeencourageHwang'slaboratorytocoo